training manual ppl dv-20 version 1 01-11-2011 (1)

1

Dear student

Welcome to the JAA PPL(A) course.

The course consists of the following:

1. At least 45 hours flight time as a pilot of airplanes

a. At least 25 hours dual instruction

b. At least 10 hours of supervised solo flight time

2. Theoretical knowledge examinations in seven (7) subjects:

a. Air Law and Operational Procedures

b. Aircraft General Knowledge and Principal of Flight

c. Flight Performance and Limitations

d. Human Performance and Limitations

e. Meteorology

f. Navigation

g. Communication

3. Practice progress test in each subject prior to taking each JAA PPL

theoretical knowledge examination

4. Skill test at Megas Alexandros airport

2

FLIGHT EXERCISES

FLIGHT DESCRIPTION Ex1 Familiarization with the airplane

Ex1E Emergency drills

Ex2 Preparation for and action after flight

Ex3 Air experience

Ex4 Effects of controls

Ex5 Taxiing

Ex5E Emergencies

Ex6 Straight and level flight

Ex7 Climbing

Ex8 Descending

Ex9 Turning

Ex10A Slow flight

Ex10B Stalling

Ex11 Spin avoidance

Ex12 Take off and climb to downwind position

Ex13 Circuit, approach and landing

Ex12/13E Emergencies

Ex14 First solo

Ex15 Advanced turning

Ex16 Forced landing without power

Ex17 Precautionary landing

Ex18A Navigation

Ex18B Navigation problems at low levels and reduced visibility

Ex18C Radio navigation

Ex19 Basic instrument flight

Ex20 Night qualification

3

EGNATIA AVIATION FLYING PROGRAM-MODULE 1 PHASE ONE 13.6 hours DUAL/0.4 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO

1. Exercise 1-2-3-5 (Familiarization flight) 1 hour

2. Exercise 2-3-4-5 1 hour

3. Exercise 5-6-7-8-9 1 hour



6. Exercise 10A-10B 1.2 hours

7. Exercise 10A-10B-15 1.2 hours

8. Exercise 15-16 1.2 hours

9. Exercise 12-13 1 hour

10. Exercise 12-13 (Glide & Short Approach) 1 hour

11. Exercise 12-13 (EFATO-EFODW) 1 hour

12. Exercise 12-13 (Circuit Emergencies) 1 hour

13. Exercise 14 (Stage check/First solo 1 hour 0.4 hours

PHASE TWO 3.5 hours DUAL/2.6 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO

14. Exercise 14 1 hour


16. Exercise 19 1 hour


18. Exercise 18C-19 1.5 hours

PHASE THREE 4.5 hours DUAL/2.0 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO

19. Exercise 10A-10B-11 1.5 hours

20. Exercise 10A-10B 1 hour

21. Exercise 15-16-17 1.5 hours

22. Exercise 15-16 1 hour

23. Exercise 18C-19 1.5 hours

PHASE FOUR 4.9 hours DUAL/5.0 hours SOLO DUAL SOLO

24. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 1.9 hour

25. Exercise 18A (Short X-Country) 2.0 hours

26. Exercise 18A (Stage check/Long X-Country) 3.0 hours

27. Exercise 18A (Long X-Country) 3.0 hours

PHASE FIVE 8.5 hours DUAL DUAL SOLO

28. Revision for PPL Skill Test 1.5 hours




32. MOCK TEST 2.0 hours

TOTAL 35 hours 10 hours

4

LOCAL COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES

The principal of communication technique is based on listening, monitoring, requesting,

reporting and reading back. It is your responsibility to study the communication manual

provided by your flight school to gain all the knowledge that is required for a pilot at your

level. This is a quick reference example to brief you on a basic PPL training flight

examining the scenario of going to a training area starting with the first report just after the

start up until entering into the training area.

A/C: Megas Alexandros TWR good morning this is “SX-KIS” with information _____

received request radio check and I am ready to pass the flight plan.

(Flight plans for local VFR flights within TMA of Kavala airport are filed via the

radio)

ATSU: “SX- KIS” good morning readability 5 out of 5, ready to copy your flight plan.

There is the possibility to be told “standby for your flight plan”. In that case you wait

until you will be called back from the ATSU to pass your flight plan.

The information you need to pass is the following:

1. Registration

2. Flight time

3. Endurance

4. Route

5. POB

6. PIC name

A/C: 1. “SX- KIS”

2. 1 hr flight time

3. 4 hrs endurance

4. North training area

5. 2 POB

6. PIC name

As soon as the flight plan is filed the ATSU will either approve or reject your flight plan

according to the information you passed, traffic etc.

ATSU: “SX- KIS” flight plan is approved (sometimes you might hear them saying all

received) report when ready for taxi.

A/C: Report when ready to taxi “SX- KIS”

5

Considering ‘’after engine started’’ checklist is completed and you are ready to taxi, you

request for the taxi clearance.

A/C: “SX- KIS” request taxi.

ATSU: “SX- KIS” taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R.

A/C: Taxi via the parallel/apron to holding point D/B runway 23L/05R “SX- KIS”.

We have reached the holding point and completed the’’ before takeoff’’ checklist. We are

now ready to request the take off clearance.

A/C: “SX- KIS” ready for Departure.

ATSU:“SX- KIS” wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for take off.

A/C: Runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff “SX- KIS”.

Notice that we do not include wind information in our read back.

In many occasions takeoff clearances might include some instruction to follow after

departure. i.e. :

ATSU: “SX- KIS” wind ___/__ runway 23L/05R cleared for takeoff after departure

climb 1000ft straight ahead, turn left proceed to north training area 3000ft”.

Remember you are the PIC! If an instruction is applicable and suitable for you

and your flight characteristics you accept it. If not reject it. It is good airmanship

to make this decision before takeoff.

After takeoff your workload will degrade your decision making affecting your safety and

possibly creating confusions between you the ATSU and the traffic near you. If in any

case you are subjected to a situation like this remember: First Fly The Aircraft!

After airborne you will get information about your take off time and next reporting point.

ATSU: “SX- KIS” airborne at ____ report entering north training area.

A/C: Report entering north training area “SX- KIS”.

When entering your report has to include the following information:

1. Registration

2. Message (entering north training area)

3. Operating altitudes

4. Time remaining in the area

A/C: “SX- KIS” entering north training area request to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft

for 20 minutes.

ATSU:Cleared to operate from 2000 up to 4000ft report when leaving north training area.

