THE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS-USES AND

ALTERNATIVES

Kazy Mohammad Iqbal Hossain 11/27/2014

APEOs/ NPEOs

Common Use NPEOs are common ingredients in many chemical formulations used to produce apparel and footwear materials. They are widely used as surfactants or emulsifiers in detergents, scouring agents, dye-dispersing agents, printing pastes, spinning oils and wetting agents.

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APEOs/ NPEOs----------USE

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APEOs/ NPEOs------------ALTERNATIVES

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AZO DYES/ Banned Amines

Common Use Azo cololrants are one of the most important classes of synthetic dyes and pigments. They are used to color textiles, leather, plastics, paper, foods, cosmetics and more. 1 There are many azo dyes which do not cleave to produce carcinogenic aromatic amines listed above.

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AZO DYES/ Banned Amines

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Dyes suspected to cleave banned amines--

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CI Pigment Red 8, CI Pigment Red 22 and CI Pigment Red 38 have been identified by ETAD as having this property, and Dyers and Printers are encouraged to adopt a responsible approach to these pigments, even though they are not restricted by the EU Directive.

CI Pigment Orange 13 and CI Pigment Orange 34, when used in combination with CI Pigment Black 7, can release the banned aromatic amine 3,3’ – dichlorobenzidine. Do not use these pigments in combination.

CONDITIONAL CLEAVAGE OF AMINES FROM PRINTING PASTE

Alternatives Azo colorants which do not cleave to form the aromatic amines of concern are available in full range of colors for textiles, leather, plastics, paper, food and cosmetics. Manufacturers should work closely with their chemical suppliers to confirm their products do not contain any azo dyes which can cleave to form these aromatic amines of concern.

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PHTHLATES

Common Use Esters of ortho-phthalic acid (phthalates) are commonly added to plastics to make them soft, increase flexibility, prevent cracking and facilitate moulding by decreasing its melting temperature.

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PHTHLATES-----USE

Alternatives Alternatives are available for plasticizers that are either non-phthalate type or non-restricted phthalate based plasticizers. There are also alternatives for PVC that do not always require plasticizers. These alternative flexible polymers include Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyurethanes, isobutyl rubber, EPDM rubber and silicone rubber. In some cases these materials could also be plasticized with phthalates or other chemicals of concern so it is important for manufacturers to work directly with chemical suppliers to select the most appropriate alternatives.

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PHTHLATES-ALTERNATIVES WITH CAS NUMBER

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CHLOROBENZENE

Use Chlorobenzenes are mainly used as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals. They are also used as dye carriers, deodorizers, fumigants, degreasers, insecticides, herbicides, and defoliants.

Alternatives Many of the chlorobenzene compounds have been banned for many years. For pesticide applications alternatives exist. Non-chlorinated dye carriers such as aromatic esters and substituted phenols also exist. These are available from international textile chemical suppliers. Manufacturers should specifically request non- chlorobenzene dye carriers.

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ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS

Use Organotin compounds have been commonly used in plastics as catalysts or heat stabilizers. They are also used as biocides or preservatives in preparations and may also be present in textiles, wood, and other materials for this purpose. Organotin compounds are also used as pesticides

Alternatives Alternatives are available to avoid organotin compounds as heat stabilizers, catalysts, preservatives and biocides. As heat stabilizers, mixed metals such as calcium/zinc based stabilizers are available although there are environmental, health and safety concerns with these chemicals as well. As catalysts, there are bismuth and beryllium products for urethanes or titanates for polyester. The use of organotins in anti-fouling paints has been replaced by copper acrylates, silylacrylates, and zinc acrylates.

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SHORT CHAIN CHLORINATED PARAFINS

Use Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are used as components of lubricants and coolants in metal cutting and metal forming operations. They are also used as plasticizers and flame retardants in plastics (especially PVC), rubbers, paints, adhesives, and coatings. They are also used in leather fatliquoring which is the introduction of oils to a leather to develop the hand of the leather

Alternatives Nitroalkanes, alkyl phosphate and sulfonated fatty acid esters and vegetable oil based products, are available for specific applications. These non- chlorinated paraffin alternatives are considered less harmful than chlorinated parrafins. Natural animal and vegetable oils are alternatives in the leather industry. In paint and coatings, phthalate esters, polyacrylic esters, diisobutyrate as well as phosphate and boron-containing compounds are suggested as replacements. Phthalates esters are alternatives for use in sealants. Alternatives as flame retardant in rubber, textiles and PVC are antimony trioxide, aluminium hydroxide, acrylic polymers and phosphate containing. Many of these alternatives are also regulated chemicals for certain applications and while they may be considered less harmful there are still environmental and human health concerns with many of them.

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FORMALDEHYDE

Common Usage Formaldehyde can be found in screen-print inks, and textile finishes, especially resins for wrinkle resistance and anti-shrinking.

Other Use

For years the textile industry has been using finishes on fabric that prevents wrinkling – usually a formaldehyde resin. Fabrics are treated with urea-formaldehyde resins to give them all sorts of easy care properties such as: • Permanent press / durable press • Anti-cling, anti-static, anti-wrinkle, and anti-

shrink (especially shrink proof wool) • Waterproofing and stain resistance (especially

for suede and chamois) • Perspiration proof • Moth proof • Mildew resistant • Color-fast

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Alternatives Alternatives are available for resins, adhesives, binders and other textile or leather auxiliaries which are low or no formaldehyde containing. Manufacturers should contact their chemical suppliers to verify chemical components. Manufacturers should also apply controls to protect workers using formaldehyde containing products and prevent cross contamination of products within a facility.

FORMALDEHYDE----------ALTERNATIVES

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DIMETHYL FORMALDEHYDE

Common Usage DMF is primarily used as an industrial solvent to process polymer fibers2, films, and surface coatings and to permit easy spinning of acrylic fibers . Other applications include varnishing, surface coating, polyamide coating, absorbents, cleaners and extractants. In addition, DMF is also used as a solvent in crop protection agents.

Alternatives Alternatives to DMF are found when substituting solvent based inks and dyes by water based systems. For specific technical applications or quality requirements, water based ink and dyes might not be available.

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HALOGENATED SOLVENTS

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HALOGENATED SOLVENTS-SPECIFIC USES

Common Usage Since halogenated solvents are a general class of chemicals they have a variety of different properties and therefore end uses. Some of the more common uses include chemical intermediate (including dyes and pesticides), industrial cleaning (processing equipment, boilers, etc), spot cleaning, textile processing (scouring solvent, carrier solvent for preparations and functional finishes), and urethane foam blowing agents.

Alternatives Alternatives to halogenated solvents exist and selection depends on end use. Non-halogenated products for cleaning, spot cleaning, textile processing, screen printing, foam production and degreasing should be requested from chemical suppliers.

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