[Communicated to the Council and the Members of the League.]

C . 7 . MI. 6 . 1937. XI.[ O . C . / A . R . I 9 3 5 / 5 I . ]

(Issued in English only.)

Geneva, March 9th, 1937.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

TRAFFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS

ANNUAL REPORTS BY GOVERNMENTS FOR 1935

CHINA 1

Note by the Secretary-General.

In accordance with Article 21 of the Convention for limiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs of 1931, the Secretary-General has the honour to communicate herewith to the parties to the Convention and to other States the above- mentioned report.

(For the form of annual reports, see document O.C.1600.)

A. General.

I. Laws and Publications.

1. The year under review was the first year of the “ Six-year Programme” to suppress narcotic drugs in two years and opium in six years. With this objective in view, it was con­sidered necessary that the anti-opium and anti-drug laws and regulations, both old and new, should be so formulated as to be more comprehensive and effective. Five laws and regulations were revised and promulgated on April 1st, 1 9 3 5 , namely :2

(a) Rules for deputing Officers to investigate and suppress Poppy Cultivation;(b) Instructions regarding the Detection and Suppression of Poppy Cultivation ;(c) Regulations for the Compulsory Treatment of Opium Addicts and Restriction

of Addiction ;(d) Regulations for the Detection and Drastic Suppression of Narcotic Drugs and for

the Control of Opium Hongs and Retailers ;(e) Regulations governing the Prohibition of Poppy Cultivation in the “ Interior ”

Provinces and the Restriction of the Purchase of Opium produced in the “ Frontier ” Provinces.

Nine new laws and regulations were promulgated during the year—viz. :3

(a) Measures for the General Detection and Suppression of Poppy Cultivation ;(b) Regulations for the Enforcement of Opium Prohibition ;(c) Regulations for the Enforcement of the Prohibition of Narcotic Drugs ;

1 T h e te x ts of th e law s a n d reg u la tio n s an n ex ed to th is re p o r t h a v e b een k e p t in th e a rch iv es of th e S e c re ta r ia t. One co p ÿ of th e re p o r t c o n ta in in g law s a n d reg u la tio n s is be ing c o m m u n ica ted to G o v e rn m en ts se p a ra te ly in acco rdance w ith A rtic le 21 of th e C onven tion of 1931 fo r l im itin g th e M an u fac tu re a n d re g u la t in g th e D is tr ib u tio n of N arco tic D rugs (See d o cu m en t C .176.M .123.1937.X I).

2 See d o cu m en t O.C.1576. T h e rev is io n s m ade on A pril 1st, 1935, w ere confined to m in o r de ta ils .8 See d o cu m en ts 0 .0 .1576(2 ), O.C. 1606(1) re ( b ) , ( c ) , (e) an d ( f ) . A t th e tim e of w ritin g th is re p o r t (A ugust 1936),

all th e law s a n d regu la tions , in c lu d in g th o se 'm e n tio n e d above, h av e b een re d ra f te d a n d rev ised . U pon p ro m u lg a tio n , th e y will b e t ra n s la te d a n d p u b lish ed fo r th w ith .

S. d. N 6 0 0 . 3/ 3 7 . Imp. Réunies, Chambéry.

(d) Measures for the Registration of Opium-smokers within a Definite Time-limit ;

(e) Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Opium Suppression ;

(f) Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Narcotic Drugs Prohibition ;

(g) Regulations providing for the Organisation of Opium Suppression Commissions in Provinces and Municipalities and Opium Suppression Sub-Commissions in Districts ;

(h) Regulations providing for the Organisation of a Central Commission for Opium Suppression under the Headquarters of the President of the Military Council ;

(i) Measures for the Participation of the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau in the Division of Narcotics of the National Hygienic Laboratory.

2. The five laws and regulations mentioned above were revised with a view to exercising a more strict control over all cultivation, transportation, sale and consumption of opium, and thereby decreasing the opium evil gradually year by year. In regard to the cultivation of the poppy, its prohibition was effective immediately in the eight “ interior ” provinces of Honan, Hupeh, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Hunan and Fukien, and gradually in the remote “ frontier ” provinces of Shensi, Kansu, Yunnan, Szechuan and Kweichow. (Detailed provisions are embodied in the Rules for deputing Officers to investigate and suppress Poppy Cultivation.) In regard to the consumption of opium, its suppression should begin with persons connected with the Kuomintang Party, the Government offices, the military organisations and educational institutions, who, by their leadership, should set an example to the people at large. Addicts found smoking opium must be sent for compulsory treatment to hospitals or special clinics established in various provinces and municipalities. The aged and the sick, unable to undergo a complete cure within a short period, may be allowed to continue smoking for a definite limited time by obtaining temporary permits. But opium- smoking so permitted must be gradually reduced and absolutely stopped within six years or less. (Detailed provisions are embodied in the Regulations for the Compulsory Treatment of Opium Addicts and Restriction of Addiction.) Inasmuch as smoking is permitted tempora­rily to such persons, a necessary supply of opium must be provided. Consequently, opium hongs and retailers under special licence of the provincial and local authorities are permitted to sell the necessary supply. The number of such hongs and retailers must be reduced gradually from year to year and no increase whatsoever should be allowed. (Detailed provisions are embodied in the Regulations for the Detection and Drastic Suppression of Narcotic Drugs and for the Control of Opium Hongs and Retailers.) In regard to the transportation of opium, the authorities in charge should obtain and transport the necessary supply from the “ frontier ” and distant provinces in which opium cultivation is to be suppressed gradually at such a price and in such a quantity as shall be determined. The governmental authorities may grant purchasing permits to merchants to buy the necessary supply from local farmers. But the supply, so obtained, must be stored first in governmental warehouses, in order to ensure complete control of receipt and distribution and to prevent any leakage into the illicit traffic.

The following is a summary of the nine new laws and regulations :

In order to check any recultivation of poppy in areas where poppy cultivation existed once, but has now been absolutely prohibited, the “ Measures for the General Detection and Suppression of Poppy Cultivation ” were issued. In order to exercise a thorough control over, and to obtain accurate statistics of, opium addicts to form a basis for suppression,the “ Measures for the Registration of Opium-smokers within a Definite Time-limit ” were issued. In order to ensure adequate and detailed enforcement of the provisions of the law in their proper application and order, and to widen the scope of opium and narcotic suppression, the “ Regula­tions for the Enforcement of Opium Prohibition ” and the “ Regulations for the Enforcement of the Prohibition of Narcotic Drugs ” were issued. In order to unify all the penal provisions relating to opium and narcotic suppression and to replace the obsolete Opium Suppression Act, the Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Opium Suppression ” and the . Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Narcotic Drugs Prohibition ” were issued. In order to fix the responsibility of the Central, the provincial, the municipal and the district governments respectively for the establishment and maintenance of organisations charged with the duties of opium and narcotic suppression, the “ Regulations providing for the Organisation of a Central Commission for Opium Suppression under the Headquarters of the President of the Military Council ” and the “ Regulations providing for the Organisation of Opium Suppression Commissions in Provinces and Municipalities and Opium Suppression Sub- uommissions in Districts ” were issued. Lastly, in order to unify control in the purchase and sale of narcotic drugs for legitimate purposes, the “ Measures for the Participation of the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau in the Division of Narcotics of the National Hygienic Laboratory were issued. In short, all these laws and regulations were promulgated for the nTfutur ensunnS a strict application of the programme and of preventing any possible abuse

3 - To meet the diversity of conditions in the different parts of China, various provinces ana municipalities have issued supplementary rules and regulations in their own respective

ln!i^uCe/ the province of Kiangsu issued forty-two such supplementary rules and g , an a of Hunan, forty-five. The varieties of these rules and regulations are too

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numerous to mention. In addition, there have been not less than several hundreds of publications and illustrations published for propaganda purposes throughout the country.