A/C: Report when leaving north training area “SX- KIS”.

7

EXERCISE 1 : FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE A/C

1. Aircraft Operating Manual

2. Refueling of your aircraft and oil check

3. Checking out your aircraft (use of Checklist)

AH

ARTIFICIAL HORIZON

DI

DIRECTION INDICATOR

ASI

AIRSPEED INDICATOR

ALT

ALTIMETER

TC

TURN CO-ORDINATOR

VSI

VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR

Left Wing

Right Wing

Flap

Aileron

Right Main

Landing Gear

Nose Wheel

Engine

Cowling

Vertical

Stabilizer

Elevator

Horizontal

Stabilizer

Rudder

Flap

Left Main

Landing Gear

9

EXERCISE 2 : PREPARATION FOR AND ACTIONS

AFTER FLIGHT

AIM: To learn the student how to prepare himself and the aircraft for

flight and also how to check and secure the aircraft after flight.

TOPICS

Student clothing suitability especially footwear.

Flight authorization, aircraft acceptance and serviceability documents.

External checks including local refueling procedures and fire precautions.

Internal checks.

Student comfort, harness seat and adjustment.

Special precautions – door locking and unlocking.

Starting and warming up checks.

Power checks.

Running down and stopping the engine.

Leaving the aircraft, noting of defects, security and picketing.

Completion of authorization and aircraft service documents, recording of any defects.

IMPORTANT

If it is necessary to move the aircraft on the ground without power, the tow bar is to be

used.

Moving the aircraft by pressing down on the tail plane is strictly forbidden.

10

A.R.R.O.W.

A Airworthiness

R Radio License

R Registration

O Operation Manual

W Weight and Balance

11

EXERCISE 3 : AIR EXPERIENCE

AIM: To familiarize a prospective pilot with flight in a light aircraft

AIRMANSHIP: Seat – Safety harness – Headset adjustment –

Emergencies.

AIR EXERCISE

Familiarization with the aircraft and the cockpit, including entry and exit.

Airfield layout and method of controlling the aircraft on the ground.

Airborne : new environment.

Familiarization with the aircraft controls, including use.

Re-joining and landing.

12

PASSENGER BRIEF

The passenger brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) after all

occupants have boarded the aircraft and prior to starting the engine. The brief

is provided so that the passengers are aware of what they should not touch

during flight, how to secure and unfasten their seat belts, how to operate the

door including the emergency door release, where the fire extinguisher is

located and the first aid kit together with life jackets for across water flights.

Finally the brief should include what actions the passengers should take in the

unlikely event of a forced landing.

An example of a passenger brief is shown below:

As you can see this is a dual controlled aircraft, can I please ask you not

to place your feet on the rudder pedals nor touch the control column, also

please do not touch any of the buttons or switches and if you do please let

me know what you have touched.

The seat belt is secured like this (showing passenger) and unfastened by

rotating the belt lock.

The main door is opened by pulling the two red levers on the left and

right of the canopy, lifting up the red hook and push the canopy upwards

to open.

There is also an emergency unlock mechanism for the door by pulling to

the back stop one of the two red levers and lifting up the red hook. The

fire extinguisher and the medical kit of the aircraft are placed behind the

seats, in the baggage compartment.

In the unlikely event of an emergency, having to land in a field, I will say

BRACE, BRACE, BRACE at which time I want you to adopt the

following position(showing passenger) and remain in this position until

the aircraft comes to a stop. We will then exit the aircraft and move away

from the aircraft.

13

EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 1)

AIM: To learn the effects of the controls on an aircraft in flight

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Handing over and taking over control

Orientation / aircraft landmarks – Passenger brief.

AIR EXERCISE

1. CONTROL

a. Elevator Primary Effect Further Effect Stick Back Nose pitches up Speed reduces

Stick Fore Nose pitches down Speed increases

b. Aileron Stick Left Roll left Yaw left-More roll-Spiral descent

Stick Right Roll right Yaw right-More roll-Spiral descent

c. Yaw Rudder Left Yaw left Roll left-More yaw-Spiral descent

Rudder Right Yaw right Roll right-More yaw-Spiral descent

2. EFFECT OF AIRSPEED (At a constant power setting)

a. High speed: Controls firm and effective (sensitive)

b. Low speed: Controls sloppy and not so effective (less sensitive)

3. EFFECT OF SLIPSTREAM (At a constant IAS)

a. High power: Rudder / Elevator effective (sensitive) – Roll unaffected

b. Low power: Rudder / Elevator less effective (less sensitive) – Roll unaffected

14

CAPTAIN’S BRIEF – VFR DEPARTURE

The captain’s brief should be performed by the flying pilot (student) just prior

to lining up on the runway for take off. It is a verbal visualization of what

actions the pilot (or crew) will take in the event of any emergencies during

departure and of the initial route and altitudes to be used.

It should normally be performed on completion of the power checks and

before calling ready for departure.

An example is shown below of a VFR departure from Megas Alexandros

airport.

This is a VFR departure from runway 05R or 23L Megas Alexandros

airport

----Speed calls VR 50 kts, Initial Climb 75 kts, Enroute climb 75 kts and

set course to _ _ _ _ _ and then set initial heading of _ _ _ _ _ degrees.

If there are any abnormal engine indications or engine failure during the:

---- Take off (T/O) roll, I will call “STOP”, close the power to idle,

smoothly apply brakes and bring the aircraft to a stop on the runway.

---- If airborne and with sufficient runway left available I will call

“LAND” and land back onto the runway (use flaps as necessary).

---- If airborne and with insufficient runway remaining, I will call

“LAND” set the nose down, trim for 70 KIAS, set flaps T/O and look for

a suitable field to land 30° degrees either side of centre line.

---- In case of real emergency instructor has control.

---- Runway condition e.g. dry – Wind e.g. 210° / 12 Knots

Having completed the above and especially if you have come to a stop on the

active runway, inform ATC of the situation.

When a student is flying with an instructor after having given the Captain’s

brief the student should state that in a real emergency the instructor will

assume control of the aircraft.

15

EXERCISE 4 : EFFECTS OF CONTROLS (PART 2)

AIM: To learn the effect of Power, Trim, Flaps.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Handing over and taking over control

Flap limiting speed - Orientation / landmarks – Captain’s brief.

