transmission fundamentals tn system desciption

MINI-LINK TN Operation and Maintenance03/038 13 – LZU 108 6011 Rev B 1

Copyright © 2004 by Ericsson AB.

MINI-LINK TNSystem Description

Lesson objective:To understand the MINI-LINK TN system and it´s components.



Basic Node

Radio Terminals

Network Element

ExternalEquipment

MINI-LINK TNSystem Overview



Basic Node

Radio Terminals

Network Element

ExternalEquipment

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node



Traffic Interface

DCN

•Traffic and System control•Traffic Routing•Multiplexing•Protection Mechanisms•Management Functions•Traffic Interfaces (PDH, SDH and Ethernet)•Indoor mechanical housing•Power distribution•Cooling

Basic Node

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Access Module Magazine

AMM 20p is suitable for larger size hub site,for example at the intersection between theoptical network and the microwave network.

•Twenty full-height slots (one NPU 8x2 and up to nineteen other plug-in units)•Two half-height slots (one or two PFU1) •Fan unit, FAU1•Power supplied by –48 V DC•Height* 300 mm

*When fitted in a cabinet with the fan unit, cable tray and some air outlet, the total height is 10 U for a 19’’ cabinet or 450 mm in a metric cabinet.

AMM 20p




AMM 6p is suitable for medium size hub sites.

•Six full-height slots (one NPU 8x2 and up to five other plug-in units)•Two half-height slots (one PFU2 and one FAU2)•Power supplied by –48 V DC •Height 133 mm

AMM 6p




AMM 2p is suitable for end site and repeater site applications.

•Two full-height slots (one or two MMUs)•Two half-height slots (one NPU2 and the optional LTU 12x2) •Fan unit, FAU4 •Power supplied by –48 V DC or +24 V DC•Height 44 mm

AMM 2p



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Power Filter Unit

• Power filtering unit

• DC/DC converter, filter functions, short circuit protection

and under voltage protection.

• -48VDC as supply voltage

• PFU 1: Power filtering for the AMM 20p.

Two PFU1 may be used for redundancy.

• PFU2: Power filtering for the AMM 6p.



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Node Processor Unit

• Mandatory plug-in card for the Traffic Node

• Traffic handling

• System control and supervision

• DCN handling

• SNMP Master Agent

• 10BASE-T Ethernet interface for connection to a site LAN

• Storage and administration of inventory and configuration data



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Node Processor Unit (NPU2)

•Fits in an AMM 2p•4xE1 for traffic connections•Filters the external power and distributes the internal power•USB interface for LCT connection•The Ethernet interface can be used for the Ethernet bridge application providing 10/100BASE-T(X)

AMM 2p

Pos 00

Pos 01

Pos 02

Pos 03

Common Rules and Recommendations

•The NPU2 must be fitted in position 01



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Node Processor Unit (NPU8x2)

•Fits in an AMM 6p and AMM 20p•8xE1 for traffic connections•The Ethernet interface is used for LCT connection•Three User Input ports•Three User Output ports

NPU8x2Traffic connections

User In/OutEthernet Interface



NPU 8x2

E1 2A –2D

3A3B3C3D

2A2B2C2D

E1 3A –3D

E1

Bus

in b

ack-

plan

e of

AM

M.

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, TDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer



Slot 00 Slot 01

Slot 02Slot 03Slot 04Slot 05Slot 06Slot 07

Slot: 02 11 21

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Node Processor Unit (NPU8x2)

Common Rules and Recommendations:

AMM 6p•The NPU8x2 must be fitted in position 07

AMM 20p•The NPU8x2 must be fitted in position 11



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Line Termination Unit

The following LTUs with E1 interfaces are available:

•LTU 12x2 has three additional E1 ports with a total of 12xE1. Fits in an AMM 2p

•LTU 16x2 has four additional E1 ports with a total of 16xE1. Fits in an AMM 6p and AMM 20p



LTU 16x2

E1 2A –2D

E1 4A –4D

4A4B4C4D

3A3B3C3D

2A2B2C2D

1A1B1C1D E1 1A –1D

E1 3A –3D

E1

Bus

in b

ack-

plan

e of

AM

M.

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, TDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer



The LTU 155 terminates one STM-1 connection with 63xE1 in the backplane for traffic routing to other plug-in units.