II. Administration.

i. (a) For years past, China has adopted a vigorous policy of “absolute ” suppression of the opium evil, the enforcement of which was in the hands of the National Opium Suppression Commission. Unfortunately, because of various calamities in the country and because of the diversity of methods to combat the opium scourge, there was very little progress in suppression, even after years of effort. In the meanwhile, the evil of narcotics spread widely, and the situation became more serious than ever. The former Headquarters for Bandit Suppression in Honan, Hupeh and Anhwei considered that the suppression of opium was essentially a fight against a deep-rooted institution which could not be easily accomplished within a short time, and that it should be regarded as of equal or even of more importance than the suppression of banditry. It was contended that, on the one hand, drastic measures must be adopted to place all offences connected with the manufacture and transportation of narcotic drugs under the jurisdiction of military law and to conduct trials and retrials in accordance with military procedure, so as to increase efficiency and to serve as a useful warning by sacrificing one life to save a hundred. On the other hand, there should be a policy of gradual suppression instead of that of “ absolute ” suppression, in accordance with the resolution to complete prohibition within six years as passed by the Assembly of the People’s Delegates. Following the methods employed for bandit suppression, a progressive method of gradual enclosure was adopted for opium suppression. In other words, the drug area would be encircled from without and, by exerting pressure inwardly, the enclosure would be steadily reduced, until finally, when the encircled territory was reduced to a minimum, the evil would be exterminated at a single blow. All the suppression laws and regulations were effective immediately in the four provinces of Honan, Hupeh, Anhwei and Kiangsi. After a year of effort, success was so well recognised that the National Opium Suppression Commission became convinced that the measures taken by the Headquarters for Bandit Suppression were the best and most effective to cope with the situation. So when the Headquarters of the President of the Military Council were established in Nanchang, the National Opium Suppression Commission petitioned the Executive Yuan to transfer to the President of the Military Council the duties of opium suppression in the ten provinces of Honan, Hupeh, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Hunan, Fukien, Shensi, and Kansu. The area of control was extended shortly afterwards to all the other provinces and municipalities. Thus, the territory under suppression was gradually widened, while that of drug infection was correspondingly reduced. In May 1935, realising that the time for unifying the work of opium suppression had come, the Central Government abolished the national Opium Suppression Commission and in its place appointed the President of the Military Council to act concurrently as Director-General for Opium Suppression and to take full charge of opium suppression throughout the entire country. Thereupon, in the name of the President of the Military Council, concurrently Director-General for Opium Suppression, the work was continued at his headquarters. In November of the same year, the headquarters of the President of the Military Council was moved from Hankow to Chungking (Szechuan), and the present Central Commission under the Military Council was formally established in accordance with the pro­visions of the Regulations for the Enforcement of Opium Prohibition. Thus, opium suppression in China is no longer an ordinary civil administrative measure under the sphere of the Executive Yuan, but has become one of military significance under the jurisdiction of the highest military organ of the country. In other words, the task of suppression of opium and narcotic drugs in the country has directly and totally come under military law. With the authority so centralised, the problem can be attacked more effectively. The reorganisation, therefore, marked a new era in the history of opium suppression in China in which the chances of success are much more hopeful.

(b) During the year 1935, the administration of opium suppression in the country passed successively from the National Opium Suppression Commission to the headquarters of the President of the Military Council, and from the latter to the Central Commission for Opium Suppression under the Military Council. The regulation, control, purchase and sale of narcotic drugs for legitimate purposes in the country were placed in charge of the Division of Narcotics, newly created by the National Health Administration of the Ministry of the Interior. During the year, the Division of Narcotics put into effect the following important measures : (1) it restricted the issue of certificates for the importation of narcotic drugs ; (2) it prepared an estimate of kinds and quantities of narcotic drugs for the nation’s medical and scientific use for 1936 ; and (3) it drafted measures for the control of sales of narcotic drugs. Formerly, the issue of certificates for the importation of narcotic drugs was under the charge of the Customs administration. Such certificates applied only to Germany and Switzerland. Because of lack of treaty provisions, importation from the United Kingdom or the United States of America did not require a similar procedure. However, as a rule, for the convenience of transportation, dealers importing from either the United Kingdom or the United States applied for certificates. Since the establishment of the Division of Narcotics, import permits which were before issued by the various Customs Commissioners have been issued only by the Ministry of the Interior to the Division of Narcotics. No application from any individual or organisation is granted. The form of the import permit was jointly prescribed by the former National Opium Suppression Commission, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the provisions of Article XIV of the Revised Regulations governing Narcotic Drugs and on the basis of document O.C.1535 of the

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League of Nations. In order to ensure verification as between all parties concerned and to bring the letter and spirit of the law into effect, the import permit is issued in quadruplicate.1

Formerly, on account of the insufficiency of data, the Chinese Government intimated that it was not, for the time being, in a position to furnish any estimate regarding the amounts of narcotic drugs necessary for medical and scientific purposes in the country. Therefore, since 1934, the Supervisory Body set up under the Convention of 1931 has furnished such estimates for China. In 1 9 3 5 » the Division of Narcotics, with the help of the estimates furnished by the League of Nations experts on narcotic drugs, prepared an estimate for the year 1936 of the ten drugs-most extensively used for medical and scientific purposes, namely : opium, morphine, codeine,ethylmorphine hydrochloride (dionine), apomorphine hydrochloride, extract cannabis, cocaine, strychnine, dihydrooxycodeinone (eucodal), and pantopon. The estimates of these drugs were examined by the former National Opium Suppression Com­mission, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. These organisations then jointly submitted them to the Executive Yuan for reference and approval, after which, with the pro-forma import permits, they were sent to the Chinese delegate accredited to the League of Nations for transmission to the Permanent Central Opium Board for reference.

E s t i m a t e o f V a r i e t y a n d Q u a n t i t y o f N a r c o t i c D r u g s n e c e s s a r y f o r L e g i t i m a t e P u r p o s e si n C h i n a f o r t h e Y e a r 1 9 3 6 .

Kg.

O p iu m ......................................................................................................................................... 3 000M o rp h in e ............................................................................................................................... 4 ° °C o d e i n e ......................................................................................................................................... 400E th y lm o rp h in e c h l o r i d e ( d i o n i n e ) ................................................................................................... 2 0A p o m o rp h in e h y d ro c h lo r id e ......................................................................................... 5E x t r a c t c a n n a b i s ...................................................................................................................... 10C o c a i n e ......................................................................................................................................... 7 °S t r y c h n in e ............................................................................................................................... 20D ih y d ro o x y c o d e in o n e ( e u c o d a l ) ......................................................................................... 5P a n to p o n ............................................................................................................................... 10

According to the provision of Article IV of the Revised Regulations governing Narcotic Drugs, provincial and municipal governments were to designate certain local pharmacies as distributing agents of narcotic drugs for local legitimate uses. But the distribution of narcotic drugs by such agents might have a close bearing on the general suppression of opium and narcotics. For instance, if the local agents of pharmacies should abuse the privilege so granted to them, it would affect the existing suppression laws and regulations. Consequently, it was decided that the agencies for local distribution should not be established immediately, and that, for purpose of centralised control, purchases must be made directly from the Division of Narcotics.

In the short period since its inception, the Division of Narcotics has proved its usefulness in the attempt to control narcotics for medical and scientific purposes. Only bona-fide pharmacists,

1 (T h is specimen form has been in use since the National Health Administration became independent of the M inistry of the Interior.)

N a t i o n a l G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a N a t i o n a l H e a l t h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

Import Perm it.(P a r t I)

A cting in accordance w ith th e “ R egula tions governing th e A d m in is tra tio n of N arco tic D ru g s” , p ro m u lg a ted in th e tw e n tie th year of th e Chinese R epublic by th e N a tio n a l G overnm en t, a n d w ith th e C o n v en tio n of 1931 fo r lim itin g th e M anufactu re an d regu la ting th e D is tr ib u tio n of N arco tic D rugs, th is A d m in is tra tio n h e re b v au th o rise s th e im p o r ta tio n by th e D ivision of N arco tics of th e N a tio n a l H ygienic L a b o ra to ry of t h e fo llow ing :

D escrip tion of d r u g ..........................................................................................................................................................Q u a n t i ty ............................................................................................................................................P u r p o s e ......................................................................................................................................C o u n try of p u r c h a s e ................................................................................................................D esignated p o r t of e n t r y ....................................................................................................... . . . . . ’ S h an g h a i, C hina.

T h is p e rm it is issued fo r th e im p o rta tio n of th e aforesaid d ru g f r o m .................................. (factory) o f .............................(country) u nder th e following conditions :

1. The said drug shall be fully imported on or before : ................................................................................ 192. T h e sa id d rug sha ll n o t be re -exported .

The Director,National Health Administration.

T h i s .............................day of t h e ................................m onth of t h e .............................year of the Chinese Republic.

This part is to be filed in the National Health Adm inistration.

Serial No. . .................................. File N o..................................