AIR EXERCISE

1. POWER

2. TRIM

Trim is used to relieve forces on the stick when using the elevator.

a. Trim forward: Aircraft pitches down

b. Trim rearward: Aircraft pitches up

3. FLAPS

Flaps are used to provide lift at slower speeds. Example: landing the aircraft

a. Lower flap: Aircraft pitches up – Lower IAS – Trim changes

b. Raise flap: Aircraft pitches down – Higher IAS – Trim changes

NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time

Open throttle Increase power Nose pitches up Yaws to left Aircraft climbs

Close throttle Decrease power Nose pitches down Yaws to right Aircraft descends

16

NOTES

17

EXERCISE 5 : TAXIING

AIM: To learn how to maneuver the aircraft on the ground safely under its

own power.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Liaison ATC – Speed – Engine and brake

handling – Rules for taxi – Airfield procedures – Marshalling signals.

GROUND EXERCISE

1. PRE-TAXI CHECKS a. Brakes on d. Note W/V

b. Friction nut slackened e. ATC Clearance/Routing

c. Trim neutral f. F.I. to check student’s feet position

2. INITIAL TAXIING a. Lookout e. Close throttle for brake check

b. Route to be followed, and clear f. Resume taxiing

c. Close throttle - Brakes off g. Check rudder travel

d. Increase power sufficiently to move a/c h. Controls according to wind direction

3. CONTROL OF SPEED a. Lookout d. Instruments checks (compass, D.I.,

b. Speed control primarily with throttle T.C., A.H.)

and brakes (surface-slope) e. Smooth and gentle throttle movements

c. Fast walking speed or as appropriate f. Never brake against power

4. CONTROL OF DIRECTION AND TURNING a. Lookout d. Turning in confined space use differential

b. Rudder pedals for turning brake, slow speed,slight increase in power

c. Anticipate recovery e. Watch wing tips and tail,clear of obstacles

follow centerline

5. STOPPING a. Anticipate inertia d. Toe brakes, as applicable

b. Close throttle e. When stopped, parking brake

c. Rudder pedals central, nose f. For parking or power check turn into wind

wheel align

18

F.R.E.D.A.

F Fuel systems check

R Radio correctly set

E Engine and systems normal operation

D Direction indicator aligned correctly and position checked on the map

A Altitude and altimeter subscale checked (QNH-QFE)

19

EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

(PART 1)

AIM: To fly the aircraft at a constant altitude, constant direction and in

balance.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Clock code – F.R.E.D.A. Checks.

AIR EXERCISE

1. TO MAINTAIN STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

a. Constant Altitude

b. Constant Direction

c. Balance

2. POWER: 2000 RPM – MP 24ʺ (95 KIAS )

a. If low power: aircraft descends or speed low – adjust pitch up

b. If high power: aircraft climbs or speed is too high - adjust pitch down

Select attitude with elevator

Maintain and trim

Check V.S.I. & Altimeter

NOTE: Correct small errors (100´)

with elevator, for larger changes

correct with power

Select wings level

Prevent yaw (rudder)

Check external reference point

Check A.I. & D.I.

To regain heading use co-ordinated

aileron and rudder

Maintain ball in the center

Ball to right – Right rudder

Ball to left – Left rudder

20

NOTES

21

EXERCISE 6 : STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

(PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to fly straight and level at various power settings,

selected airspeeds and with flap.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – F.R.E.D.A. Checks - Vfe.

AIR EXERCISE

1. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A HIGHER SPEED

Increase power 26ʺ – 2000 RPM (maintain attitude – aircraft climbs).

Prevent yaw.

Select lower nose attitude to maintain level flight.

Trim for straight and level.

Check V.S.I. – ALT – T.C. – Adjust and re-trim if required

NOTE: Lower nose attitude, Higher power setting, Higher airspeed

2. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL AT A LOWER SPEED

Decrease power 20ʺ – 2000 RPM (maintain attitude – aircraft descends).

Prevent yaw.

Select higher nose attitude to maintain level flight.

Trim for straight and level.

Check V.S.I. – ALT – T.C.– Adjust and re-trim if required

NOTE: Higher nose attitude, Poor forward vision, Lower power setting, Lower airspeed.

3. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL WITH FLAP AT 50 KIAS

RPM max - Select power 15ʺ.

Prevent yaw.

Check Vfe (white arc-flap limiting speed).

Lower flaps T/O and then LDG position one at a time.

Adjust attitude for speed.

Adjust power to ~ 20ʺ to maintain level.

Trim.

NOTE: Improved forward vision.

22

L.E.F.T.

(During climbing every 1000 feet)

L Lookout

E Engine instruments all in green

F Fuel sufficient

T Check OAT

23

EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to put the aircraft in a climb at 75 KIAS and to level

off at a selected altitude.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout and above – Engine checks – Lower nose

every 1000´.

AIR EXERCISE

ENTRY IN THE CLIMB LEVEL OFF

P

Lookout

Select reference point

RPM max

Power full

Prevent yaw

Check balance

Note attitude and

maintain

Maintain correct

airspeed with elevators

Check engine instr.

Attitude select

Anticipate 50ft before

Wait for airspeed to

increase to 95 KIAS

A

A

Attitude select

Climb at 75 KIAS

Hold reference point

Maintain balance with

rudder

Weave every 1000 ft

for lookout purposes

Power 24ʺ

RPM 2000

Prevent yaw

P

T

Trim

Check IAS

Adjust attitude if

necessary

Re-trim if necessary

NOTE: ROC decreases

with altitude

Trim for S&L

Re-check power and

airspeed


T

Vso Stall speed

Full flap

Stall speed

clean Vs1

Maximum

flaps

extended

speed

VFE Normal

operating

limit speed

VNo

Never

exceed

speed

VNE

ROC: RATE OF CLIMB

ROD: RATE OF DESCENT

Vx: BEST ANGLE OF CLIMB

Vy: BEST RATE OF CLIMB

SAMPLE A.S.I.

24

NOTES

25

EXERCISE 7 : CLIMBING (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to climb with varying amount of flap, and how to raise

flap during the climb.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout–Engine checks–Application “go-around”.

AIR EXERCISE

1. LOWERING FLAP

LOWERING FLAP

EFFECT

At 75 KIAS climb speed lower flaps T/O

Maintain speed 75 KIAS

Note reduced rate of climb plus lower nose

attitude and trim change

Raise the nose and select minimum speed

for go-around 60 KIAS

Climb rate largely restored

Attitude and trim change

2. RAISING FLAP

RAISING FLAP

EFFECT

Retract flap

Attitude and trim change

Climb at 75 KIAS

Rate of climb increases plus higher nose

attitude as flap is retracted

NOTE: Raise or Lower flaps one at a time

26

NOTES

27

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING - GLIDING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to glide the aircraft at 70 KIAS and to level off at a

selected altitude.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Carburator heat

(engine will get colder) – Altimeter settings.

