Transformation of Transformation of EnergyEnergy

Activity/Investigation ReviewActivity/Investigation Review

What is Energy???What is Energy???

Mechanical EnergyMechanical Energy

Part IPart I

Activity 1: “Balls and Ramps”Activity 1: “Balls and Ramps”

The speed of a released object increases as it The speed of a released object increases as it moves downward.moves downward.

Speed is a quantity that can be calculated from Speed is a quantity that can be calculated from measured variables. (Distance and Time.)measured variables. (Distance and Time.)

Speed = Distance / TimeSpeed = Distance / Time Lab Tip: The steeper the incline, the faster the Lab Tip: The steeper the incline, the faster the

speed.speed. GPE? Huh?GPE? Huh?

Activity 2: “Knock ‘Em Down”Activity 2: “Knock ‘Em Down”

Energy can be transferred from one object to Energy can be transferred from one object to another.another.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (Law Energy cannot be created or destroyed. (Law of Conservation of Energy)of Conservation of Energy)

The kinetic energy of an object is a quantity The kinetic energy of an object is a quantity that indicates how much the object can change that indicates how much the object can change its surroundings.its surroundings.

The kinetic energy of an object depends on the The kinetic energy of an object depends on the object’s speed and mass.object’s speed and mass.

Activity 3: “Passing Energy Along”Activity 3: “Passing Energy Along”

An object receives a form of stored energy when it An object receives a form of stored energy when it has been lifted up above the floor. We call this has been lifted up above the floor. We call this Gravitational Potential Energy.Gravitational Potential Energy.

This stored energy can transform into kinetic energy This stored energy can transform into kinetic energy as the object moves downward.as the object moves downward.

The particles that make up materials are in constant The particles that make up materials are in constant but random motion. The combined random kinetic but random motion. The combined random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy.energy of particles is called heat energy.

When the kinetic energy of an object seems to When the kinetic energy of an object seems to disappear it has been transformed into a different disappear it has been transformed into a different form of energy,. Either a form of stored energy, or form of energy,. Either a form of stored energy, or heat energy.heat energy.

Activity 4: PendulumActivity 4: Pendulum

Under the right conditions, the stored energy Under the right conditions, the stored energy of an object can transform into kinetic energy, of an object can transform into kinetic energy, and this kinetic energy can then transform and this kinetic energy can then transform back into stored energy. (GPE back into stored energy. (GPE KE KE GPE) GPE)

Whenever an object moves through the air, Whenever an object moves through the air, part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the part of its kinetic energy is transferred to the particles in the air.particles in the air.

Activity 5: “Bouncing Golf Balls”Activity 5: “Bouncing Golf Balls” When an object strikes a surface, the quantity of kinetic When an object strikes a surface, the quantity of kinetic

energy transferred to the surface is determined by the physical energy transferred to the surface is determined by the physical propertites of the object and the surface, and the size of the propertites of the object and the surface, and the size of the object’s kinetic energy.object’s kinetic energy.

When an object strikes a surface, the KE transferred to the When an object strikes a surface, the KE transferred to the surface takes the form of organized vibrations of the particles surface takes the form of organized vibrations of the particles that make up the surface. Through these “wave-like” that make up the surface. Through these “wave-like” vibrations, the energy is spread from particle to particle vibrations, the energy is spread from particle to particle throughout the surface material.throughout the surface material.

The organized vibrations of the particles quickly become The organized vibrations of the particles quickly become random as the kinetic energy is transformed to heat energy.random as the kinetic energy is transformed to heat energy.

Activity 6: “Where is the energy Activity 6: “Where is the energy going?”going?”

Identifying the energy transfers and energy Identifying the energy transfers and energy transformations that take place in everyday transformations that take place in everyday phenomena helps us better understand the phenomena helps us better understand the changes that are taking place.changes that are taking place.

ENERGY CHAINSENERGY CHAINS

The Properties of Heat The Properties of Heat EnergyEnergy

Part IIPart II

Activity 7Activity 7

The collective random kinetic energy of particles is The collective random kinetic energy of particles is called heat energy.called heat energy.

This form of kinetic energy will not make an object This form of kinetic energy will not make an object move because it is at the particle level.move because it is at the particle level.

Even large quantities of heat energy in an object Even large quantities of heat energy in an object cannot make the object move.cannot make the object move.

If heat energy is concentrated, the temperature and If heat energy is concentrated, the temperature and other properties of the object will noticeably change.other properties of the object will noticeably change.

Sliding friction is a force that transforms the KE to Sliding friction is a force that transforms the KE to HE.HE.

Activity 8Activity 8

The transfer of heat energy into or out of our skin will The transfer of heat energy into or out of our skin will influence whether something feels hot, warm, cool, or influence whether something feels hot, warm, cool, or cold.cold.