P a r t I I of the permit, drafted in identical terms as P a r t I, is to be forwarded through th e Ministry for Foreign Affairs to the Government of th e country concerned.

P a r t I I I is to be presented by the purchaser to the Shanghai Customs Office for record a t th e time of importation.

* xr* ̂ ^ t? r®turned to the National H ealth Administration for cancellation by the Division of Narcoticso tne National Hygienic Laboratory when the consignment is duly received.

medical practitioners, hospitals, medical and research institutions, etc., duly registered with the National Health Administration are permitted to purchase narcotics. Furthermore, they must furnish detailed reports on the drugs previously purchased from the Division. Thus, the Division of Narcotics is keeping a close check upon the amount and kind of narcotics supplied for medical and scientific purposes in the country. With the authority so centralised in the Division of Narcotics and the process of handling purchases carefully guarded, the system may well be viewed as a progressive step in the suppression of the abuse of narcotic drugs.

(c) Since the promulgation and execution of the various anti-opium laws and regulations by the headquarters of the President of the Military Council, clandestine manufacture, transportation and traffic in respect of narcotic drugs in the country have been considerably reduced. The greatest difficulty in the enforcement of the laws and regulations is that, in foreign concessions, settlements and leased territories, the alien authorities represented that, as these laws and regulations were not promulgated by the National Government through the regular channels, they were not legal and, therefore, not entirely applicable. Under such circumstances, opium and narcotic offenders took refuge in the concessions, settlements and leased territories, where the authorities frequently failed to collaborate with the local govern­ments which were trying to effect arrests. Further, some foreign concession authorities would even go so far as to afford shelter in their concessions to confederates of Chinese vagrants who arranged to erect plants for the clandestine manufacture of narcotics or to keep places for storing drugs. Occasionally, there would be effected a few seizures in order to pretend that the legal obligations were fulfilled, but even in these cases the offenders involved were usually set free after submitting to a nominal fine as punishment. It is therefore only natural that the concessions, settlements and leased territories are made use of by manufacturers of drugs as shelters, by traffickers as headquarters and by traders as centres of activity. Thus, the Government's work of opium and narcotic suppression has been, and is, greatly handicapped. Then, too, the vessels flying foreign flags engaged in ocean, coastal or river navigation are not subject to the anti-opium laws of China. Recently, the local government of Chekiang, in an effort to stop the Chinese crew of such foreign vessels from trafficking in opium and narcotics, which had been found rampant at the port of Ningpo, enforced a new rule that the Chinese crew on foreign vessels, in groups of five, should sign pledges as mutual guarantees that they would refrain from illicit trafficking. The idea was that unless the whole five of the group were in perfect accord, some one of them would possibly free himself by giving out the secret. The practice has been tried on railways and ships, and has met with a certain degree of success. When the Chekiang authorities contemplated enforcing this practice at the port of Ningpo, the China Navigation Company, a British concern, refused to accept the proposal for the Chinese crew of their s.s. Hsin Peking, on the plea that foreign vessels were, by treaty rights, subject to Customs examinations only and were free from any other obligation. Again, opium from Manchuria and Jehol, smuggled continuously into territories inside the Great Wall in enormous quantities, has created the greatest difficulty in the work of suppression in China. It is therefore earnestly hoped that all nations friendly to China will render much needed co-operation in meeting this serious problem of opium suppression.

t lA O N IN G /- »

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K W A N G S

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2. During the year, there was an increasing activity on all fronts in the field of opium suppression, especially in the prohibition of poppy cultivation and narcotic drugs. The “ interior ” provinces of Honan, Hupeh, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fukien, Hopei, Shantung and Shansi have been declared entirely free from poppy cultivation. Hunan, originally designated as a “ prohibited ” province, was ravaged by Communist bandits,especially in the western part of the province. Poppy, which had been planted during theiroccupation, was not uprooted, so as not to add to the misery of the farmers. ̂But such cultivation was an exception and limited to one year only (1935). In the following frontier provinces, poppy cultivation is still temporarily permitted, each under a fixed scheme of gradual suppression.

S zechu an .— F o rm e r ly o u t of 148 hsien , th e r e w ere on ly fo u r o r five h s ien free fro m p o p p y c u l t iv a t io n . I n th e w in te r o f 1935, p o p p y c u l t iv a t io n w as su p p re ssed in 138 h s ien , le a v in g in c u l t iv a t io n o n ly t e n hsien (C hang-S hou h s ien , e tc .) , w h ich a re to b e re d u c e d as f ro m th e w in te r of 1936 to 1939.

Y u n n a n .— A th r e e -y e a r su p p ress io n p la n h a s b e e n en fo rced , b e g in n in g fro m 1935 a n d e n d in g in 1937 :

1st y e a r ............................................................................................................ 38 h s ien .2n d y e a r ................................................................................................... 47 n s ien a n d su b -h s ie n3 rd y e a r ................................................................................................... 44 h s ien a n d su b -h s ien

K w eichow : A f ive-year su p p re ss io n p la n h a s been en fo rced , b e g in n in g fro m 1935 a n d e n d in g in 1939 :

1st y e a r ................................................................................................................................................... 232 n d y e a r ................................................................................................................................................... 123 rd y e a r ................................................................................................................................................... 194 th y e a r ................................................................................................................................................... 155 th y e a r ................................................................................................................................................... 12

S h e n s i .— I n 1933-1935, p o p p y c u l t iv a t io n w as su p p re s se d in s e v e n ty - th r e e h s ie n a n d in th e re m a in in g n in e te e n h s ien i t w ill be e n t ire ly su p p re sse d b y 1937.

K a n s u .— I n 1935, c u l t iv a t io n w as su p p re sse d in th i r t e e n h s ie n a n d in th e re m a in in g f if ty -fo u r h s ien i t will b e g ra d u a l ly re d u c e d u n t i l i t is e n t ire ly su p p re sse d in 1939.

S u iy u a n .— In se v e n te e n h s ien (K w eisu i, e tc .) , p o p p y is g row n . F r o m 1935, e ach of t h e s e v e n te e n h s ien is d iv id e d in to five d is tr ic ts , a n d o ne d is t r i c t will be e l im in a te d e a c h y e a r u n t i l 1939.

N in g s h ia .— I n se v en hsien , p o p p y is g row n. T h e to ta l a m o u n t of c u l t iv a te d p o p p y la n d w as re d u c e d in 1935 b y tw o -f if th s a n d will be re d u c e d in 1936 b y th ree -f if th s .

With regard to the suppression of narcotics in the country, there were, during 1935, no less than thousands of cases of arrest and 994 cases of execution. (See Table 9.) Following the flight and disappearance of several notorious leaders in the drug traffic, who were proscribed by the Government, clandestine manufacture in the country showed signs of decline. Further­more, Government control of the transportation, sale and consumption of opium has also reduced a great deal of illicit trafficking. Consequently, there is reason to believe that, if the Government can carry out its fixed plan unobstructed by unforeseen circumstances, results should be as expected at the end of six years.

III. Control of International Trade.

1. The cultivation of the poppy in China is to provide opium for persons who, unable to undergo a complete cure within a short time, smoke a yearly decreasing ration. It has been absolutely forbidden by law either to import any foreign opium into China or to export any out of the country. With regard to importing narcotic drugs from abroad, the Ministry of the Interior began issuing import permits from June 1935, and has not met any difficulty. China is not a manufacturing country and has not issued any authorisation for the exportation of narcotics to foreign countries.

2. In July 1935, when the National Health Administration was made independent of the Ministry of the Interior and was brought under the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan, the right of issuing import permits was transferred from the Ministry of the Interior to the National Health Administration.

3. In accordance with Article VI of the Revised Regulations governing Narcotic Drugs, the only port of entry for narcotic drugs is the port of Shanghai. Imports of narcotic drugs into Shanghai must be accompanied by import permits issued by the National Health Adminis­tration, and their transportation from Shanghai to the Division of Narcotics in Nanking must be accompanied by a passport issued by the same administration. There has been no change with regard to the formalities for the issue of import permits and passports.

4. For narcotic drugs shipped to China, the Government of export should issue each time an export authorisation, a copy of which must be mailed to the National Health Administration of China. Upon the completion of the transaction, the export authorisation papers must be collected and sent back to the Government of export concerned. This procedure is being complied with.