AIR EXERCISE

ENTRY IN THE GLIDE LEVEL OFF

P

Lookout

Select reference point

RPM max

Power idle

Prevent yaw

Flaps T/O

Carburator heat ON

Check balance

Note attitude – R.O.D.

and maintain

Maintain correct

airspeed with elevators

Anticipate 100’before

Power 24ʺ

RPM 2000

Prevent yaw

Flaps UP

Carburator heat OFF

P

A

Attitude

Hold attitude for

airspeed to decrease,

then select lower nose to

descent at 70 KIAS

Maintain balance with

rudder

Warm engine and

weave every 1000 ft

for lookout purposes

Attitude

Select for straight and

level flight

A

T

Trim

Check IAS

Adjust attitude if

necessary


NOTE: Controls,

especially the tail

surfaces, are less

effective

Trim for S&L

Re-check power and

airspeed


T

28

NOTES

29

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to descent the aircraft at specific speeds and various

rates of descent, in various configurations.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Carburator heat

(engine will get colder) – Altimeter settings - VFE

AIR EXERCISE

3. VARYING THE DESCENT

Put aircraft into glide

Increase power 17'

Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS

Visibility is poor

Select flap LDG

Visibility improves

1. DESCENDING WITH FLAP


Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min

Lower flap LDG

Maintain attitude

Airspeed decreases

Lower nose to maintain 70 KIAS

Trim

NOTE: Lower nose attitude and higher

rate of descent – Better forward visibility

2. DESCENDING WITH POWER


Note rate of descent ~ 600'/min

Increase power 17'

Maintain attitude

Airspeed increases

Raise nose attitude to maintain 70 KIAS

Trim

NOTE: Higher nose attitude and lower rate

of descent

Repeat power 15'

a. If too high on descent Reduce power

Lower nose to maintain 70KIAS

Trim

NOTE: Increased rate of descent

b. If too low on descent Increase power

Raise nose to maintain 70 KIAS

Trim

NOTE: Decreased rate of descent

30

NOTES

31

EXERCISE 8 : DESCENDING (PART 3)

AIM: To learn how to descent at greater than normal rates of descent

without increasing the airspeed.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout (especially below) – Anticipate safe

recovery by 200 ft AGL – Carburator heat (engine will get colder)

AIR EXERCISE

1. SIDESLIP

a. Entry From straight glide adopt moderate bank (15°)

Use opposite rudder to maintain heading

Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed

NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance

b. In the slip Maintain selected bank

Use sufficient opposite rudder to maintain direction

Hold attitude for correct speed

c. Recovery to glide Anticipate safe recovery not below 200 ft AGL

Level wing simultaneously centralising rudder

Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed

2. SLIPPING TURN

a. Entry From a gliding turn to the left apply opposite rudder to the turn

Maintain bank angle with ailerons

Adjust nose attitude to maintain correct airspeed

NOTE: Increased rate of descent - T.C. ball out of balance

b. In the turn Maintain selected bank with sufficient opposite rudder

Hold attitude for correct speed

c. Recovery to gliding turn Apply rudder pressure to the direction of the turn – Use ailerons to maintain bank

Re-adjust pitch attitude to maintain airspeed

32

NOTES

33

EXERCISE 9 : TURNING

AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft using bank up to 30° level,

climbing and descending and to roll out on specific headings.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Synchronization of D.I. and

compass in the air.

AIR EXERCISE

1. LEVEL TURN – MEDIUM BANK

ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLLING OUT Lookout all around and

above

Roll on bank up to 30° on

A.H.

Rudder to balance

Back pressure on stick to

maintain height

Lookout

Maintain constant bank

constant height

in balance

NOTE: Slight loss of

Airspeed

Lookout

Anticipate required heading

Roll wings level

Rudder to balance

Relax back pressure

Centralize controls

NOTE: IAS restored

2. CLIMBING TURNS

Straight climb

Roll on bank up to Rate one/15°

Maintain speed with elevator

NOTE: Rate of climb reduced

2. DESCENDING TURNS

Straight descent

Roll on bank up to 30°

Maintain speed with elevator

NOTE: Rate of descent increased

34

H.A.S.E.L.L.

H Height

Sufficient to recover from 3000´ feet AGL

A Airframe

Flaps and landing gear as required, brakes off, trim

S Security

Hatches and harnesses secure, loose articles stowed

E Engine

RPM max, Normal operation, fuel OK

L Location satisfactory

Away from towns, aircraft, controlled airspace

L Lookout

Inspection turns

35

EXERCISE 10A : SLOW FLIGHT

AIM: To acquaint the pilot with the handling characteristics at speeds

close to the stall.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine handling - H.A.S.E.L.L. – Safe

height.

AIR EXERCISE

1. LEVEL FLIGHT

Introduce HASELL safety checks

Set RPM max

Set power 15ʺ

Reduce speed at VS1 + 5 KIAS ( 50 KIAS)

Select attitude and trim

Power required for S & L ~ 20ʺ

Maintain attitude, heading and balance

NOTE: Sluggish control, high nose attitude

and poor forward vision

2. CLIMBING

Lookout

Increase power ~ 23ʺ

Adjust attitude to maintain 50 KIAS

Rate of climb 300΄/min

Maintain heading and balance

Stabilize power when R.O.C. achieved

Trim

3. DESCENDING

Lookout

Reduce power idle

Lower the nose to maintain 50 KIAS

Rate of descent 500΄/min

Maintain heading and balance

Stabilize power when R.O.D. achieved

Trim

5. TOLERANCE 6. SLOW FLIGHT FLAP LDG

Height: ± 150 feet Repeat slow flight with:

Heading: ± 10° Flap LDG

Speed: -0/ +5 Knots Speed VSo + 5 KIAS (45 KIAS)

Power required for S & L ~ 23ʺ

NOTE: A lot of right rudder required during the exercise

4. TURNING FLIGHT

Lookout

From slow straight and level flight at

50 KIAS enter rate one turn

Increase power as required

Maintain altitude and airspeed

Trim

36

NOTES

37

EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 1)

AIM: To examine the symptoms of approaching stall and recovery with

minimum height loss.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L.