The temperature of an object is NOT determined by The temperature of an object is NOT determined by how the object feels to our touch. The temperature of how the object feels to our touch. The temperature of an object is linked to the motion of the individual an object is linked to the motion of the individual particles that make up the object. particles that make up the object.

The greater the average KE of its particles, the higher The greater the average KE of its particles, the higher the temperature will be.the temperature will be.

Activity 9Activity 9

Heat energy is the combined random kinetic Heat energy is the combined random kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object. energy of the particles that make up an object. Heat IS energy.Heat IS energy.

The temperature of an object is an indicator of The temperature of an object is an indicator of the motion of its particles.the motion of its particles.

The temperature change of a substance is The temperature change of a substance is determined by how much energy it receives determined by how much energy it receives (or transfers away) and its mass.(or transfers away) and its mass.

Activity 10Activity 10

When heat energy is transferred out of a substance its When heat energy is transferred out of a substance its temperature usually drops.temperature usually drops.

When heat energy is transferred into a substance, its When heat energy is transferred into a substance, its temperature will usually rise.temperature will usually rise.

How much the temperature rises or falls when a given How much the temperature rises or falls when a given amount of heat energy is transferred depends on the amount of heat energy is transferred depends on the mass of the substance.mass of the substance.

When two substances are mixed together, heat energy When two substances are mixed together, heat energy will be transferred HOT to where it’s NOT. “High-will be transferred HOT to where it’s NOT. “High-Looooooow.”Looooooow.”

Activity 11Activity 11

Heat energy passes through solids in a process called Heat energy passes through solids in a process called conduction. The heat energy moves through the conduction. The heat energy moves through the solid, but matter does not move through the solid.solid, but matter does not move through the solid.

The particle Model can be used to explain conduction The particle Model can be used to explain conduction as a process where heat energy is passed from particle as a process where heat energy is passed from particle to particle through collisions.to particle through collisions.

When a solid, liquid, or gas receives heat energy and When a solid, liquid, or gas receives heat energy and its temperatures increases, it will expand. As the its temperatures increases, it will expand. As the substance expands, its density decreases.substance expands, its density decreases.

Activity 11, continued…Activity 11, continued…

When the density of part of a liquid or gas When the density of part of a liquid or gas changes, the difference in density within these changes, the difference in density within these substances will result in motion with the liquid substances will result in motion with the liquid or gas. Less dense material will rise, and more or gas. Less dense material will rise, and more dense material will sink.dense material will sink.

When heat energy is transported through a When heat energy is transported through a liquid or gas by mass flow in these substances, liquid or gas by mass flow in these substances, the process is called the process is called convectionconvection..

Waves and the Energy Waves and the Energy They CarryThey Carry

Part IIIPart III

Activity 12Activity 12

Waves are vibrations or disturbances that Waves are vibrations or disturbances that transport energy.transport energy.

Some waves can only travel through matter Some waves can only travel through matter and other waves can travel through matter or and other waves can travel through matter or through empty regions of space… “No Air…”through empty regions of space… “No Air…”

Waves transport energy; they do not transport Waves transport energy; they do not transport mass.mass.

Activity 13Activity 13

Mechanical waves travel through solids, liquids, and Mechanical waves travel through solids, liquids, and gases.gases.

Some waves are spread over extended intervals in Some waves are spread over extended intervals in space and deliver energy continuously. Other waves space and deliver energy continuously. Other waves are of short duration and deliver pulses of energy.are of short duration and deliver pulses of energy.

Mechanical waves can be characterized by their Mechanical waves can be characterized by their frequencies, wavelengths, and speeds.frequencies, wavelengths, and speeds.

Mechanical waves include vibrations that can be Mechanical waves include vibrations that can be heard, and vibrations with frequencies too low or too heard, and vibrations with frequencies too low or too high to be heard.high to be heard.

Activity 14Activity 14 Electromagnetic Waves have a broad range of characteristics, Electromagnetic Waves have a broad range of characteristics,

depending on their wavelength or frequency.depending on their wavelength or frequency. Sunlight consists primarily of waves that we can see (visible Sunlight consists primarily of waves that we can see (visible

light), infrared waves, and ultraviolet waves.light), infrared waves, and ultraviolet waves. When a wave strikes a surface, the energy carried by the wave When a wave strikes a surface, the energy carried by the wave

will either reflect off of the surface, or pass into the surface. will either reflect off of the surface, or pass into the surface. The energy that passes into the surface will either pass through The energy that passes into the surface will either pass through the material or be absorbed by the material.the material or be absorbed by the material.

The characteristics of the wave (wavelength and frequency) The characteristics of the wave (wavelength and frequency) and the properties of the material determine how much of the and the properties of the material determine how much of the energy carried by the wave reflects from, transmits through, or energy carried by the wave reflects from, transmits through, or is absorbed by the material.is absorbed by the material.

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