5. No report was received of any case of forged or falsified import permits during the year.6. No difficulties have arisen with regard to the shipment of narcotic drugs.7-t During the year, imports accompanied by import permits were made from Germany

and \ ugoslavia, and nothing has been imported from countries which have not adopted the system of import certificates.

8. There were small imports of extract of cannabis from Yugoslavia, and no difficulties were experienced. No Indian hemp has been imported to date.

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IV. International Co-operation.

1. No international treaties or agreements relative to opium or narcotic drugs were concluded during the year.

2. A test case of foreign co-operation, however, occurred in Peiping. The Peiping Municipal Government, realising the seriousness of illicit trafficking by Koreans in the city and the difficulties involved in the situation, eventually came to an understanding with the Japanese Embassy authorities, whereby three measures governing the search of Korean establishments were drawn up and enforced. As a result, many establishments were searched and the traffickers at once disappeared. This is clear evidence that foreign co-operation is substantially effective and is much needed in China for the work of opium suppression. Unfortunately, the political situation in North China has changed and Peiping has gone back to its old condition.

V. Illicit Traffic.

1. According to the regulations, the quantity of raw opium produced annually in China should not exceed the amount required for the supply of registered smokers, and whatever quantity is produced should go through the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau by Government purchase and transportation. But actual conditions complicate the problem very much. In the first place, it is fundamentally difficult to bring all the producing areas, which are widely scattered, under effective control. Secondly, the producers have many ways of concealing their produce or even of selling it to unscrupulous merchants for the manufacture of narcotics. Lastly, unlawful traders of foreign nationalities, enjoying extra­territorial rights, recklessly smuggle into China large quantities of narcotics as well as of opium. These are the main causes of illicit trafficking in China.

The methods usually employed for smuggling are many. Among the most common mediums used are : parcel post, railway employees, officers and crew on steamers, native junks, and concealment on persons. Smuggling generally follows three routes : (i) from the territories north of the Great Wall into the provinces of North China by way of Peiping and Tientsin ; (2) from Shanghai into the interior ; and (3) from the province of Szechuan eastward along the Yangtze River into the densely populated cities and towns in the central part of China. Opium and narcotic drugs smuggled from abroad generally come through Dairen for North China ; through Amoy for South China ; and through Shanghai for Central China. Almost all the concerns engaged in the illicit trade disguise themselves as “ Such and such Yang Hong ” (meaning foreign firm) or “ So and so Pharmacy ”. Wherever these so-called merchants travel into the interior, narcotic drugs follow their tracks. This constitutes a great menace to the enforcement of opium suppression laws in China.

2. That poppy cultivation should be prohibited is definite and well recognised. But during the period when the registered smokers have to be supplied with opium,poppy cultivation by certain farmers who have obtained a special permit, after registering the number of acres to be planted and the quantity of opium to be produced, is temporarily permitted. All other cultivators are classified as illegal producers and will be prosecuted as such according to law. The exact extent of such illicit cultivation has not yet been ascertained and there is no data available from the cultivating provinces.

The suppression of illicit cultivation is generally effected in two periods. In the first period, during the poppy-sowing season, the Special Commissioner for Inspection and Suppres­sion of Poppy Cultivation, in conjunction with the provincial government, appoints and sends deputy commissioners to all districts where cultivation is prohibited. The duties of the deputy commissioner are, in collaboration with the district authorities, to supervise and direct the village chiefs and elders in carrying out actively the inspection in their respective areas. Should any poppy seeds be discovered, they must be immediately confiscated, and the refractory farmers must be arrested and dealt with according to law. Besides, in collaboration with the district authorities, the district branch of the Kuomintang and the local organisations, the deputy commissioner is required to stress, by oral persuasion and printed propaganda, the importance of the prohibition of cultivation and the severity of the penalties in connection with violations. The people must be made to realise the evils of opium and the severity of prohibition laws, and must be induced to cultivate, of their own accord, cereals instead of poppy. In the second period, during the poppy sprouting season, the deputy commissioner is required to make inspection tours with the district magistrate, and is required to direct the village chiefs and elders to investigate closely into the condition of poppy cultivation in the areas under their jurisdiction. If sprouting poppy is found, it must be immediately uprooted and the cultivating farmers arrested and dealt with according to law. Should the district garrison and village chiefs and elders be found to give protection to poppy cultivation, or any of the civil or military authorities of the various provinces be found pretending to abide bylaws only with a view to transgressing them, or, in other words, using the name of suppression to cover acts of connivance or even of encouragement to illicit cultivation, they must be confidentially reported upon by the special commissioners to the President of the Military Council for examination and severe punishment. If the special commissioners are found making incorrect reports, or are proven inefficient or are insufficiently strict in carrying out their duties, they must be severely punished as well.

In order to prevent officers of different ranks in territories under suppression from becoming inefficient or negligent in performing their duties, a system of pledges is devised. First, provisions are made for village chiefs and elders to instruct and advise people from house

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to house and to secure from each householder a pledge to the effect that “ if he cultivates the poppy, he would be willing to suffer the death penalty According to law, these pledges are submitted progressively from rank to rank, and deposited with the district government, and the magistrate, upon receiving them, submits a collective pledge for his entire district. Magistrates in charge of districts hitherto free from poppy cultivation must each submit separately a pledge to the effect that “ should any poppy sprouts be found growing henceforth in his district, he would be willing to suffer the death penalty ”. Thus illicit cultivation is made a grave offence and is most severely dealt with.

3. Cases of illicit manufacture, transport, import, export and possession of contraband were formerly dealt with by the civil judiciary in accordance with the provisions of the Opium Suppression Act. The penalties provided therein proved inadequate as effective deterrents. Moreover, prosecution in accordance with the judicial procedure was so slow and cumbersone that unscrupulous persons could defy the law. Thus Government control became inconsistent with the enforcement of the six-year programme. In May 1935, the Opium Suppression Act was abolished, and the operation of the “ opium ” section of the Chinese Criminal Code was temporarily suspended. In their stead, the “ Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Opium Suppression ” and the “ Provisional Regulations on Penal Offences relating to Narcotic Drugs Prohibition ” were formulated and promulgated. Thus, in order to increase the administrative efficiency of opium suppression, cases of opium and narcotic drugs were placed within the scope of the military law, and trials and appeals were all conducted according to the military procedure.

There were reported during the year 15 346 cases of seizures of illicit manufacture and traffic, including import and inland seizures. In addition to those who were given sentences of imprisonments, there were 994 persons (including recidivists) reported to have been executed. (See Tables 1 to 9.)

4. As regards cases of illicit traffic, besides those that have been reported from time to time to the League of Nations in accordance with Article XXIII of the 1931 Convention for limiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, the important seizures of illicit traffic effected during the year were as follows :

O n J a n u a r y 5 th , 1935, th e A d m in i s t r a t iv e B u re a u of P e ip in g -L ia o n in g ra i lw a y s ta t io n sea rch ed W a n g H o C heng , a n em p lo y ee o f th e T a n g s h a n ra i lw a y s ta t io n , H o p e i, o n th e t r a in No. 2, a n d fo u n d c o n c ea led in h is b la c k fu r c o a t 6 oz. of cocaine . T he accu sed a n d th e c o n t r a b a n d w ere s u b se q u e n t ly d e l iv e re d to th e P r o c u r a to r ’s office o f th e D is t r ic t C o u r t of T ie n ts in .

O n J a n u a r y 10 th , 1935, officers of th e C u s to m s in C a n to n a r r e s te d a n u n k n o w n C hinese w o m a n o n th e B r i t i s h s .s . H a n g Cheong, a n d fo u n d concea led in h e r d o u b le -b o t to m e d h a n d -b a g 27.59 h e c to g ra m m e s of fo re ig n p re p a r e d o p iu m w h ich b o re a m a rk of im p o r t f ro m a b ro a d . T h e d ru g w as co n f isc a te d a n d d e s t ro y e d .

O n J a n u a r y 10th , 1935, officers of th e C u s to m s in C h in w a n g ta o a r r e s te d a K o re a n , n a m e u n k n o w n , a t S h a n h a ik u a n s t a t i o n of t h e P e ip in g -L ia o n in g R a ilw ay , a n d fo u n d co n c ea led in h is b ag g a g e 10 h e c to ­g ra m m e s of h e ro in . F iv e d a y s la te r , on J a n u a r y 15th, a t th e sa m e s ta t io n , a J a p a n e s e w as a r r e s te d w ith 2 .80 h e c to g ra m m e s o f h e ro in o n h is p erson .

