Transforming Transformer Reliability & System Efficiency With The Right Oil

• Dr Peter Smith

• Global Technology Manager

• Shell Global Solutions (UK)

• UK

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Agenda

• Technical challenges/trends for transformers & oils?

• International transformer oil specifications

• Gas–To–Liquids (GTL) transformer oils compared to conventional oils

– Transformer oil properties & performance

– OEM & utility approvals & field experience

• Conclusions - benefits of GTL based transformer oil over conventional oils

Agenda

What is the function of a transformer oil?

Electrical Insulation

Electrical insulation- between

the coil windings

Cooling

The transfer of

heat away from

the core

Information transfer

Analysing the oil can give an

indication of transformer health

Changes to transformer technology and operation

means the oil needs to work harder

Higher

voltages to

improve

transmission

efficiencies

Higher

temperatures

Expectations

for a longer

operating life

Regulatory

requirements

More frequent operation under overload

and less redundancy in case of failure

Higher power / weight & volume ratios to

reduce manufacturing and installation

costs

International insulating oil specifications

IEC

ASTM

DIN/VDE BS

BIS

BS

IEC 60296 (2012) – Unused mineral oils for transformers and switchgears

IEC 60422 (2013) – Supervision and maintenance guidance

IEC 60599 (2007) – Guide to the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis

Gas-To-Liquids technology process

Catalytic Process to Convert Gas to Oil Products

GTL oil, primarily iso-paraffinic, no impurities, excellent

antioxidant response, narrow molecular distribution

Oil life - inhibited GTL versus

conventional inhibited oil

GTL inhibited oils – Exceptional resistance to degradation

IEC 61125C = induction period = volatile acidity >>0.1 mg KOH/g

Inhibited oils show predictable & best resistance to degradation

Oil life - inhibited GTL versus conventional

uninhibited oil

“Our laboratory and field testing of transformer oils show that inhibited oils

offer enhanced performance compared with uninhibited oils.”

Ivanka Hoehlein, Manager, Material Testing Laboratory, Siemens

Resistance to ageing & degradation – corrosive sulphur

~300 ppm sulphur

Uninhibited oil

<50 ppm sulphur

Conventional inhibited oil

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

7.50

6.25

5.00

3.75

2.50

1.25

0.00

First dimension retention time in minutes – dependant on volatility

Seco

nd

dim

en

sio

n r

ela

tiv

e_

rete

nti

on

tim

e i

n s

eco

nd

s –

dep

en

dan

to

n p

ola

rity

Source: IEC TC10 Cape Town 2005

Diala typical viscosity (cSt) versus temperature (°C)

Good fluidity across broad temperature range, especially low temperatures down to -30 °C, facilitating cooling

Cooling – viscosity (fluidity)

Cooling – thermal properties

“We made a back –to- back heat run test of Diala S4 and [competitor A] with transformers of

different design and discovered a temperature decrease of 2,5 K with Diala S4.”

E Guarato, Purchasing Manager & E. Beaurez, Director General, CELDUC

Electrical properties – lightning impulse breakdown

• Lightning impulse breakdown voltage testing

• Needle-plane & needle-sphere electrode configurations (gap typically 25

mm, using positive & negative impulses)

• Testing run at the University of Manchester

• Two oils Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL) & Diala S3 ZX-I (water < 10 ppm)

Needle – plane 12.5 litre oil Tungsten needle tip radius 50 +/- 5 micron Brass plane electrode 200 mm diameter

Needle – sphere (IEC 60897 method A) 300 ml oil Steel needle tip radius 7-2 micron elipse Brass sphere electrode 12.5 mm diameter

0

50

100

150

200

250

Needle -sphere +ve

Needle -sphere -ve

Needle -plane +ve

Needle -plane -ve

Shell Diala S3 ZX-I

Shell Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL)

10 mm gap

Average breakdown voltage in kV (Gap 25 mm unless specified)

Diala S4 ZX-I (GTL) shows greater ability to withstand severe voltage

transients in service such as those due to switching or lightning strikes

Electrical properties – lightning impulse breakdown

Ease of use - compatibility/miscibility

No miscibility, compatibility, solvency issues found.

GTL based transformer oils can be used alongside traditional hydrocarbon oils

Oil condition monitoring in service

DGA can be used as usual with GTL transformer oils (Duval triangles)

Partial Discharge Partial Discharge low Energy

Hotspot 300-700°C Hotspot >700°C

GTL oil meets the requirements of major OEMs & utility companies

Validated & approved by amongst others:

• Siemens

• ABB

• Alstom

• CG Power Systems

• Eskom (evaluation in progress)

• Machinenfabrik Reinhausen (MR)

• RWE (Germany)

• Vattenfall (Germany

• GDF-Suez (France)/ Electrabel (Belgium

Approval testing by OEMs & utility companies

Conclusions Benefits of GTL inhibited transformer oils versus conventional oils

• Meets/exceeds IEC 60296:Ed 4 2012 highest oxidation stability, low sulphur

• Ability to withstand severe voltage transients

• Modeling predicts good to superior cooling in service

• Exceptional resistance to ageing & degradation

• Essentially zero sulphur minimises risks due to corrosive sulphur

• Product is very pure, only contains base oil and antioxidant

• Consistent chemical composition = consistent global performance

• Easy to use with other oils, no miscibility/compatibility/solvency issues found

• Product evaluated, approved & used by major OEMs & utilities since 2013

Questions?