TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT

TRAINING DEFINED TRAINING is a learning process that

involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees.

DEVELOPMENT DEFINED DEVELOPMENT, on the other hand, helps

the individual handle future responsibilities, with less emphasis on present job duties.

Need and basic purposes of training To Increase Productivity To Improve Quality To Help a Company Fulfil Its Future Personnel

Needs To Improve Organizational Climate To Improve Health and Safety Obsolescence Prevention Personal Growth

The Benefits of Training How Training Benefits the Organisation   Leads to improved profitability and/or more positive

attitudes towards profit orientation.   Improves the job knowledge and skills at all levels of the

organization.     Improves the morale of the work force.  Helps people identify with organisational goals.  Helps create a better corporate image.

The Benefits of Training Aids in organisational development. Helps prepare guidelines for work. Aids in understanding and carrying out

organisational policies. Provides information for future needs in all areas of

the organisation. Organization gets more effective decision making

and problem solving. Aids in developing leadership skills, motivation,

loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display.

The Benefits of Training   Aids in increasing productivity and/or quality of

work.  Helps keep costs down in many areas, e.g.,

production, personnel, administration, etc.  Develops a sense of responsibility to the

organisation for being competent and knowledgeable.

Improves labour-management relations and creates an appropriate climate for growth, communication.

The Benefits of Training Reduces outside consulting costs by utilising

competent internal consulting.   Stimulates preventive management as opposed to

putting out fires.    Eliminates sub-optimal behaviour.    Helps employees adjust to change. Aids in handling conflict, thereby helping to prevent

stress and tension.

Benefits to the Individual  Helps the individual in making better decisions

and effective problem solving Through training and development, motivational

variables of recognition, achievement, growth, responsibility and advancement are internalised and operationalised.

Aids in encouraging and achieving self-development and self-confidence.

Benefits to the Individual Helps a person handle stress, tension, frustration

and conflict. Provides information for improving

leadership knowledge, communication skills, and attitudes.

  Increases job satisfaction and recognition. Moves a person towards personal goals while

improving interaction skills.   Satisfies personal needs of the trainee.

Benefits to the Individual Provides trainee an avenue for growth and

a say in his/her own future. Develops a sense of growth in learning.  Helps a person develop speaking and

listening skills; also writing skills when exercises are required.

Helps eliminate fear in attempting new tasks.

Benefits in Intra and Inter-group Relations

Improves communication between groups and individuals.

Improves interpersonal skills. Makes organisation policies, rules and regulations

viable. Improves morale. Builds cohesiveness in groups.    Provides a good climate for learning, growth,

and coordination. Makes the organisation a better place to work.

Training Concepts Ability: The physical and mental capacity to

perform a task. Action learning: Training method that involves

giving teams or work groups a problem, having them work on solving it and committing to an action plan, and then holding them accountable for carrying out the plan.

Action plan: A written document detailing steps that a trainee and his manager will take to ensure that training transfers to the job

Training Concepts Action planning: An employee’s process of

determining how he will achieve his short-and long-term career goals.

Assessment: The collecting of information and providing of feedback to employees about their behavior communication style, or skills.

Assessment center: A process in which multiple rates or evaluators (also known as assessors) evaluate employees, performances on a number of exercises.

Training Concepts Attitude: Combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose

a person to behave in a certain way. Attitude awareness and change program: Program

focusing on increasing employees’ awareness of their attitudes toward differences in cultural and ethic backgrounds, physical characteristics (e.g., disabilities), and personal characteristics that influence behavior towards others.

Basic skills: Skills necessary for employees to perform their jobs and learn the content of training programs.

Training Concepts Behavior based conflict: Conflict occurring when an

employee’s behavior in work roles is not appropriate in non-work roles.

Behavior based program: Program focusing on changing the organization policies and individual behaviors that inhibit employees’ personal growth and productivity.

