transition pp

8/3/2019 Transition Pp

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ACADEMIC WRITINGPURPOSE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Who is going to read this ? a clerk/amanager

What do I want this person to do or say

What sort of feeling must I produce in orderto persuade him to do as I wish?

What has the reader asked for ?

What does the recipient intend to do withwhat I write?


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Jargon:implying wornout meaninglessexpressions peculiar to those who share

the same work same way of life. Worstenemy of clarity and conciseness.


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OUTWORN EXPRESSIONS We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter

Use- Thank you for your letter In answer to letter of August 7, we wish to advise that

shipment has been madeUse-The shipment about which you inquired in your

August 7 letter has been made

As per our recordsUse-According to Attached / enclosed please find

Use-Enclosed or attached Hand you

Use-Enclosed is our check for $ 37.10. I have your letter

Use- Thank you for your report or We appreciate yourletter of of August 15, 2011


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In receipt of your checkUse- Thank you for your check. We have receipt your

check

Thanking you in advanceUse-We shall be grateful for any info that you may care

to send.At handUse-Your letter of May 15,2011

Opinion of the writerUse-I or we believe that impressions are needed in

business letters. personal pronouns Under separate cover-

Use-We are sending by parcel post We regret to inform you thatUse-We are sorry for our mistake. (emphasize the

action being taken to correct the error)


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Academic English Writing

A paragraph can be as short as onesentence / as long as 10 sentences.It hasto develop the main idea

Parts of Paragraph a.Topic sentence

b.Supporting Sentence

c.Concluding Sentence


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a.Topic Sentence-States the main idea of paragraphIt is not only names the topic of paragraph, but limits

the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed in asingle paragraph space.The specific area is calledcontrolling idea.

Topic:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two importantcharacteristics

Controlling idea b.Supporting Sentences: Develop the topic sentence.

Explains the topic sentence by giving reasons, factstatistics and quotations. Another importantcharacteristic of gold is its usefullness to industry &

science. c.Concluding Sentences: Signals the end of paragraphand leaves the important points to remember

In conclusion, Gold is treasured not only for its beautybut als for its utility


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A Good Paragraph Elements: Utility,Discussing only one main idea in a

paragraph .Each supporting sentencedevelop that idea Coherence:Paragraph is easy to

understand cause

1.Each supporting sentences are in logicalorder

2.The ideas are connected withappropriate transition signals.For example,first of all, in conclusion


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Finished Format Paper,hand written Standard 8 by 11 inch white binder

paper write one side only

Identification on the right hand corner write your namecourse title, number and due date Upper left hand corner, write the practice no /name of

assignment and page no Title:Hnd written Center the title on top line of first page 1

inches. Body Type: Begin typing after shipping four single spaced line Handwritten:Indent the first line of every paragraph about

1 inch from the magrin

Type: Leave one blank line between each line of typing Leave one inch margins on the left and right and at the

bottom of each page. Number every page except the firstpage.


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How to Write a Title A title tells the reader what the topic of the

paragraph is . A word or a phrase not a

sentence. Word in a title are capitalized .Except

prepositions and articles. Articles that begin arecapitalized. The title of the essay are not

underlined. The title is not enclosed in quotationmarks, nor is it ended with a period. In questionat the beginning can encourage the reader tothink deeply about your topic. Especially, tostart about a difficult decission, opinions or

personal feelings. The topic of your sentenceand paragraph will be a noun or a noun phrase.(The bag that my mother gave me)


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The Topic Sentence Every paragraph has a topic sentence, states the topic and

controlling idea of paragraph .It is usually a complete sentence the first sentence /the last

sentence (a sandwich style) in the paragraph. It includes aone clear topic, an opinion or an idea about topic usually firstor last sentence but it can be any sentence in a paragraph.

1.It contains a subject, a verb and a complement. 2.A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea

in a complete sentence. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for 2 importantcharacteristics.

3.A topic sentence is the most general statement in theparagraph cause it gives only main idea, no specific details.

If the topic paragraph is long, the second topic sentenceserves as a concluding sentence. A topic sentence has twoessential parts, the topic and a controlling idea. The topicnames the subject.If it is a long paragraph, the second topicsentence in the sandwich style paragraph serves as aconcluding sentence.


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Controlling idea makes a specific commentabout the topic indicating what the rest of the

paragraph will say about the topic.The reader ofthe paragraph wants to know what to expect in aparagraph.The reader of the paragraph wants toknow what to expect in a paragraph.

Good -American food is tasteless and greasy. Do not include too many unrealated ideas in

your topic sentence.

stanbul is famous for its cosmopolitanatmosphere.


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The Concluding Sentence It is not absolutely necessary. In long paragraphs the

concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraphreminder of important points its purposes.Make a

suggestion org ive advice connected to topic. Make aprediction connected to the paragraphs topic.

1.It signals the end of the paragraph. 2.It summarizes the main points of the paragraph briefly

and restates the topic sentence in different words.

3.Gives a final comment on topic and leaves the readerwith the most important ideas to think about.

