transition lecture: skeletal system review/muscular system special features of bone tissue few cells...
TRANSCRIPT
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Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System
Special features of bone tissue
Few cells with large amounts of intercellular material =Matrix
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Contract
• Extend
• Excitable
• Elastic
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Tissue comparisonsSpecial features of
bone tissue
• Matrix = minerals and salt
• Osteonic system
• Lamella, lacunae
• Osteocytes
• periosteum
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Elastic fibers: myofibrils
• Many nuclei in each cells
• Very long cells
• perimysium
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Tissue comparisons
• Bone is a combination of matrix and cells, filled with marrow, blood vessels, nerves and surrounded by connective tissue.
• Muscles are
organs made up of muscle tissue plus connective tissue and nervous tissue.
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Tissue comparisons
Special features of bone tissue
• Spongy
• Compact (dense)
Special features of muscle tissue.
• Smooth or
• Straiated
• Voluntary or
• involuntary
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FunctionsSkeletal
• Framework
• Movement
• Protect organs
• Produce blood cells
• Mineral storage
Muscular
• Movment
• Support
• Heat production
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AttachmentsSkeletal
• head
• Neck
• Spine
• Condyle
• Trochanter
• process
Muscular
• tendon (mysium)- muscle to bone.
• Attach to processes, spines, etc.
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Skeletal
crest - fossa -
foramen
meatus - sinus
Muscular
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On your “muscle man” – locate the following.
Axial skeletal muscles:
• Occipitalis
• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi (think Greek)
• Orbicularis oris (think Greek)
• Temporalis
• Sternoomastoid (aka: sternocleidomastoid)
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Appendicular skeleton
• Brachioradialis
• Tibialis anterior
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Muscular System
“all that moves me”
Reading assignments:
Wingerd pp. 197-208, 231
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I. Muscle tissue
A. Specialization
1. Properties
a. C - the ability of a cell to shorten in length.
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b. E lity - the ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
c. E bility - the ability of a cell to increase in length.d. E - the ability to return to resting form after contracted or stretched.
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2. The muscular system skeletal muscle tissue and related structures only – not smooth or cardiac muscle
a. About 500 different muscles
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b. Generally ____% to ____% of our body weight
c. Functions of skeletal muscles.
1) M____________ - highly coordinated with bones, nerves, joints.
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2) S___________ - strengthens skeletal frame
3) H___ p________ - as byproduct of m__________, body heat maintained.
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B. Muscle Anatomy - muscles are _______ made up of muscle _________ plus c__________ tissue and n________ tissue.
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1. C_____________ tissues of muscle. Provides route for nerves and blood vessels and supports each muscle or part of the muscle.
a. D – “Epimysium” = sheet or broad band of connective tissue surrounding muscles.
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b. P mysium = divides the muscle into bundles called f______.
c. E mysium = a very thin covering around individual muscle ______.
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d. T = a combination of the 3 "mysiums" to connect muscle to the p____________.
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2. Microanatomy of muscle. a. Single cell - muscle
f_________ – some characteristics:
1) multi__________2) very long and thin
(up to .5 meters long and .1 mm diameter)
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b. Special plasma membrane (cell membrane) called
s lemma.c. Special cytoplasm called s plasm. Contains many m_________________.
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d. Special network called
s plasmic r . –
d. stores ______________.1) T-tubules - connect sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as the sarcolemma.
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e. Myo - cylindrical cords of protein each having a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1) Myo______________
a) thick filaments - made of the protein myosin with small projections.
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b) thin filaments - made of the protein actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
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2) Myofilaments form the striations that characterizes skeletal muscles.
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3. Nerve supply.a. motor n =
the nerve cell that carries the action potential (impulse) to a muscle fiber. It originates in the spinal cord and terminates at the muscle fibers.
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b. motor u = the motor neuron and many muscle fibers (25 to 3000) it connects to.
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c. N muscular j__________
1) terminal end of motor neuron
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2) the depression in sarcolemma called the
s cleft.
a) the motor end plate is the section of sarcolemma lining the cleft.
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d. A - a chemical which transmits signals. Located in vesicles of the terminal end of the motor neuron.
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C. Muscle Physiology1. Muscle
contraction. - The f______________ slide.
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a. How it all begins - Action potential (Stimulus, requirement 1)
1) A_____ potential arrives at __________ end of the motor _______.
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2) A__________ is released to motor end plate of ____________.
3) Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on motor _____ ______.
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4) P____________ of __+ and __+ increases and a_______ p __________ transfers to the muscles.
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b. What is happening at the muscle?