Behavior modeling: A training method in which trainees are presented with a model who demonstrates key behaviors to replicate and provides them with the opportunity to practice those key behaviors

Training Concepts Benchmarking: The use of information about other

companies’ training practices to help determine the appropriate type, level, and frequency gains from a training program.

Benchmarks: A research instrument designed to measure important factors in being a successful manager.

Benefits: What of value the company gains from a training program.

Training Concepts Blended learning: Learning involving a

combination of online learning, face-to-face instruction, and other methods.

Career: The pattern of work related experiences that span the course of a person’s life.

Career development: The process by which employees’ progress through a series of stages, each characterized by a different set of developmental tasks, activities, and relationships.

Training Concepts Career insight: The degree to which

employees know about their interests as well as their skills strengths and weaknesses, the awareness of how these perceptions relate to their career goals.

Training Concepts Career management: The process through which employees Become aware of their interests, values, strengths, and

weaknesses Get information about job opportunities within a company Identify career goals Establish action plans to achieve career goals Career path: A sequence of job positions involving similar

types of work and skills that employees move through in company.

Training Concepts Case study: A description of how employees or an

organization dealt with a situation. Change: The adoption of a new idea or behavior by

a company Change management: The process of ensuring that

new interventions such as training practices are accepted and used by employees and managers.

Training Concepts Coach: A peer or manager who works with an

employee to motivate him, develop skills, and provide reinforcement and feedback.

Cognitive ability: Outcomes used to measure what knowledge trainees learned in a training program.

Competency: An area of personal capability that enables an employee to perform his job.

Training Concepts Competency model: A model identifying the

competencies necessary for each job as well as the knowledge, skills, behavior, and personal characteristics underlying each competency.

Competitive advantage: An upper hand over other firms in an industry.

Competitiveness: A company’s ability to maintain and gain market share in an industry.

Training Concepts Computer based training (CBT): An interactive training

experience in which the computer provides the learning stimulus, the trainee must respond, and the computer analyzes responses and provides feedback to the trainee.

Continuous learning: A learning system in which employees are required to understand the entire work system including the relationship among their jobs, their work units, and the company. Also, employees are expected to acquire new skills and knowledge, apply them on the job, and share this information with fellow workers.

Training Concepts Cost benefit analysis: The process of determining

the economic benefits of a training program using accounting methods.

Course objectives (lesson objectives): The expected behaviors, content, conditions, and standards of a training course or lesson; more specific than program objectives.

Course parameters: General information about a training program including

Training Concepts Criterion deficiency: The failure to measure

training outcomes that were emphasized in training objectives.

Cross training: Training method in which team members understand and practice each other’s skills so that members are prepared to step in and take another member’s place should he temporarily or permanently leave the team. Also, more simply, training employees to learn the skills of one or several additional jobs.

Training Concepts Culture: A set of assumptions group

members share about the world and how it works as well as ideals worth striving for.

Training Concepts Development: Formal education, job experiences,

relationships, and assessments of personality and abilities that help employees prepare for the future.

Distance learning: Training method in which geographically dispersed companies provide information about new products, policies, or procedures as well as skills training and expert lectures to field locations.

E learning: Instruction and delivery of training by computer online through the Internet or Web.

Training Concepts Empowerment: Giving employee

responsibility and authority to make decisions regarding product development or customer service

Training Concepts Evaluation design: Designation of what information

is to be collected, from whom, when, and how to determine training’s effectiveness.

Feedback: Information employees receive while they are performing concerning how well they are meeting objectives.

Formative evaluation: Evaluation conducted to improve the training process. Usually conducted before and during the training process

Training Concepts Glass ceiling: A barrier to advancement to an

organization’s higher levels. Goal: What a company hopes to achieve in the

medium-to-long-term future. Goal orientation: A trainee’s goals in a learning

situation. Goal setting: An employee’s process of developing

short-and long-term career objectives.

Training Concepts Group mentoring program: Program in which a successful

senior employee is paired with a group of four to six less experienced protégés to help them understand the organization, guide them in analyzing their experiences, and help them clarify career directions.