There are two versions of the LTU 155:

•LTU 155e/o Provides one optical interface (short haul S-1.1)and one electrical interface (G.703)

•LTU 155e Provides one electrical interface (G.703)

The LTU 155 fits in an AMM 6p and AMM 20p

MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Line Termination Unit (LTU 155)



MINI-LINK TN Denomination of tributaries, LTU 155

LTU 1551.1.1

1.1.2

1.1.3

1.2.1

1.2.2

1.2.3

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3

1.5.1

1.5.2

1.5.3

1.6.1

1.6.2

1.6.3

1.7.1

1.7.2

1.7.3

2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

2.3.3

2.4.1

2.4.2

2.4.3

2.5.1

2.5.2

2.5.3

2.6.1

2.6.2

2.6.3

2.7.1

2.7.2

2.7.3

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.2.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.4.1

3.4.2

3.4.3

3.5.1

3.5.2

3.5.3

3.6.1

3.6.2

3.6.3

3.7.1

3.7.2

3.7.3

E1

Bus

in b

ack-

plan

e of

AM

M.

TX

RX

STM-1



MINI-LINK TNBasic Node, Line Termination Unit (LTU 155)Synchronization

SDH network

Local oscillator

Loop timingLocal oscillator

Loop timing

Loop timing

Loop timing Local oscillator

The LTU 155 can be configured to run both localoscillator and loop timing.

One of the termination points in the STM-1 link is configured as master and is set up to providesynch from local oscillator.The synch information is transported in the Tx part of STM-1 link to the terminating end. The terminating end is configured to loop timing and reuses the incoming sync on to the outgoing link (Tx).



Basic Node

Radio Terminals

Network Element

ExternalEquipment

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal




Modem Unit

•Microwave transmission from 2x2 to 32x2 Mbit/s•7 to 38 GHz frequency bands•C-QPSK and 16 QAM modulation •Unprotected (1+0) or protected (1+1)

Radio Unit Antenna Unit

Radio cable




Unprotected 1+0 Protected 1+1Hot or Working standby



MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Modem Unit

Basic Node

Radio Terminals

Network Element

The MMUs are available with fixed or agile traffic capacityand modulation. There are four types of MMUs available,three of them as plug-in units and one as a stand-alone unit.

Plug-in units •MMU2•MMU2B•MMU2C

Stand-alone•Microwave Edge Node



• Interface to the radio

• One MMU per Radio

• Modulates the digital traffic into analogue radio-modulation

• Sets the traffic capacity and frequency bandwidth.





MMU2 Modulation: C-QPSKTraffic capacity: 2x2, 4x2, 8x2, 17x2Protected terminal: 2 x MMU2 and 1 x SMU2

MMU2B Modulation: C-QPSKTraffic capacity: 2x2, 4x2, 8x2, 17x2Protected terminal: 2 x MMU2B (No SMU2 is needed).

MMU2C Modulation: C-QPSK, 16QAMTraffic capacity: C-QPSK: 4x2, 8x2, 17x2

16QAM: 8x2, 17x2, 32x2Protected terminal: 2 x MMU2C (No SMU2 is needed).

Microwave Edge Node Modulation: C-QPSKTraffic capacity: 2x2, 4x2, 8x2, 16x2 Single-board solution for unprotected configurations. (19”)



RAU1Dimensions HxWxD:411x326x144mmWeight: 7kg

RAU1RAU1 N

RAU2Dimensions HxWxD:321x260x97mmWeight: 4.5kg

RAU2RAU2 MRAU2 N

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio Unit

Please refer to the MINI-LINK E, TN and HC Product Catalog for available frequency bands of respectively radio type

•C-QPSK RAU, supports 2x2 to 34+2 Mbit/s capacity using C-QPSK modulation in a range from 7 to 38 GHz.

•16 QAM RAU, supports 2x2 to 34+2 Mbit/s capacity using 16 QAM or C-QPSK. The letter M in the end of the product name (RAU2 M) indicates radio units capable of both 16 QAM and C-QPSK.

•Agile radio unit, supports 2x2 up to 155 Mbit/s using C-QPSK, 16 QAM or 128 QAM modulations in a range from 7 to 38 GHz. The letter N in the end of the product name (RAU2 N) indicates agile radios.