O n J a n u a r y 16 th , 1935, th e re w as fo u n d in th e p o s t office a t T ie n t s in a p a rc e l c o n ta in in g 70 h e c to ­g ra m m e s o f n a t iv e r a w o p iu m , w h ich h a d been fa lse ly d ec la re d as o r d in a ry d o m e s t ic m a il, f ro m a F e n g H u C hen g a t T se n g h u a , H o p e i, a n d ad d re s sed to M iy asak i Co., a J a p a n e s e c o n c e rn in T a n g sh a n , H o pe i.

O n F e b r u a r y 9 th , 1935, officers of th e C u s to m s in K ia o c h o w se ized o n th e J a p a n e s e T a iz a n M a r u tw o p a c k e ts c o n ta in in g 14.18 h e c to g ra m m es of h e ro in w h ic h w ere in th e posse ss io n of a J a p a n e s e , n a m e d Y e n a ts u , a n d co ncea led in th e sa i lo rs ’ q u a r te rs . T h e p a p e r p a c k e ts b o re th e la b e l o f J a p a n P h a rm a c e u t ic a l E s ta b l is h m e n t , O saka , J a p a n , as th e n am e of th e m a n u fa c tu re r . T h e d ru g w as c o n f isc a te d fo r d e s t ru c t io n . O n th e 14 th of th e sam e m o n th , th e re w ere seized b y th e sa m e officers o n th e J a p a n e s e H a ra d a M a r u t e n p a c k e ts of 70.88 h e c to g ra m m e s of hero in , b e a r in g a la b e l of th e H o sh i P h a rm a c e u t ic a l Co., L td . , T ok io , J a p a n , w h ich w as c on cea led in a c a b in o ccup ied b y a J a p a n e s e , n a m e d S. M ach id a . T h e h e ro in w as co n f isc a te d fo r d e s t ru c t io n .

O n A p ril 1st, 1935, officers of th e C u s to m s in L a p p a se ized o n th e p e rs o n of a n u n k n o w n C hinese p a ssen g e r o n a m o to r b u s f ro m M acao 18 h e c to g ra m m e s of P e r s ia n ra w o p iu m .

O n A p ril 4 th , 1935, th e A d m in is t ra t iv e B u re a u of th e P e ip in g -L ia o n in g R a i lw a y se ized a t T ie n ts in E a s t s t a t i o n 48.5 oz. of u n c la im ed h e ro in concea led in a w o o d e n box . T h e h e ro in w as su b se q u e n tly d e l iv e re d to th e P r o c u r a to r ’s office of th e D is t r ic t C o u r t of T ie n ts in .

O n A p ril 5 th , 1935, th e A d m in is t r a t iv e B u re a u of th e L u n g h a i R a ilw a y a r r e s te d Y a n g T ze C hi a t C hengchow , H o n a n , a n d fo u n d in h is possession 36 oz. of h e ro in w h ich w ere d e s t in e d fo r sa le a t H su ch o w , K ian g su . T h e offender w as in s ta n t ly a r r e s te d a n d s e n t to t h e G a rr iso n H e a d q u a r te r s of Chengchow for p u n is h m e n t .

O n A pril 5 th , 1935, officers of th e C us to m s in T ie n ts in se ized o n th e Ja p a n e s e Chosen M a r u , from D a iren , 10.45 h e c to g ra m m e s of h e ro in h y d ro ch lo rid e . T h e sm u g g le r w as id e n t i f ie d a s th e s h ip ’s ch ief s te w a rd , a K o re a n , w ho fa lse ly d ec la red th e c o n t r a b a n d as o r d in a r y goods. T h e acc u sed d ec la red th r e e cases of b e a n sau ce fo r w h ich h e w o u ld p a y d u tie s a s r e q u i re d b y la w , b u t , u p o n in s p e c t io n , one o f th e cases h 'd d *° san d , in w h ich se v en ru b b e r b a g s c o n ta in in g th e h e ro in (w i th o u t labels) w ere

O n A p ril 6 th , 1935, th e re w as fo u n d in th e p o s t office of A n y a n g , H o n a n , a p a rc e l c o n ta in in g 130.50 h e c to g ra m m e s of h e ro in w hich h a d b ee n s e n t b y th e fam il ie s o f C hu a n d C h e n in T ie n ts in a n d a d d re s se d to C hu W en M ing an d C hen C h u n T ing , o f A n y a n g . B e in g su sp ic io u s of th e p a rc e l , th e p o s t office officials re q u e s te d th e d is t r i c t g o v e rn m e n t a u th o r i t ie s to m a k e a n in v e s t ig a t io n . T h is le d to t h e d is co v e ry a n d se izure of th e d ru g , w h ich w as s e n t a f te rw a rd s to th e d is t r i c t a u th o r i t i e s fo r d e s t ru c t io n .

On A pril 19 th , 1935, th e r e w as fo u n d in th e p o s t office o f L in p a o , H o n a n , a p a rc e l c o n ta in in g 242 h ec to g ra m m e s of “ re d p il ls ” , w h ich h a d b e e n s e n t f ro m a c e r t a in S in o -G e rm a n f irm in S h a n g h a i a n d ad d re ssed to T a i H o H s ia n g Co., in L in p ao , H o n a n . T h e p a rc e l lo o k e d su sp ic io us , so t h e loca l p o s t office s e n t i t t o th e G en era l P o s t Office a t K a ifen g , H o n a n , w h ic h in t u r n r e q u e s te d th e c o u r t to m a k e an mVivr h ? ’ Ttie d ru g s w ere se ized a n d d e l iv e re d to th e c o u r t in K a ife n g fo r la w fu l d isposa l. A gain , o n i l a y n t h , a n o th e r su sp ic io u s lo o k in g p a rc e l w as fo u n d in t h e s a m e p o s t office. T h e p a rce l , c o n ta in in g ^ h e c t o g r a m m e s of “ r e d p il ls ” , bo re t h e sam e s e n d e r ’s n a m e a n d ad d re s s , a n d w as a d d re s se d t o T a i vim. ? Sl a n § : a ^ d C h an g S h e n Y u e n Co., L in p a o , H o n a n . I t w a s im m e d ia te ly se ized a n d d e l iv e red to th e i 1 1 aiy o u r t of H o n a n Special P a c if ic a t io n C o m m iss io n e r fo r la w fu l d isposal.rioi n ~ aZ 2'1 ’ J 9 3 5 . officers of th e C u s to m s in K iao ch o w se ized o n th e Ja p a n e s e H oten M a r u , from

en, 17 e c to g ram m es of hero in . T h e sm u g g le r w as M. O sak i, a J a p a n e s e . A gain , o n th e 6 th o f th e

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sam e m o n th , 14 h e c to g ra m m e s o f h e ro in w as se ized f ro m K in zo Y a m a d a , a n o th e r Ja p a n e s e , o n th e J a p a n e s e D airen M a r ti , f ro m D a iren .

O n J u n e 6 th , 1935, tw o p a rce ls , c o n ta in in g 549.50 h e c to g ra m m e s o f “ r e d p il ls ” , w ere seized in th e p o s t office of H s iao -y i, H o n a n . O ne w as s e n t b y th e S h a n g h a i office of Y u T a Co., a n d a d d re s se d to L i Y u n C hi Co., H s ia o -y i, a n d t h e o th e r b y F u H s in Co., T ie n ts in , to K ia n g F u H s in P a in t Co., H siao -y i. S u sp e c t in g t h e p a rce ls to c o n ta in n a rc o t ic s , t h e p o s ta l a u th o r i t ie s s e n t t h e m t o t h e D is t r ic t C o u r t a t K a ife n g fo r e x a m in a t io n . T h is le d to se izu re a n d final d e l iv e ry to th e M il i ta ry C o u r t o f H o n a n Specia l P ac if ic a t io n C om m iss io ne r fo r la w fu l d isposal.

O n J u n e n t h , 1935, th e A d m in is t r a t iv e B u re a u of th e P e ip in g -L ia o n in g R a ilw ay seized o n t r a in No. 401 u n c la im e d ra w o p iu m w eig h in g 9 942 .8 oz ., w h ic h h a d b e e n sh ip p e d b y f r e ig h t f ro m C hengchow , H o n a n , to T ie n ts in . O n th e 1 3 th of t h e sam e m o n th , th e re w as se ized a t th e b ag g ag e ro o m of th e T ie n ts in E a s t S ta t io n u n c la im e d ra w o p iu m a m o u n t in g to 2 278 oz., w h ich h a d also b e e n s e n t f ro m C hengchow , H o n a n , to T ie n ts in . T h e ra w o p iu m seized in b o th cases w as d e l iv e red to th e P r o c u r a to r 's office of th é D is t r ic t C o u r t o f T ie n ts in .