Hands-on method: Training method in which the trainee is actively involved in learning.

High-leverage training: Training that uses an instructional design process to ensure that it is effective and that compares or benchmarks the company’s training programs against other companies’

Training Concepts High-potential employee: An employee whom the company

believes is capable of succeeding in a higher-level managerial position.

Human resource management: The policies, practices, and systems that influence employees’ behavior, attitudes, and performance.

Human resource management (HRM) practices: Management activities relating to investments in staffing, performance management, training, and compensation and benefits.

Training Concepts Human resource planning: The identification, analysis,

forecasting, and planning of changes needed in a company’s human resources area.

Intellectual capital: Cognitive knowledge, advanced skills, system understanding and creativity, and self motivated creativity.

Intellectual skills: Mastery of concepts and rules. Internet-based training: Training delivered on public or

private computer networks and displayed by a web browser. Intranet based training: Training delivered using a

company’s own computer network or server.

Training Concepts Job: A specific position requiring completion of

certain tasks. Job analysis: The process of developing a

description of the job (duties, tasks, and responsibilities) and the specifications (knowledge, skills and abilities) that an employee must have to perform it.

Job enlargement: The adding of challenges or new responsibilities to an employee’s current job.

Training Concepts Job experience: The relationship, problems, demands, tasks,

and other features that an employee faces on the job. Key behavior: One of a set of behaviors that is necessary to

complete a task. Important part of behavior modeling training.

Knowledge: Facts or procedures. What individuals or teams of employees know or know how to do (human and social knowledge); also a company’s rules, processes, tools, and routines (structured knowledge).

Training Concepts Knowledge management: The process of enhancing

company performance by designing and implementing tools, processes, systems, structures, and cultures to improve the creating, sharing, and use of knowledge.

Knowledge workers: Employees who own the means of producing a product or service. These employees have a specialized body of knowledge or expertise, which they use to perform their jobs and contribute to company effectiveness.

Training Concepts Learning: A relatively permanent change in human

capabilities that does not result from growth processes.

Learning organization: A company that has an enhanced capacity to learn, adapt, and change; an organization whose employees continuously attempt to learn new things and then apply what they have learned to improve product or service quality.

Training Concepts Lecture: Training method in which the trainer

communicates through spoken words that trainees are supposed to learn.

Manager support: Trainee’s managers. Emphasizing the importance of attending training

programs Stressing the application of training content on the

job. Mentor: An experienced, productive senior

employee who helps develop a less experienced employee (a protégé).

Training Concepts Metacognition: A learning strategy whereby

trainees direct their attention to their own learning process.

Mission: A company’s long-term reason for existing.

Modeling: Having employees who have mastered the desired learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.

Motivation to learn: A trainee’s desire to learn the content of a training program.

Training Concepts Motor skills: Coordination of physical movements. Multimedia training: Training that combines audiovisual

training methods with computer based training. Near transfer: A trainee’s ability to apply learned

capabilities exactly to the work situation. Need: A deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point

in times. Needs assessment: The process used to determine if training

is necessary. The first step in the instrumental system design model.

Training Concepts Norms: Accepted standards of behavior for workgroup

members. Objective: The purpose and expected outcome of training

activities. Obsolescence: A reduction in an employee’s competence

resulting from a lack of knowledge of new work processes, techniques, and technologies that have developed since he completed his education.

On-the-job training (OJT): Training in which new or inexperienced employees learn through first observing peers or managers performing the job and then trying to imitate their behavior.

Training Concepts Opportunity to perform: The chance to use learned

capabilities. Organization development: A planned, systematic change

process that uses behavioral sciences knowledge and techniques to improve a company’s effectiveness by improving relationships and increasing learning and problems solving capabilities.

Organizational analysis: Training analysis involving determining the appropriateness of training, considering the context in which training will occur.