Radio AlarmRed LED

PowerGreen LED

Radio Cable ConnectionN-type connector

Earthing Connection

Alignment portTwinnax connector (0.5-2.5VDC)

RAU1

RAU2




Freq. band

MINI-LINK 7-EMINI-LINK 8-EMINI-LINK 13-EMINI-LINK 15-EMINI-LINK 18-EMINI-LINK 23-EMINI-LINK 26-EMINI-LINK 28-EMINI-LINK 38-E

Freq.range[GHz]

7.1-7.77.7-8.512.7-13.2514.4-15.3517.7-19.721.2-23.624.8-26.527.5-29.537.0-39.5

Sub-band cov[MHz]

60 (140) 42/89 (84-148)80110300560450430280

Lower band end

Upper band endSub band A Low

Sub band B Low

Sub band C Low

Sub band D Low

Sub band A High

Sub band B High

Sub band C High

Sub band D High

Sub-band pair




Duplex: 1050 MHz

21.2 GHz 23.6 GHz

Lowest/Highest TX centre frequency (MHz)0.25 MHz step

Sub-band

”CD”

Duplex

(MHz) 2x2 Mbps

21952.00 / 22496.25

23002.00 / 23546.25

21785.75 / 22344.00

23017.75 / 23576.00

34+2 Mbps

21964.25 / 22484.00

23014.25 / 23534.00

21798.00 / 22331.75

23030.00 / 23563.75

8 Mbps

21953.75 / 22494.50

23003.75 / 23544.50

21787.50 / 22432.25

23019.50 / 23574.25

2x8 Mbps

21957.25 / 22491.00

23007.25 / 23541.00

21791.00 / 22338.75

23023.00 / 23570.75

10501050

12321232

1214

2224

Lowband23/12

Highband23/14

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitSub-band and Frequency Duplex, 23GHz Radio Unit



21952.00 MHzTX RX

23002.00 MHzRX TX

23/12 23/14

Duplex: 1050 MHz

21.2 GHz 23.6 GHzLowband23/12

Highband23/14

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitSub-band Pair



Modulation Techniques, examples

C-QPSK (4QAM)MINI-LINK E, BAS

4 symbols2 bits/symbol

16QAMMINI-LINK E, HC


128QAMMINI-LINK HC


Low modulation order: + long hops, good resistance to disturbances+ fairly uncomplicated technique

High modulation order: + high traffic capacity per bandwidth/channel spacing

The modulation type is set by the Modem Unit

Each symbol is represented by a combination of carrier phase and amplitude.



Channel spacing(MHz)

Modulation3.5 7 14 28

C-QPSK

16 QAM

2x2

- 8x2, 2x8

4x2, 8

17x2, 34+2

8x2, 2x8

32x2

17x2, 34+2

14MHz 28MHz

C-QPSK

7MHz 14MHz

16 QAM

Center frequency




Ø = 0.2m

Ø =

0.6

m

Ø =

0.3

m

MINI-LINK Point to point antennas are directional parabolic antennas which are available in the following diameters:

0.2m 0.3m

0.6m 1.2m

1.8m 2.4m

3.0m3.7m

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units



0.3m antenna

Main lobe

0.6m antenna

Main lobe

Lower frequency Larger antenna

A smaller antenna gives: + Less windload, + Less visibility, + Lower cost for antenna and installation

A larger antenna gives: + Higher gain

(longer hop, improved performance)

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units



Gain [dBi]

50

30

40

7/8 1315 18 23 2628 38

Frequency[GHz]

0.6m

3.7m

0.2m

1.8m1.2m

3.0m2.4m

0.3m

NoteDiagram not to be used for calculations! 0.6 m

1.8 m

2.4 m

3.0 m

31.0

37.0

44.8

42.9

40.0

0.3 m

0.2 m

47.1

37.3

41.5

1.2 m 42.7

46.4

32.1

36.6

44.6

48.5

34.4

39.2

31.8

46.0

49.5

36.2

40.0

7/8 15 18 23 26 3813

41.8

45.3

36.0

40.2

44.3

36.6

48.0

38.3

42.4

28

34.6

3.7 m 47.3

Gain table [dBi]MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units



Antenna Ø 0.3m:

15GHz 4.2 degrees

18GHz 3.3 degrees

23GHz 2.7 degrees

26GHz 2.5 degrees

28GHz 2.2 degrees

38GHz 1.8 degrees

Antenna Ø 0.6m:

7/8GHz 4.3 degrees

13GHz 2.8 degrees

15GHz 2.5 degrees

18GHz 2.0 degrees

23GHz 1.7 degrees

26GHz 1.5 degrees

28GHz 1.3 degrees

38GHz 1.0 degrees

-3 dBLobewidth

degreesAntenna UnitsHalf Power Beamwidth (-3 dB) Typical values

0 dB

-3 dB

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, Half Power Beamwidth (-3 dB) Typical values



Side loobs (radiation in unwanted directions)

Main loob Standard antenna

Main loobHigh Performance antenna (HP)Reduced side loobs to reduce the risk of interference betweenclose by paths.

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, Radiation Pattern Envelope, RPE classes



Different polarizations are used to reduce interference between neighboring paths that are using the same or adjacent frequencies

V (Default)

H

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, polarisation



V (Default)

H

V

H

Vertical pol.V

H

Horizontal pol.

The polarization is set by turningthe Antenna Feeder

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, polarisation



MINI-LINK antennas are designed to: • Operate at a wind speed of 50m/s• Survive a wind speed of 70m/s• The highest ETSI RPI Classes

RPI = Radiation pattern envelope

1.2m Compact 0.3m Compact

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, mounting



Integrated mountingAntennas 1.8m

Separate mountingAntennas 2.4, 3.0 and 3.7m

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, mounting 1+0



Separate mountingIntegrated power splitter

Integrated mounting

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitAntenna Units, mounting 1+1



• Symmetrical for 1+1 working stb. • Asymmetrical for 1+1 hot stb.

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitOutdoor Accessories, power splitter



Note: Waveguide losses must be added.

Approx. 1dB loss

Approx. 7dB loss

Asymmetrical for 1+1 hot stb.

Radio 1

Radio 2

Approx. 3dB loss

Approx. 3dB loss

Symmetrical for 1+1 working stb.

Radio 1

Radio 2

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitOutdoor Accessories, power splitter



The Radio cable is a single coaxial cableavailable in three different types:

ø10mm standard cable, max length 200m

ø16mm, max length 400m

ø28mm, max length 700m

Cable length

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitRadio Cable



60 V DC power to radio

IF: 350 Mhz uplink, 140 MHz downlink

Radio Communication Channel (RCC):6.5 MHz uplink, 4.5 MHz downlink

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Radio UnitRadio Cable



(E2:1)

(E2:1)

(E2:2)

BB1

BB1

BB2

MMU2 2x2

MMU2 8

MMU2 2x8

1.11.21.31.4

1.11.2

1.11.21.31.4

2.12.22.32.4

BB1BB2

E1

Bus

in b

ack-

plan

e of

AM

M.

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, TDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer



1.1.11.1.21.1.31.1.4

1.2.11.2.21.2.31.2.4

1.3.11.3.21.3.31.3.4

1.4.11.4.21.4.31.4.4

(E3:1) BB1

BB2(E1:17)2

(E2:1)

(E2:2)

(E2:3)

(E2:4)

MMU2 34+2E

1 B

us in

bac

k-pl

ane

of A

MM

.

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, TDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer



MINI-LINK TNSystem Architecture

Plug-inunit

Plug-inunit

BPI

Backplane

TDM

PCI

SPI

Power

Network Element

TDM Bus (Time Division Multiplexing)•Traffic Routing between the plug-in units• Routing of the DCN channels•Used for O&M data transport

PowerFilter Unit

NodeProcessor

Unit




PCI Bus The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)bus is a high bandwidth multiplexedaddress/data bus used for control andsupervision. Its main use is for communicationbetween the NPU software and the otherplug-in units’ software and functional blocks.

Plug-inunit

Plug-inunit

BPI

Backplane

TDM

PCI

SPI

Power

Network Element

PowerFilter Unit

NodeProcessor

Unit




SPI BusThe Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus is a low speed synchronous serial interfacebus used for:•Unit status control and LED indication•Board Removal (BR) button used for unit replacement•Inventory data•Temperature and power supervision•User I/O communication•Reset of control and traffic logic

Plug-inunit

Plug-inunit

BPI

Backplane

TDM

PCI

SPI

Power

Network Element

PowerFilter Unit

NodeProcessor

Unit




Power busThe external power supply is connected to a PFU (or NPU2 for AMM 2p). The internal power supply is distributed via thePower bus to the other plug-in units.When using two PFUs in an AMM, the bus is redundant.