O n J u n e 3 0 th , 1935, th e A d m in is t r a t iv e B u re a u of th e P e ip in g -L ia o n in g R a ilw a y seized a t th e T ie n ts in E a s t s t a t i o n 509 oz. o f u n c la im e d he ro in , w h ich h a d b e e n co ncea led in s id e th ic k p a p e r bo ards . U p o n se izure , i t w a s d e l iv e red to th e P r o c u r a to r 's office of th e D is t r ic t C o u r t o f T ie n ts in . O n th e sam e day , th e r e w a s a g a in seized , in th e b a g g ag e ro o m of th e sa m e s ta t io n , 554.5 oz. of “ w h ite p o w d e r ” , also co ncea led in s id e th ic k p a p e r b o a rd s . T h e d ru g w as su p p o se d to be s e n t f ro m T ie n t s in to S h e n te h , H opei. T he su sp e c t, one C h a n g T ze H s ian g , w hose a d d re s s a n d p ro fess io n w ere u n k n o w n , a f t e r d e l iv e rin g th e p a c k a g e to th e ba g g ag e ro o m , d is a p p e a re d a n d co u ld n o t b e lo c a ted . T h e m e th o d o f sm u g g lin g in b o th cases w as so s t r ik in g ly s im ila r t h a t i t seem s l ik e ly th e sam e o ffen d er w as in v o lv e d .

O n J u ly 19th , 1935, officers o f t h e C u s to m s in C h in w a n g ta o seized a t th e S h a n h a ik u a n R a ilw ay s ta t io n 12 h e c to g ra m m e s o f h e ro in . O n th e 21st , 2 4 th , a n d 2 9 th o f th e sa m e m o n th , 22 h ec to g ra m m e s , 12 h ec to ­g ra m m e s a n d 11 h e c to g ra m m e s o f h e ro in w ere re sp e c t iv e ly se ized a t th e sam e s ta t io n . T h e offenders in all th e se cases w ere K o re a n s .

O n S e p te m b e r n t h , 1935, th e A d m in is t r a t iv e B u re a u of th e P e ip in g -S u iy u a n R a ilw a y ap p re h e n d e d , a t th e s t a t i o n in S u iy u a n , a n a t iv e of C h in -hs ien , S h a n tu n g , n a m e d T sao m o Y u e n , a n d seized 21 c a t t ie s of h e ro in w h ich w ere d e s t in e d fo r T ie n ts in . T h e o ffen der w as t a k e n in c u s to d y jo in t ly b y th e M etro p o li ta n B u re a u of P u b l ic S a fe ty a n d th e D is t r ic t G o v e rn m e n t of S u iy u a n .

O n N o v e m b e r 4 th , 1935, officers of th e C u s to m s in A m oy se ized o n th e B r i t is h M/V A n s h u n , from H o n g -K o n g , 1 220 h e c to g ra m m e s of P e r s ia n ra w o p iu m .

During 1934, in the Municipality of Peiping, there were 199 seizures involving foreigners engaged in trading in narcotic drugs. These foreign illicit traffickers may be classified as follows :

(1) 196 K o re a n s , f ro m w h o m th e fo llow ing k in d s a n d q u a n t i t i e s of n a rc o t ic d ru g s w ere seized :

Hectogrammes

H e ro in ................................................................................................................................. 61.52“ W h i te p o w d e r ” 70.79“ G o ld en p il ls ” ........................................................................................................................ 0.12C oca ine ................................................................................................................................. 6.25M o rp h in e ................................................................................................................................. 0.01N a rc o tic s u b s ta n c e ............................................................................................................. 1.22R e f in e d m o rp h in e .............................................................................................................. 1.57O p i u m .......................................................................................................................................... 269.76

(2) T w o Ja p a n e s e , f ro m w h o m th e fo llow ing k in d s a n d q u a n t i t i e s o f n a rc o t ic d ru g s w ere seized :

Hectogrammes

H e ro in ................................................................................................................................. 0 2 5M o rp h in e ................................................................................................................................. 0.25“ W h i te p o w d e r ” 2.19N a rc o tic s u b s ta n c e ............................................................................................................. 0-23

(3) O ne F re n c h m a n , f ro m w h o m th e fo llow ing k in d s a n d q u a n t i t i e s of n a rc o t ic d ru g s w ere se ized :

Hectogrammes

H e ro in ................................................................................................................................. 1 1 3 - 7 5“ W h i te p o w d e r ” 536 56O p i u m ........................................................................................................................................... 2 5 7 3 .4 4

During 1935, in the Municipality of Peiping, there were seventeen seizures involving foreigners, all Koreans, who were engaged in the illicit trade in narcotic drugs and the drugs seized were as follows :

Hectogrammes

H e ro in ................................................................................................................................. 4 5 - 4 8“ W h i te p o w d e r ” 6.34N a rc o t ic s u b s t a n c e .............................................................................................................. 0 .36O p i u m ............................................................................................................................................ ° - °8

5. During the year, the total amount of opium confiscated and seized was 167 445.30 kg. ; of narcotic drugs, 13 074.22 kg. ; and of auxiliary ingredients for the manufacture of “ red pills ” or for the adulteration of narcotics, such as caffeine, refined sugar, etc., 426.15 kg. The details are given in Tables 10 to 16.

6. As imitation opium and other drugs were seized during the calendar year (see Table 17), it is surmised that a large amount of such imitations are sold in the illicit traffic. However, there is no available information either regarding the degree of adulteration of such drugs or the fluctuation in prices of drugs in the illicit market.

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VI. Other Information.

1. In order to attain thorough and satisfactory results in the work of opium suppression, the policy of prohibition must be supplemented primarily with that of curing opium addiction. To this matter, the Chinese Government has given the utmost attention. In 1934, 597 anti­opium hospitals were reported in existence, including those assisting in the anti-opium work. By the end of the calendar year 1935, there were 964 anti-opium hospitals and 299 other hospitals offering anti-opium treatment, and there were 339 198 persons reported as having been completely cured of their addiction. Generally speaking, there are two methods used for the treatment of addiction, the “ blister ” method and the use of tincture of opium. The use of lecithin, as suggested by Dr. Ma Wen Chao, was not widely adopted on account of its relative high cost. In June 1935, with a view to ascertaining the exact number of smokers as a basis for suppression, the Measures for Registration of Opium-smokers within a Definite Time-limit were promulgated (see Appendix1). The registration of smokers conducted under the supervision of local governments could not be completed in 1935, so the period of registration had to be extended to the following year. The actual number of smokers registered will be used as a basis to determine the number of anti-opium hospitals needed in the provinces. Even in the desolate regions of the interior, hospitals are contemplated for the proper cure of addiction. Furthermore, the anti-opium drugs purchasable in the market and commonly used by the Chinese addicts are invariably found to contain opium, opium dross or even morphia. Such anti-opium drugs should be completely suppressed following the widespread establishment of anti-opium hospitals. Table 18 shows the distribution of anti­opium hospitals and stations in various provinces and municipalities, and also the number of addicts cured and the number of those who were under treatment at the end of the calendar year 1935.

2. Although in various provinces and municipalities many addicts have been completely cured of their habit, yet not infrequently there are persons who have reacquired the habit after having once taken the cure. While the law does not exonerate addicts who commit repeated offences, such persons should not be altogether deprived of sympathy when circum­stances are considered. When a person is an offender for the first time, he is arrested and is sent to a medical institution for compulsory treatment. When he leaves the institution, in many cases he steps back into the same unwholesome environment. Morally and physically weak, he is changed but little by the hospitalisation. Forced to earn a livelihood, he returns to labour in an environment which tempts him to sink again into the vicious pitfall. Even should he be reprimanded by severe laws and kept in imprisonment, it is most difficult to prevent him from reacquiring the old habit.