AIR EXERCISE

POWER IDLE – CLEAN CONFIGURATION

a. Entry Lookout – Clearing turns – RPM max – Power idle – Prevent yaw - Maintain height

by pitching nose up - Maintain heading - Maintain ailerons neutral

b. Stall approach symptoms

Reducing speed - sloppy controls - stall warning horn - slight buffet

c. Stall symptoms Heavy buffet – sink rate - nose drops – wing drops (possible)

d. Recovery without power (elevators only) Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops

Speed rises – Ease out of dive above 60 KIAS

Back to S&L – Height loss approx. 300 ft

e. Recovery with power (Standard Stall Recovery) Pitch slightly below horizon until buffet stops

Power max – Prevent yaw

Speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS – Stop R.O.D.

Back to S&L – Height loss approx. 150 ft

f. Recovery from wing drop Confirm power idle

Apply sufficient opposite rudder to prevent further yaw

Simultaneously pitch down until buffet stops


As speed rises to safe speed 60 KIAS, roll wings level and climb away

38

NOTES

39

EXERCISE 10B: STALLING (PART 2)

AIM: To examine the aircraft stalling in various configurations of power

and flap and to recover with minimum height loss.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - VFE

AIR EXERCISE

1. POWER IDLE – FLAP LDG (GLIDE APPROACH STALL)

ENTRY RECOVERY (S.S.R.) Lookout – Select visual reference point

RPM max – Power idle – Prevent yaw

Select flap T/O

Maintain altitude by pitching nose up

Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc)

Glide 70 KIAS – Descent ~200´

Pitch up – Stall approach symptoms

Recover at incipient stage – Stall worn horn

Pitch slightly below horizon

Power max – Prevent yaw – Flap T/O

Speed rises – Above safe speed 60 KIAS

Nose just above horizon

Positive R.O.C. – Flap up

Regain starting altitude

2. BASE TO FINAL TURN STALL


RPM max – Power 15ʺ – Prevent yaw


Select flap T/O – When speed 65 KIAS

Descent ~200´

Pitch up and turn (gently) 25°-30° bank

Stall approach symptoms




Speed rises – Wing level

Above safe speed 60 KIAS

Nose just above horizon – Positive R.O.C.

Flap up – Regain starting altitude

3. STALL ON FINAL APPROACH


RPM max – Power 15ʺ – Prevent yaw


Select flap T/O

Speed reduces flap LDG (white arc)

When speed 60 KIAS – Descent ~ 200´

Pitch up – Stall approach symptoms



Power max – Prevent yaw – Flap T/O

Speed rises – Above safe speed 60 KIAS

Nose just above horizon

Positive R.O.C. – Flap up


40

NOTES

No spinning allowed for PPL level – Just entry recovery demonstration

41

EXERCISE 11: SPIN AVOIDANCE

AIM: To recognize the symptoms of an approach to a spin and to recover

with safety.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Lookout

AIR EXERCISE

1. ENTRY

Lookout

Enter as normal stall

Apply full rudder to the direction of spin

Stick back pressure

Ailerons neutral – Wing level

Wing drops to the side of rudder or spin

2. RECOVERY

Delay until wing drops between 45° and 60°

Power idle

Stick neutral

Full opposite rudder until rotation stop – Rudder neutral

Level the wings – Smoothly pitch up – Ease out of dive

Above horizon – Apply power max – Recover to climb – Reduce speed to 75 KIAS


NOTES: a. Prompt recovery is essential

b. High rate of descent during dive out of spin

42

CIRCUIT TRAFFIC PATERN

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43

EXERCISE 12 & 13: TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

AIM: To learn the technique of take-off, climb to a downwind position,

approach and landing.

AIRMANSHIP: Vital actions – Lookout – Pre-landing checks –

Orientation – Judgement.

AIR EXERCISE

1. BEFORE TAKE-OFF CHECKS Taxy checks - Take-off checks - R/T call

2. TAKE-OFF Line up – Use center of runway – Reference point

Check magnetic compass – D.I. – runway heading

Check W/V – Apply full power smoothly

Control direction with rudder – Ailerons according to wind direction

Ease stick back – Lift off at 50 KIAS – Select climbing attitude – Check drift

3. CLIMB Wings level - Climb at 75 KIAS

At 400 feet A.G.L.: Flap up – Trim – Landing lights OFF – Check engine instruments

At 500 feet A.G.L.: Lookout – Rate one turn onto crosswind leg

Allowance for drift – Trim - Level off 1000 feet A.G.L – Reduce power 24ʺ

Trim – Position to turn downwind

4. DOWNWIND Lookout - Maintain 1000 feet AGL – Parallel track with the runway – Allowance for drift

C.A.S.H.I.F. checks – Abeam threshold: Reduce power 17ʺ – Flap T/O – Trim

5. BASE LEG When threshold falls behind wingtip 45° - Turn to base leg max 30° bank

Descent at 65 KIAS – R.O.D. 500´/min – Trim – Allowance for drift

6. APPROACH AND LANDING When threshold at 15° to aircraft - Turn to final – 500 feet A.G.L. – Flap LDG

C.A.S.H. checks – Maintain speed 60 KIAS – Trim – Allowance for drift

7. GO-AROUND Decision height min 200 feet A.G.L.

Power full – RPM max – Prevent yaw – Carb. heat OFF – Flap T/O – Climbing attitude

R/T call – Speed rises above 60 KIAS – Positive rate of climb – At 400 feet flap up

Climb away – Trim – Resume normal climb out – Continue in circuit

44

C.A.S.H.I.F. ( On downwind )

C Clearance

R/T call

A Airframe

RPM max, flaps and landing gear as required, trim, landing light on

S Security

Hatches and harnesses secure

H Height

1000´ feet AGL

I Instruments

Check within limits (green indications)

F Fuel

Sufficient – Emergency fuel pump ON

C.A.S.H. ( On final )

C Clearance

R/T call

A Airframe

Flaps and landing gear as required, trim – No brakes

S Speed

60 KIAS

H Height

500´ feet AGL

45

EXERCISE 12 & 13 : CROSSWIND TAKE OFF,

APPROACH AND LANDING

AIM: To learn the procedure and control technique to take-off and land

safely during crosswind conditions.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Aircraft DV-20

max. crosswind component 15 KT – Solo PPL student 10KT.