Training Concepts Organizational socialization: The process of transforming

new employees into effective company members. Its phases are anticipatory socialization, encounter, and settling in.

Organizing: A learning strategy that requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training materials.

Outsourcing: The use of external supplies to provide training services.

Perception: The ability to organize a message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon.

Training Concepts Performance appraisal: The process of measuring

an employee’s performance. Person analysis: Training analysis involving Determining whether performance deficiencies result

from lack of knowledge, skill, or ability or else from a motivational or work-design problem.

Identifying who needs training, Determining employees’ readiness for training

Training Concepts Person characteristics: An employee’s knowledge, skill,

ability, behavior, or attitude. Practice: An employee’s demonstration of a learned

capability; the physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge.

Pretest/posttest: An evaluation design in which both pretraining and post training outcomes measures are collected.

Pretraining measure: A baseline measure of outcomes.

Training Concepts Program design: The organization and coordination of the

training program. Program Objectives: Broad summary statements of a

program’s purpose. Psychological success: A feeling of pride and

accomplishment that comes from achieving life goals. Reaction outcomes: A trainee’s perceptions of a training

program, including perceptions of the facilities, trainers, and content.

Readability: Written materials’ level of difficulty.

Training Concepts Readiness for training: The condition of Employees having the personal characteristics

necessary to learn program content and apply it on the job and

The work environment facilitation learning and not interfering with performance.

Reengineering: A complete review and redesign of critical processes to make them more efficient and able to deliver higher quality.

Structure/ Process/Innovation Re-Structuring / Re-inventing …Small/Better/Different

Training Concepts Rehearsal: A learning strategy focusing on learning

through repetition (memorization). Self-Management: Person’s attempt to control

certain aspects of his decision-making and behavior. Simulation: A training method that represents a real

life situation, with trainees’ decisions resulting in outcomes that mirror what would happen if they were on the job.

Training Concepts Skill: Competency in performing a task. Skill-based outcomes: Outcomes used to assess the level of

technical or motor skills or behavior; include skill acquisition or learning and on-the-job use of skills.

Social learning theory: Theory emphasizing that people learn by observing other persons (models) who they believe are credible and knowledgeable.

Social support: Feedback and reinforcement from managers and peers.

Socialization: Sharing tacit knowledge by sharing experiences.

Training Concepts Stakeholders: The parties with an interest in a company’s

success (include shareholders, employees, customers, and the community).

Subject matter expert (SME): Person who is knowledgeable of

Training issue, Knowledge, skills, and abilities required for task

performance, Necessary equipment, and Conditions under which tasks have to be performed Summative evaluation: Evaluation of the extent that trainees

have changed as -a result of participating in a training program.

Training Concepts Synchronous communication: Communication in

which trainers, experts, and learners interact with each other live and in real time in the same way as they would in face to face classroom instruction.

Team leader training: Training that a team manager or facilitator receives.

Team training: Training method that involves coordinating the performances of individuals who work together to achieve a common goal.

Training Concepts Trainee characteristics: The abilities and motivation that

affect learning. Training: A company’s planned effort to facilitate

employees’ learning of job-related competencies. Training administration: Coordination of activities before,

during, and after a training program. Training context: The physical, intellectual, and emotional

environment in which training occurs. Training design: Characteristics of the learning, and

enabling environment.

Training Concepts Training design process: A systematic approach to

development training programs. Its six steps include conducting needs assessment, ensuring employees’ readiness for training, creating a learning environment, ensuring transfer of training, selecting training methods, and evaluating training programs.

Training effectiveness: Benefits that a company and its trainees receive from training.

Training Concepts Training evaluation: The process of collecting the outcomes

needed to determine if training has been effective. Training outcomes (Criteria): Measures that a company

and its trainer use to evaluate training programs. Training site: The place where training is conducted. Transfer of training: Trainees’ applying learned capabilities

gained in training to their jobs. Work environment: On-the-job factors that influence

transfer of training.