End of Paragraph Signals to introduce concludingsentence.

Finally, in conclusion, therefore, thus, as a result,indeed,-These are followed by comma These examples show that,it is clear that-not followed by

commas


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UNITY AND OUTLINING Every good paragraph has unity, which means only one

main idea is discussed.Second part of unity, every

supporting sentence must explain or prove the main ideathat is stated in the topic sentence. No need forirrelevant sentences that support the topic sentence.

In paragraph outlining, you should plan a paragraphbefore you write it, so your ideas will be fit It helps you

to organize your ideas. You wont leave out importantpoints and supporting sentences will be in logical order. A simple outline, intend and use capital letters A,B,C.

Topic sentence and concluding sentence must beunderlined. If there is no supporting point B no As

supporting point. There is N o 2 there cant be No1. Anoutine, ideas have same kind of letter must have equalvalue means supporting points should have same kind ofletter. Details should have a different kind of letter ornumber. Supporting sentences explain or prove the mainidea that is stated in the topic sentence.


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OUTLINE

Give headings an appropriate number orletter I.Roman numerals

A.Capital letters 1.Arabic numerals a.Lowercase letters

Give headings the same grammaticalstructure use nouns with nouns, phraseswith phrases, clauses with clauses


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COHERENCE Another element of a good paragraph is

coherence. In order to have a coherence in writing, thesentences must hold together. Movement fromone sentence to next must be logical.

Ways to achieve coherence: Repeating key nouns frequently in a pragraph. Using pronouns that refer back to key nouns. Transition signals to show how one idea is

related to next.

Arrange your sentences in logical order


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MEANING /

FUNCTION

SENTENCE CONNECTORS CLAUSE CONNECTORS OTHERS

TRANSITIONPHRASES

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBS

COORDINATINGCONJUNC

TIONS

SUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

Tointroduceanadditionalidea

in addition -Furthermore-Moreover

-Besides

-Also

-too

and Another(+noun)an additional(+noun)

Tointroducean opposite

idea

-On the other

hand

-in contrast

However

Nevertheless

instead

Still

Nonetheless

But

yet

Although

Though

Even though

Whereas

while

in spite of(+noun)

Despite (+noun)

Tointroduce achoice or

alternative

otherwise or f

Unless

MEANING / SENTENCE CONNECTORS CLAUSE CONNECTORS OTHERS


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MEANING /

FUNCTION

SENTENCE CONNECTORS CLAUSE CONNECTORS OTHERS

TRANSITIONPHRASES

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

COORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

To introduce arestatementor explanation

in fact

indeed

That is

To introducean example For exampleFor instanceAn exampleof (+noun)such as(+noun)

To introducea conclusion

or summary

in conclusion

in summary

in brief

in short

indeed

To introducea result

Accordingly

As a result

As aconsequence

Therefore

Consequently

Hencethus

so


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This following chart shows including mostcommon transition signals to make the

relationships among your ideas clear.Other special transition signals which areused ar e for writings as chronological

order and comparison/contrast.Transitionsignals can be categorized in to 3 groups.


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a.Transition Phrases

Appear at the beginning, middle or at the

end of sentences. They are separatedfrom the rest of sentences by commas.Also they may follow this pattern

For example, the Baltic Sea in NorthernEurope is only one-fourth as saline as theRed Sea in the Middle East.

Many societies in the world are

matriarchal; that is, the mother is head ofthe family.

b Conjunctive Adverbs


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b.Conjunctive AdverbsThey may appear at the beginning in the middle orthe end of the sentences separrated by commasexcept (too).Furthermore, besides, also, too, instead,however, therefore,hence,thus, otherwise, stilMany societies in the world are matriarchal; that is,the mother is head of the family.My parents want me to become an engineer,however.

Use however at the beginning of a sentences.However, I find books more interesting.Conjunctive adverbs are used with a semicolon anda comma to join two independent clauses to form acompound sentence. As a result, consequently andtherefore are similar and used to connect 2 similarideas. They show second sentence was the effect,result of first one can be at the beginning of secondsentence or join the 2 sentences with word andbefore them.The companys sales increased last year;

nevertheless, its net profit declined.


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Clause Connectorsa.Coordinating Conjunctions are used with comma

to join 2 independent clauses to form a

compound sentence.and, but,yet,or,so,for,norWhen you join 2 complete sentences with andthe subjects of the sentences are both writtenuse , before and.Shopping at the mall is expensive. Parking ishard to find. Shopping at the mall is expensive,and parking is hard to find.When you join 2 complete sentences andremove the subject of the second sentence, do

not use a comma before and. Those dayspeople send paper and electronic cards.Beginwith and but-in additionhowever


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The companys sales increased last year,yet its net profit declined..

Yet is preferred when the second clause isan unexpected or suprising contrast to first

clause.When the two clauses are direct

opposites, but is preferred.I want to study art, but my parents want met

o become an engineer.

Yet is similar in meaning to nevertheless,and but is similar to however.

Thomas Edison dropped out of school atage 12, yet he became a famous inventor.

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