AIR EXERCISE

1. PRE-TAKE OFF Calculate crosswind component – Line up – Stick into wind

2. TAKE OFF Progressively centralize stick as speed increases to maintain lateral level

Keep straight with rudder

Lift off speed 50 KIAS – Immediate allowance for drift

3. CLIMB AND CIRCUIT Maintain extended runway center-line on climb out, if there is a headwind component

Normal circuit pattern plus allowance for drift

4. APPROACH AND LANDING Approach as normal – Flap as required – Allow for drift

Round out as normal – Just before touchdown yaw aircraft into centerline direction

Stick into wind to counteract any roll

After touchdown lower nose immediately (gently) to assist with directional control

Keep stick into wind during ground roll

46

NOTES

47

EXERCISE 13: FLAPLESS APPROACH AND

LANDING

AIM: To learn the technique of approach and landing without flap.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations.

AIR EXERCISE

1. DOWNWIND LEG Fly a little further downwind due to flatter angle of approach

2. BASE LEG Level turn up to 30° bank onto base leg

Descent using less power than normal – No flap

Airspeed 70 KIAS – Trim

3. FINAL APPROACH Aim to be lined up with runway by 500 feet

Airspeed 65 KIAS – Trim

Flatter approach path – Higher nose attitude

Cross the hedge at 60 KIAS

4. LANDING A shallower round out will be required

Higher touchdown speed

Longer landing distance

NOTE: This approach is used in high crosswind conditions but must have sufficient

runway

48

NOTES

49

EXERCISE 13: GLIDE APPROACH AND LANDING

AIM: To learn how to complete a successful approach and landing

from a pre-determined position without the use of power.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Engine handling.

AIR EXERCISE

1. DOWNWIND LEG As for normal circuit but earlier turn onto base leg – No flap

Select aiming point upwind of the intended point of touchdown

2. BASE LEG Power idle – Glide 70 KIAS – Trim – Flap T/O

Allowance for drift

Look at selected aiming point and assess:

If very high – Lower flap LDG

If high - Turn away 10° approx

If low - Turn towards runway 10° approx

3. FINAL APPROACH Maintain 60 KIAS

Lower flap LDG as required reaching intended landing point

4. LANDING Initiate round out in good time due to high rate of descent and large attitude change

NOTE: This exercise forms the basis for forced landing procedure

If undershooting on this exercise do not “Stretch The Glide”

50

NOTES

51

EXERCISE 12 & 13: SHORT FIELD/SOFT FIELD

TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

AIM: To learn take-off and landing techniques where the field length

is restricted or is soft due to grass, mud, snow, slush etc.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal considerations – Consult A.F.M. for

performance.

AIR EXERCISE

1. SHORT FIELD

a. Take off Take off checks complete – Align aircraft with selected path using max run available

Flap T/O – Full power against the brakes – RPM max

Lift off 50 KIAS – Maintain Vx=58 KIAS until clear of obstacles

b. Landing Initial approach as for standard circuit - Select flap LDG on final

Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS – Power as required

Position aiming point as close to the threshold as practicable

Maintain power until the round out

Power idle just before main wheels contact the ground

Lower the nose and apply brakes gently – Retract flap

2. SOFT FIELD

a. Take off Take off checks complete – Align aircraft with selected path using max run available

Flap T/O – Full power – During the take off run hold stick well back to maintain nose

wheel off ground – Aircraft will lift off earlier – Fly into ground effect until normal speed

b. Landing Initial approach as for standard circuit – Select flap LDG on final

Adjust attitude for 55 KIAS – Power as required

During the landing roll hold nose up as long as possible

52

VFR CIRCUIT JOINING PROCEDURE

Aircraft taking off, going around or

making touch and go landings are to

remain at below 500 ft QNH until the

upwind end of the runway in use has

been passed

Join crosswind overhead the upwind end of

the runway at circuit height 1000 ft

Pontolivado

Keramoti

Maintain 1500 ft if over

flying the circuit

53

EXERCISE 14: CONSOLIDATION FLIGHT

AIM: To prepare the student for local flights away from the base

aerodrome following circuit consolidation.

AIRMANSHIP: Relevant documentation – Local landmarks.

AIR EXERCISE

1. PROCEDURES FOR LEAVING AND JOINING

THE CIRCUIT

Local procedures

Signals area

Re-join procedures – Radio and non-radio

ATC liaison

2. ORIENTATION IN LOCAL TRAINING AREA

Awareness of training area boundaries, and local features

Ability to estimate compass headings to return to base, plus knowledge of compass

turning errors

Knowledge of SSR equipment, for routine and emergency use

Need to equip with kneeboard, navigation and radio data

Knowledge of lost or uncertain of position procedures

Practice Pan call to be made

54

NOTES

55

EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING (PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to turn the aircraft at angles of bank between 30°

and 45° in level flight and to improve the pilot co-ordination and

competency.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation.

AIR EXERCISE

STEEP LEVEL TURN (45°) FROM S & L FLIGHT

ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Lookout

Enter 30° bank turn

Increase bank to 45°

Rudder for balance

Increase stick back pressure

to maintain altitude

Increase power as required

to maintain airspeed

Lookout

Maintain 45° bank with

aileron

Maintain constant height

with elevators

Maintain constant speed

with power

Balance with rudder

Lookout

Anticipate heading

Roll wings level

Reduce stick back pressure

Balance with rudder

Reduce power

Check for S&L flight

NOTE: For small variation of ROC / ROD vary your bank by max. 10°

Gain height: Reduce bank

Loosing height: Increase bank

56

NOTES

57


AIM: To learn how to make descending and climbing steep turns.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. - Orientation.

AIR EXERCISE

1. DESCENDING STEEP TURNS


RPM 2000

Reduce power 12ʺ

Carburator heat ON

Descent 75 KIAS


Rudder for balance



Lookout


aileron


with elevators

Balance with rudder

Lookout

Anticipate heading

Roll wings level


Balance with rudder

Maintain descending

attitude

NOTE: Repeat exercise: RPM max – Power idle – Flaps T/O – 70 KIAS (Glide) – 45°

bank

2. CLIMBING STEEP TURNS


RPM max

Increase power max

Climb 75 KIAS


Rudder for balance

Reduce climbing attitude


Lookout


aileron


with elevators

Balance with rudder

Lookout

Anticipate heading

Roll wings level


Balance with rudder

Maintain climbing attitude

58

NOTES

59


AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes.

AIRMANSHIP: H.A.S.E.L.L. – Orientation.