The narcotic habit is usually acquired at first for the purpose of stimulation by persons in a physically weak condition. Gradually becoming addicted to the drugs, they suffer, not only further physical weakness, but an increasing mental despondency, until, finally, absolute ruin ensues. When the habit of addiction is cured, numerous persons find themselves unable to stand the enormous suffering due to extreme physical and mental weakness. Thus, they desperately seek relief by temporary stimulation, despite the knowledge that the death penalty is inflicted upon repeated offenders. To remedy the situation, on the one hand, provision must be made to force the opium and narcotic offenders to do physical labour for a period, so as to improve their bodies and build up their resistance gradually and unconsciously while they are at work. On the other hand, inspiring talks should be given to the cured to strengthen their moral fibre. Thus, self-reform should bring about a gradual reduction of those voluntary victims who recommit the offence. This plan was first put into effect by the Anti-Opium Hospital of Peiping, but later adopted in many other places. There is indeed a serious problem of rehabilitation, when the opium and narcotic offenders are cured of their habit.

3. In the suppression of opium, while severe punishment and heavy fines must be used so as to bring to the culprits a proper fear of the consequences, it is also necessary, by persuasion and explanation, to point out to the people the dangers of opium-smoking in contrast to the well-being and happiness of non-smokers. In order to bring the addicts to a realisation of their self-ruin and induce them to seek voluntarily a return to normal life, and also to warn those who are not addicted to the habit never to become so, the Government has paid particular attention to the work of publicity. During the year, besides making full use, from time to time, of handbills, slogans, posters and public speeches as instruments of publicity, the Government sponsored pictorial and essay contests in the interests of opium suppression among primary and middle school students in Shanghai and Nanking, in order to arouse the enthusiasm of young people in the fight against the opium and narcotic evils. In various provinces and municipalities, special anti-opium and anti-drugs weeks were set aside for conducting campaigns to bring home to the people the strong determination of the Government : first, to eradicate the opium scourge ; second, to stress the danger involved in the manufacture of, and trafficking in, opium and narcotic drugs ; and, lastly, to point out the disastrous effects of opium-smoking on the human body. All forms of assistance at the disposal of registered smokers for a complete cure were also given wide publicity. To take full charge of this valuable side of the propaganda work, all the opium suppression organisations have now assigned special officers.

4. At the eighteenth session of the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs, the Spanish and American delegates strongly protested against the enormous

1 See N ote , page 20.

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importation into China of caffeine and acid acetic anhydride, believing that there must have existed in the country a considerable number of clandestine factories of drugs. Upon receipt of a report from the Chinese delegate, the former National Opium Suppression Commission at once took the matter up with the Ministry of Finance and requested detailed information. In reply, the Ministry of Finance stated that, in the past, the Customs administration, consider­ing these two substances as no different from any other commodity, had not kept a special register of the importation of caffeine and acid acetic anhydride, and that it was therefore not in a position to furnish exact figures for such imports into China every year. However, the National Opium Suppression Commission came to an understanding with the Ministry of Finance whereby, beginning from the year 1935, the Customs administration would keep special registers for the importation of caffeine and acid acetic anhydride, and would submit periodical reports to the Opium Suppression Administration. (For the importation and distribution of acid acetic anhydride and of caffeine during 1935, see Tables 19 to 22.)

According to Customs figures, which are indisputably reliable, the amount of acid acetic anhydride imported into China during the first quarter of 1935 (January to March inclusive) was much less than that which was reported by the American representative.

A m erican r e p re s e n ta t iv e 's C hinese C u s to m s’

figure figure

K g . Kg.

S h a n g h a i .................... . . , , . , 1 257 1 258O th e r p o r t s ...................... ...................... 4 542 T ie n ts in 1 850

A m o y ............................................................. 2

T o t a l .......................................... 5 799 3 110

F ro m J a p a n . . , * ». , , , , 4 515 3 102th e U n i te d K in g d o m ; . 2

,, U .S .A . . . . . . . . . 1G e r m a n y .......................................... 30 S

,, F ra n c e .......................................... 1 250

T o t a l .......................................... 5 799 3 n o

5. The preventive work in the country is, to a large extent, under the charge of the provincial and municipal Public Safety Bureaux, the Customs guards and the preventive forces of the railways. In addition, the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau maintains a special preventive force, with headquarters within the Bureau, called the Preventive Department for the prevention of smuggling. This Preventive Department, composed of three sections under a chief, has complete control of the work of prevention.

The field work is carried out as follows :

(a) For the important outposts, a special preventive officer is stationed, under whom one or two field stations are established ;

(b) For the less important outposts, an inspector is stationed.

At present there are fourteen special preventive officers, five inspectors and eighteen field stations. Realising that armed forces were necessary to carry out efficiently the work of prevention, the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau established in April 1934 a special battalion of opium suppression guards. The Chief of the Preventive Department was appointed the commanding officer of the battalion. This battalion, which is organised on a military basis, consisting of 3 802 officers and men, was divided and stationed at various outposts. In addition, the local gendarmes assist in the work of prevention. There are three battalions of such gendarmes, stationed at Loyang (Honan), Shasi (Hupeh) and Hou Hsien (Anhwei).

Smuggling along the upper Yangtse River is known to be rampant and difficult to check. The long stretch of water, the enormous width of the river and the numerous side streams and creeks afford the smugglers easy opportunities, by means of small craft, to ply to and from the interior, cruising beyond the reach of the land preventive force. To solve this difficulty, the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau put into service in 1935 three armed vessels to assist in the preventive work.

The monthly expenditure on the Preventive Force, both administrative and field work, amounts to $83 340 ; about 10% covers the expenses of the headquarters and 90% the work in the field. The distribution appears to be adequate. In the two years 1934-1935, there were 13 588 cases of seizure in opium and 368 cases of seizure in narcotic drugs.

B. Raw Materials.

VII. Raw Opium.

1. The estimated area in the country under poppy cultivation during 1935 was 1 784 733 mou, being much less compared with 1934. As this figure was not obtained by an actual cadastral survey, the area is not reported in hectares. (See Table 23.)

2. The total amount of opium produced during the year is estimated to be 106 179 285 Chinese ounces (roughly speaking, about 4 147 tons). By chemical analysis, the morphine

— 12

contents of different kinds of raw opium produced in China vary considerably. The following shows the percentage of morphine contained in each kind of anhydrous opium :

o//o

K a n s u o p iu m ....................................................................................................................... 13.90Y u n n a n o p iu m ....................................................................................................................... 10.90K w e ic h o w o p i u m ....................................................................................................................... 10.70S z e c h u a n o p i u m ....................................................................................................................... 6 .96S h e n s i o p iu m ....................................................................................................................... 5 .70

3. The opium produced in China has never been standardised and therefore there is no such article as standardised opium in China. What the Chinese Government has so far contemplated and carried out is only governmental control over production, transportation, sale and consumption of opium. There is no Government monopoly ; in other words, the Government does not prepare opium, nor does it standardise any opium.

4. There has been no important change in economic and social development in the provinces where poppy cultivation is still temporarily permitted according to the regulations. Following the gradual reduction in the area of production, the quantity of opium produced has taken a downward trend. In areas where poppy cultivation has been stamped out according to schedule, different kinds of substitute crops have been introduced to suit the diversified conditions of different provinces ; the substitute crops being, in general, cotton, cereals, etc.

5. No statistics are available as to the number of persons engaged in poppy cultivation, especially in illicit cultivation.

6. With regard to the amount of revenue derived either directly or indirectly from opium, a detailed investigation is being carried out, and, until the investigation is completed, the amount collected during 1935 cannot be ascertained. Whatever amount of revenue is collected from opium is only regarded as temporary and not as a source of national revenue. Such being the case, it can be stopped at any time without difficulty, as soon as the task of opium suppression is completed. The Chinese Government is definitely determined not to forsake the great task of opium suppression, which is so vitally concerned with the uplifting of the nation, for the revenue from opium.

On the other hand, a large portion of whatever revenue is so derived is used for the work of suppression. While the revenue is decreasing from year to year following the gradual reduction of the production and consumption of opium, the suppression expenses are increasing. The increasing number of anti-opium hospitals, the constant expansion of preventive forces, and the intensive work of suppression in the provinces and municipalities have all entailed a growing expenditure. There should be positively no fear that the opium revenue in China will be a factor calculated to retard the work of opium suppression.

7. Poppy plants (straw, seeds and oil) are not made use of in China other than to produce opium, and the straws have not, as far as it is known, been used as raw material for the manufacture of opium alkaloids.

VIII. Coca Leaf.

No coca leaf is produced in China.