1) R_______ stage - Ca2+ stored in s__________ r___________.
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ATP is bound to _________ (thick filaments)
2) Upon stimulus, action potential travels down Sarcolemma, down the T-________ and into the s__________ reticulum
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a) The action potential increases permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum to ___2+ ,
b) ___2+ released to m____________
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3) Ca2+ binds to __________ in thin filaments
4) A______and t_______ change in shape.
5) “______" over binding sites opens.
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6) -projection on thick filament called "cross bridges" bind to binding sites. - ________ ions activate decomposition of ____
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7) Breakdown of _____ provides energy for moving cross bridges and heat _________.
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8) New ____ molecule binds to the _______ breaking the cross bridge connection.
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2. Muscle relaxation.a.
A_____________ is inactivated by acetylcholin_______.
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b. ___________ ions are returnd to the sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
c. B________ s____ are once again covered.
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3. Energy for contraction. (source: Vander, Sherman, Luciano page 233-236)
a. Uses of energy.
1) C______ bridge movement
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2) C______ bridge breaking
3) Return of ________to SR for relaxation.
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AP TEST only b. Source of energy. - Breaking of
high-energy phosphate bonds from ATP.
1) Synthesis of ATP - 3 sources (very little is stored in muscle - aerobic cellular
respiration - amounts for minimal storage )
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b) creatine phosphate CP + ADP C + ATP
c) oxidative phosphylation (in mitochondria) - O2 + Fatty
acids ATP (needs Oxygen, nutrients and enzymes)
d) glycolysis - glucose and glycogen ATP + lactic acid (produces ATP rapidly and without Oxygen)
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Source:http://vincentimbe.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/krebs-cycle.jpg
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Part 2 - Muscles
I. Anatomical terminologyA. Attachment
1. _________ - more stationary bone attachement (generally proximal)
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2. _________ - more movable bone attachment (generally distal)
3. Tendon - ___________________________________________________________
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4. A____________ - broad sheet of ______
____________________ connecting muscles to each other or to bone.
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B. Action
1. ______________ = agonists - Cause desired action
2. Antagonists - ____________________
_____________________
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3. S___________ - muscles which steady movement
4. F__________ - muscles which stabilize the origin of prime mover
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5. Flexion (muscle in front of joint, body part forward)/ Extension
6. Abduction / Adduction
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7. Circumduction - circular motion of appendage.
8. Pronation / Supination
9. Inversion / Eversion
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C. Naming muscles
1. By a_________:
a. flexors b. extensors c. abductors d. adductors
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2. Direction of fibers:
a. R________ - parallel to midline (straight)
b. T_________ - perpendicular to midline (across)
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c. O_________ - diagonal to midline (inclined)
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3. L_____________:
a. intercostal - between the ribs
b. tibialis anterior - in front of the tibia
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c. temporalis - near the temporal bone
d. etc.
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4. S_________ or s_______:
a. trapezius - trapezoid shape
b. deltoid - triangular shape
c. minimus - small, maximus - large, longus - long
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5. Number of ______________:
a. biceps - two origins b. triceps - three origins c. quadriceps - four origins
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6. Points of __________:a. sternocleidomastoid - attached to sternum, clavicle, and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
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III. Muscle Injuries and Disorders
1. C_________- bruise of muscle. Blood vessels in muscle are broken.
a. deepb. superficial
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2. Ectopic ____________– “biomineralization in soft tissues” due to a variety of injuries and diseases.
(can be in heart valves, blood vessels, muscle, etc.)
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Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
Calcification over theRight scapula
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3. Hernia
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Inguinal Hernia
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4. T_________ - fairly common but painful condition that typically is due to repetitive stress.
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5. M gravis -
symptoms: skeletal muscle weakness and fatique. Mostly facial muscles.
.
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cause: a neuromuscular disease due to decreased ACh receptor sites resulting from problem with autoimmune system
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6. B food poisoning- toxin produced by anaerobic bacteria
symptoms: death
cause: blocks release of ACh
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7. Muscular dystrophysymptoms: progressive atrophy of muscle (decrease in size)
cause: genetic but unclear and therefore no cure
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8. Tetanus - lockjaw –
symptoms: muscle spasms etc. (nervous system related)
cause: bacterial toxin attacking the central nervous system.
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9. Cramps - (skeletal or visceral muscle)
symptoms: involuntary contraction causing pain and weakness
cause: extended extreme cold or severe physical exertion.
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Possible reasons for cramps: Exact physiology remains unknown.
1. Dehydration.2. Electrolyte depletion.3. Poor physical
conditioning.
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a