AIR EXERCISE

1. NOSE HIGH

ENTRY RECOVERY Lookout

Adopt steeply banked attitude

Nose high – Low airspeed

Ease (gently) forward on stick

RPM max

Full power

Wings level

Return to straight and level flight

2. NOSE LOW

ENTRY RECOVERY Lookout

Adopt steeply banked attitude

Nose low – Increasing airspeed

Power idle

Wings level

Ease (gently) out of the dive


60

PRACTICE FORCED LANDING

COMBINED METHODS

a) “High key” – “Low key” technique

b) 1000 ft AGL close base leg technique

61

EXERCISE 16: FORCED LANDING

(WITHOUT POWER)

AIM: To learn how to carry out a safe descent, approach and landing

in the event of complete or partial engine failure in flight.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine considerations – Not fly below

500 feet above ground level.

AIR EXERCISE

1. ACTION TO TAKE 2. SELECTING A FIELD Instructor set RPM max power idle and say

“Simulated forced landing, you have

control” – Carburator heat ON

Glide attitude 70 KIAS – Flaps T/O – Trim

Check wind direction

Select landing area

Size adequate

Surface wind firm

Free of obstructions

Landing run available

Approach and overshoot areas clear

Close to civilisation

3. PLAN DESCENT PATH 4. DISTRESS CALL 7700 Check height available

Select proper approach technique:

“1000΄ AGL base leg or high-low key

point”

Keep field in sight

Check wind strength

Use of flap

May day - May day - May day

Megas Alexandros

SX-KIS

DV– 20

Engine failure

Forced landing

Kalambaki

Passing 3000 feet

180°

PPL

2 POB

5. RESTART CHECKS 6. CRASH CHECKS Maintain airspeed 70 KIAS

Fuel quantity - CHECK

Fuel valve – Open

Electric fuel pump - ON

RPM max

Power lever – IDLE

Choke (if the engine is cold) - ON

If the prop is windmilling - Ignition BOTH

If the prop has stopped – Engine starter ON

Airspeed 70 KIAS

Seat belt – Tighten

Electrical equipment – OFF

Fuel valve – CLOSED

Ignition switch – OFF

Battery – OFF

62

MAYDAY CALL

MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY

STATION MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER

AIRCRAFT IDENT SX-KIS

AIRCRAFT TYPE DV-20

NATURE OF EMERGENCY ENGINE FAILURE

INTENTIONS FORCED LANDING

POSITION KALAMBAKI

HEIGHT PASSING 3000´ FEET

HEADING 180°

QUALIFICATIONS PPL

POB 2 POB

PAN CALL

PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN PANPAN

STATION MEGAS ALEXANDROS TOWER

AIRCRAFT IDENT SX-KIS

AIRCRAFT TYPE DV-20

NATURE OF EMERGENCY HIGH OIL PRESSURE

INTENTIONS POWER FORCED LANDING

POSITION KALAMBAKI

HEIGHT PASSING 3000´ FEET

HEADING 180°

QUALIFICATIONS PPL

POB 2 POB

63

EXERCISE 17: FORCED LANDING

(WITH POWER)

AIM: To learn how to make an emergency / precautionary landing

away from a normal aerodrome when power is available.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Engine considerations – Not fly below

500 feet above ground level.

AIR EXERCISE

1. INITIAL PROCEDURE A forced landing with power is usually made necessary due to deteriorating weather, the

approach of darkness or a low fuel state

Seek assistance by R/T if possible

Fly downwind for max coverage

Note W/V and select field if no aerodrome is available

Over fly the area at 65 KIAS and flap T/O

Note landing direction on D.I.

2. INSPECTION PROCEDURE First circuit 500 feet AGL: Over fly landing area in the landing direction examining for

any obstructions

Second circuit 300 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 300 feet AGL

examining again for any obstructions and drift

Third circuit 50 feet AGL: On final to the landing area descent 50 feet AGL examining

again for any obstructions, drift and the suitability of the surface for landing

3. APPROACH AND LANDING On final to the landing area select flap LDG

Aim to land one third way into field

4. AFTER LANDING Release seat belts when aircraft comes to rest

Normal shut down - Do not taxi the aircraft until ground inspected

Move aircraft as necessary for shelter – Tie down – Protect from damage by people and

livestock

Inform Base – Police - Landowner

Do not take off again

64

NOTES

65

EXERCISE 18A: PILOT NAVIGATION

AIM: To learn all aspects of pilot navigation.

AIRMANSHIP: Good flight planning – Weather appreciation – Good

cockpit management in flight – Lookout – F.R.E.D.A.

AIR EXERCISE

1. PLANNING 2. ROUTE PROCEDURE Met information

Notams

Route planning and marking

Drift lines from departure and destination

Time – Distance markers

Log preparation – Use of computer

Safety altitudes

Regional QNH

Station frequency

Route study – Controlled airspace,

dangerous areas

ATC notification

Fuel requirements for flight

Apply compass deviation to heading before

starting engine

Set course at selected point of departure

Log departure time

Calculate ETA

Fly accurate heading

Check D.I. synchronization

Instrument checks

Fuel handling

Log keeping

Map reading – Map orientation

Distance estimation

Identification of turning point

Turning over turning point

Check D.I. synchronization when steady on

new heading

3. DESCENT – JOINING AT

DESTINATION AIRFIELD

4. REVISION OF HEADING

Knowledge of cruise descent

Calculate rate of descent

Information of destination airfield available

Altimeter settings

Circuit direction

Parking

Security of aircraft

Refueling

Booking in

Note position and time on log

Estimate track error (TE)

Regain track by doubling TE

Turn toward track

Adjust heading by TE when track regained

Check time

Revise ETA

66

NOTES

67

EXERCISE 18C: RADIO NAVIGATION

AIM: To learn the use of Radio Navigation equipment in the aircraft.

AIRMANSHIP: Pre-flight AIP references – Notams check –

Equipment to be set up-checked after start up and in the air.