Plug-inunit

Plug-inunit

BPI

Backplane

TDM

PCI

SPI

Power

Network Element

PowerFilter Unit

NodeProcessor

Unit




BPI BusThe Board Pair Interconnect (BPI) bus is usedfor between two plug-in units in a prcommunication otected (1+1) configuration.

Plug-inunit

Plug-inunit

BPI

Backplane

TDM

PCI

SPI

Power

Network Element

PowerFilter Unit

NodeProcessor

Unit



•Cross connection at 2Mbit/s level

•The bus has a switching capacity of 840 Mbit/s

•Software-controlled from management system

MINI-LINK TNTraffic Routing

TDM Bus 400xE1

Network Element

nxE1Plug-in

Unit

Plug-inUnitnxE1

Plug-inUnitnxE1

Plug-inUnitnxE1

nxE1Plug-in

Unit

nxE1Plug-in

Unit

Backplane



Network layer protection

Physical link layer protection

Equipment protection

MINI-LINK TNProtection Mechanisms



Conventional Microwave Systems

A

B C

D A

B C

D

MINI-LINK TNNon-protected configuration

A

B C

D





Ring

Star Tree



MINI-LINK TNRing Protection

Ring

A

B

C D

E

1+1 E1 SNCP group

1+1 E1 SNCP group

1+1 E1 SNCP group

1+1 E1 SNCP group

Site A - C Site A - D

Site C - ASite D - A



MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 protection

1+1 Radio Terminal configuration

•MMU22xRAU2xMMU21xSMU2

•MMU2B / MMU2C2xRAU2xMMU2C



MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, Switch Multiplexer Unit (SMU2)

An SMU2 can be fitted in an AMM 6p or AMM 20p.1+1 Protection Switchingorto interface MINI-LINK E equipment on the same site.The following interfaces are provided:•1xE3 + 1xE1•1xE2 or 2xE2•2xE1•2xE0 (2x64 kbit/s) used for IP DCN•O&M (V.24) access server



PS PS

PS = Power splitter

Working standby: Channels A + B

Working Standby:• Two radio channels• Two active transmitters• Two receivers• One receiver selected as active

• Frequency diversity

Hot standby: Channel A

Hot Standby:• One radio channel• One active transmitter• Two receivers• One receiver selected as active

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 protection



Hot Standby:• One frequency• One active transmitter• Two receivers• One receiver selected as active

With two receiver antennas:• Space diversity

RXTX

Channel A

Channel A

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 Hot Standby



RXTX

Rx switching:Hw < 10 msFading = hitless

AlarmAlarm

Tx switching:Hw < 200 ms

Channel A

Channel A

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 Hot Standby



TX RX

Working Standby:• Two radio channels• Two active transmitters• Two receivers• One receiver selected as active

• Frequency diversity

Channel A

Channel B

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 Working Standby



TX RX

Alarm

Rx switching:Hw < 10 msFading = hitless

Tx switching:No switching

Channel A

Channel B

MINI-LINK TNRadio Terminal, 1+1 Working Standby



The STM-1 interface supports Multiplexer Section Protection (MSP 1+1). This SDH protection mechanism provides both link protection and equipment protection.

MINI-LINK TNMSP 1+1

Network Element

PassiveLTU155e/o

Backplane

SDH mapping

ActiveLTU155e/o

SDH mapping

MSP 1+1 Switch

63xE1

BPI

STM-1 electrical or optical



SDH ADMIts main purpose is to provide maximum protectionat the interface between the microwave networkand the optical network

MINI-LINK TNMSP 1+1



MINI-LINK HC MINI-LINK HC

MINI-LINK TNMINI-LINK TNSends the STM-1 over two line interfaces.

Traffic sent overone radio.Tx switching atalarm

Radio path in 1+1 Hot standby

Both radios receive the traffic and forwards it over respectively line interface

1+1 ELP

Receives the STM-1via two line interfaces.Selects which one to use

1+1 MSP

MSP= Multiplex Section Protection

MINI-LINK TNMSP 1+1

transmission fundamentals tn system desciption

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