AIR EXERCISE

ADF VOR AIP: Availability - Frequencies

After start and in the air:

Select – Identify – Check display

Orientation

Method of obtaining QDM – QDR

Homing to a beacon

Station passage

Tracking from beacon

Obtaining fix if other aids available

AIP: Availability - Frequencies


Select – Identify – Check display

Orientation

TO – FROM indications

Intercepting and maintaining Radials

VOR passage

Obtaining a fix

VDF DME SSR AIP: Availability -

frequencies

R/T procedures

Orientation

Obtaining QDM - QDR

AIP: Availability -

Frequencies


Select – Identify – Check

display

Orientation

Method of obtaining:

time to beacon and ground

speed

Station passage

Obtaining fix if other aids

available

Warm up in the Standby

position during the taxi

Select a four figure number

Set Function Button

“ALT” position just prior to

take-off

Press “Ident” button only if

it is requested from the radar

controller to

“Squawk Ident”

68

NOTES

69

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

(PART 1)

AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in straight and level flight by

sole reference to instruments.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Selective & Full radial scan

AIR EXERCISE

ACHIEVING MAINTAINING Select 2000 RPM - Power 24ʺ

Set miniature airplane against the horizon

line of the AH

Hold the attitude and allow airplane to

stabilize

Selective radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH

Trim

Full radial scan: AH-ALT-AH-DI-AH-TC-

AH-VSI-AH-ASI-AH

For small errors in altitude use pitch change

For larger errors re-adjust power

For small errors in heading use small bank

angles

NOTE: Repeat exercise in straight and level flight for fast cruise, slow cruise, with flap

Scan will be as above but power indicator will be involved

70

NOTES

71


(PART 2)

AIM: To learn how to control the aircraft in climbing and descending

flight by sole reference to instruments.

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Selective & Full radial scan

AIR EXERCISE

1. CLIMBING

ACHIEVING MAINTAINING LEVEL OFF RPM max - Full power

Prevent yaw

Select attitude for climb on

AH

Airspeed 75 KIAS

Selective radial scan:

AH-ASI-AH

Trim

Full radial scan: AH-ALT-

AH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-

AH-ASI-AH-Engine

instruments

Anticipate by 10% of R.O.C

Set miniature airplane

against the horizon line of

the AH


AH-ALT-AH

RPM 2000

Reduce power 24ʺ

Trim

Full radial scan

2. DESCENDING

ACHIEVING MAINTAINING LEVEL OFF RPM 2000 – Power 17'

Prevent yaw

Select attitude for descent

on AH

Airspeed 95 KIAS

R.O.D. 500´/min


AH-ASI-AH-VSI-AH

Trim

Full radial scan: AH-ALT-

AH-DI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-

AH-ASI-AH-Engine

instruments

Anticipate by 10% of R.O.D

Increase power 24'

Set miniature airplane

against the horizon line of

the AH

Selective radial scan: AH-

ALT-AH

Trim

Full radial scan

72

NOTES

COMPASS ERRORS

1. ACCELERATION ERROR

Accelerate heading north – decelerate heading south

Demonstration: Fly on compass heading 270° and push the nose down to accelerate

Compass is reading closer to north ~ 290°

Raise the nose to decelerate, compass is reading closer to south ~ 250°

NOTE: No error on 360° and 180° compass heading

2. TURNING ERROR

Zero on 90° and 270° compass heading – max on 360° and 180° compass heading

360°

030°

060°

090°

120°

150°

180°

210°

240°

270°

300°

330° Roll out early

Roll out before

Undershoot North

Roll out late

Roll out after

Overshoot South

73


(PART 3)

AIM: To learn how to turn in level, climbing and descending flight by

sole reference to instruments.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply

AIR EXERCISE

1. RATE ONE LEVEL TURN

ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Enter 15° bank turn on AH

Rudder for balance


to slightly raise index

aircraft to maintain height


VSI-AH-TC-AH

Maintain rate one turn

As recovery heading is

reached: Selective radial

scan: AH-VSI-AH-TC-AH-

DI-AH

Anticipate recovery by ½

the bank angle

Roll wings level


Balance with rudder

Check for S&L flight

Full radial scan

2. RATE ONE CLIMBING TURN

ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Straight climb at 75 KIAS

Enter 15° bank turn on AH

Rudder for balance

Lower index aircraft to

maintain correct speed


ASI-AH-TC-AH




scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AH-

DI-AH


the bank angle

Roll wings level

Balance with rudder

Maintain climbing attitude

Full radial scan

3. RATE ONE DESCENDING TURN

ENTRY IN THE TURN ROLL OUT Straight power descent

Enter 15° bank turn on AH

Rudder for balance

Lower index aircraft to

maintain correct speed


ASI-AH-TC-AH-VSI-AH




scan: AH-ASI-AH-TC-AH-

VSI-AH-DI-AH


the bank angle

Roll wings level

Balance with rudder

Maintain descending

attitude

Full radial scan

74

NOTES

75


(PART 4)

AIM: To learn how to recover from unusual flight attitudes by sole

reference to instruments.

AIRMANSHIP: All normal instruments flying aspects apply.

AIR EXERCISE

1. NOSE HIGH

ENTRY RECOVERY Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose

high – low airspeed

TC shows full deflection

Controls sloppy

Ease (gently) forward on stick to set

miniature airplane against the horizon line

of the AH

RPM max

Full power

As speed increases, wings level


2. NOSE LOW

ENTRY RECOVERY Adopt on AH steeply banked attitude - nose

low – increasing airspeed

TC shows full deflection

Controls heavy

Power idle

Wings level

Ease (gently) out of the dive - set miniature

airplane against the horizon line of the AH


76

NOTES

DV-20 is approved for flights by day in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC – Day)

77

EXERCISE 20: NIGHT QUALIFICATION

AIM: To learn all the aspect and main differences about night flights

AIRMANSHIP: Lookout – Orientation – Human factor for night

environment – Night adaptation and illusions

AIR EXERCISE

Night Vision Photopic vision for daytime with Cones receptors (7 million receptors)

Scotopic vision for nighttime with Rods receptors (120 million receptors)

Dark adaptation as key factor for night environment. About 30 minutes adaptation

Illusions – Optical illusions and disorientation problems

Instrument flight Use of basic instrument scan to support the external visual references

Selective and full radial scan through the standard instrument panel

Lighting Aircraft lights legal requirements

Aerodrome lights and signals

Obstacles illumination

Preflight Procedures

Walkaround: Lights check and aircraft inspection using a hand torch

Internal checks: Cockpit equipments

Start-up clearance

Taxy Taxyway lights, direction & speed check during taxy

Night Circuits Technique to fly the circuits and different references to use during the approach to land

Navigation Planning according the reduced visual references and different available ground features

Emergencies Radio failure - Electrical failure – Lighting failure – Engine failure

training manual ppl dv-20 version 1 01-11-2011 (1)

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