IX. Indian Hemp.

Only a very small quantity is grown in Sinkiang. On each leaf, there is a coat of velvet­like substance which is scraped off, mixed with tobacco, and used by the natives. In 1934, the Chinese Government issued circular instructions to the provinces and municipalities for the suppression of Indian hemp.

C. Manufactured Drugs.

X. Internal Control of Manufactured Drugs.

1. (a) Narcotic drugs for medical and scientific uses in the country during the year were all purchased from foreign countries. There was no legitimate manufacture of narcotic drugs.

(b) Diacetylmorphine is controlled in the same manner as any of the other drugs.(c) Articles 13 and 14 (Chapter V) of the Limitation Convention of 1931 have all been duly

enforced in China.2. Licences.— (a) No licences have been issued during the year for the manufacture,

including refining, of the drugs covered by the Geneva Convention of 1925 and the Limitation Convention of 1931.

(b) Likewise, no licences have been issued during the year for the trade in dangerous drugs covered by the above-mentioned Conventions.

3. Manufacture.—No factories have been authorised in China to manufacture the drugs ; the Government has nothing to answer to questions (a) to (c) inclusive.

— 13 —

4- Trade and Distribution.— The. trade of narcotic drugs for legitimate uses has been described under I, (b), of Administration, but the measures provided for controlling the trade in the drugs are only applicable to Chinese pharmacies and Chinese doctors. The Chinese Government is unable to control the drugs, for legitimate use or otherwise, in the hands of any wholesalers, pharmacies, pharmacists, doctors, dentists, veterinarians, and others, situated or domiciled in foreign concessions or leased territories. Regulations governing patent medicines and for supervising pharmaceutical dealers have been issued in China. It is expected that, through diplomatic procedure, the Chinese Government will be invested with similar powers and jurisdiction over aliens within the foreign concessions and leased territories.

D. Other Questions.

XI. Chapter I V of The Hague Opium Convention of 1912.

As to the execution of the provisions of Chapter IV of the Hague Convention, the Chinese Government has nothing to add to the information already submitted as a reply to the questionnaire drawn up by the Permanent Sub-Committee (C. L.69 f 5 ). 1934.XI).

XII. Prepared Opium.

The use of prepared opium is not prohibited in China and there is no information to supply in reply to questions 1 to 4 inclusive.

XIII. Other Drugs.

Beyond what has been mentioned in the foregoing sections, there are no facts of importance to record, and the Chinese Government has taken no new action during the year.

Table 1 . — C a s e s o f I l l i c i t M a n u f a c t u r e o f N a r c o t i c D r u g s i n V a r i o u s P r o v i n c e s

a n d M u n i c i p a l i t i e s .

„ , . . . . . . . . r P rin c ip a ls AccomplicesP r o v i n c e s a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s N u m b e r o i c a s e s ,

Male F em ale Male Fem ale

K i a n g s u .................................................... 15 2 9 1 0 21 5C h e k i a n g .................................................... 2 0 3 1 3 11 3H o n a n ................................................................ 8 17 — 12 1K i a n g s i .................................................... 2 4 — — —H u p e h ................................................................ 1 — — 1 —S h a n t u n g .................................................... 3 2 2 — —S u i y u a n .................................................... 2 6 — 3 —T i e n t s i n .................................................... 1 — — i r —S h a n g h a i .................................................... 5 1 3 2 — —

T o t a l ........................................ 5 7 1 0 2 1 7 5 9 9

T h e r e w a s n o c a s e o f i l l i c i t m a n u f a c t u r e o f n a r c o t i c d r u g s d u r i n g 1 9 3 5 i n S h a n s i , S h e n s i , K a n s u , A n h w e i , t h e M u n i c i p a l i t i e s o f P e i p i n g a n d T s i n g t a o a n d t h e S p e c i a l D i s t r i c t o f W e i - H a i - W e i , a s r e p o r t e d f r o m t h e s e p r o v i n c e s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a n d t h e s p e c i a l d i s t r i c t c o n c e r n e d .

Table 2 . — C a s e s o f I l l i c i t T r a f f i c i n O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s i n V a r i o u s P r o v i n c e s a n d

M u n i c i p a l i t i e s .

Provinces and municipalities

K i a n g s u .................................................

C h e k ia n g .......................................

H o n a n .................................................

H u p eh .................................................

A n h w e i .................................................

K i a n g s i .................................................

F u k ie n ...................................................

H u n a n ...................................................

S z e c h u a n .........................................

K w eich ow .......................................

Carried forward ...................

Kind of cases 1

( A I B

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

A B

Number of cases

3 2 6

311012 6 0

2 8

151 5 3

1 0

2 81

562

8 9

4

525

SU

6

1 8 2 3

32 3

Male

43642

1 0 44 0 7

3 32 9

1 4 91 0

3 i3

6 7

4

872

6 6 3

5 3 3

4 6

2 1 4 9

4 9 7

OffendersFemale

8 4

72 2

58117

31

21

58

19967

Total

5204 9

1264 6 5

3 430

15610

3 1

3

7 0

4

9 0

3

6 8 4

5 9 1

4 6

2 3 4 8

564

1 A denotes opium cases and B cases of narcotic drugs.

— i6 —

T ab le 9 . — C a s e s o f N a r c o t i c O f f e n d e r s d e a l t w i t h b y V a r i o u s P r o v i n c e s a n dM u n i c i p a l i t i e s .

N umber N um ber Action T aken

Provinces and municipalities of cases1

of offen­ders 1 Fine

Imprison- Lifemprison- Death

penaltyUnder Compulsory arrest treatment

Pending on December 3 is t , 1935

Acquit

K i a n g s u ............................... 2 5 5 7 4 3 ° 2 31844C h e k ia n g ...................... 1 607 2 768 1 7 119 9 1 779

H o n a n ................................ i 3 5 4 I 5 3 8 130 5 112 4 9 920 269 5 3H u p e h ............................... 7 7 8 7 76 i 10A n h w e i ............................... 8 2 3 3 I 8 8 3K i a n g s i ............................... 12 29 12 I 3 7 6F u k ie n 2 . . 1 3 1 3 4 0 4S h a n t u n g ............................... 3 780 6 042 8 263 520 5 1 9 9 5 2

S h a n s i . . ...................... 4 863 5 5 8 3 5 4 7 7 106S hensi ................................ 6 1 3 2 5 6S u i y u a n ................................ 8 26 I 1 12 4 8S z e c h u a n ............................... 4 7 2 2 1 2P e i p i n g ................................ 3 1 7 1 4 804 8O 3 6 4 633 7 1 11T i e n t s i n ............................... 7 8 5 965 965S h a n g h a i ...................... 4 1 3 7 5 8 1 5 1 3 3 424 I 7 7N a n k i n g ............................... 900 1 449 l8 9 27 5 8 1 1 7 5T s i n g t a o ............................... i 4 3 8 3 3 5 ° 3 2 5 1 9 9W e i - H a i - W e i ...................... 283 402 59 5 5 1 7 3 1 1 5W u c h a n g -H a n k o w G a r r i s o n

26H e a d q u a r te r s 123 223 4 7 3 15 132

T o ta l ...................... 21 520 32 7 ° 9 07 6 5 ° 3 50 9 9 4 8 6 16 5 j 5 2 4 3 7 1 4 5 0

Table 1 0 . — Q u a n t i t y o f I l l i c i t O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s s e i z e d b y V a r i o u s P r o v i n c e s a n dM u n i c i p a l i t i e s .

Provinces and municipalities

K ia n g su ......................C h e k ia n g ......................H o n a n ................................H u p e h ................................A n h w e i ......................K ia n g s i ......................F u k ie n ......................H u n a n ......................S ze c h u a n ......................K w e i c h o w ......................S h a n s i ................................S h a n tu n g ......................S h e n s i ................................K a n s u ................................C h a rh a r ......................S u iy u a n ......................P e ip in g ......................T ie n t s in ......................T s in g ta o ......................S h a n g h a i ......................W e i-H a i-W e iN a n k in g ......................W u c h a n g -H a n k o w

G a rr iso n H e a d q u a r te r s

Opium Heroin

(In k ilo g ram m es .)

Mor- “W hite “ Golden phine pow der” pills”

Red and white pills”

Cocaine “ Flower Auxiliarytab le ts ’ ingre­

dientsOthers

2 015.40 0 - 3 7 0 . 9 9 0.01 4.7011 734.90 134.08 23.80 5 6 4 4 .9 6 63.50

1 982.50 15-23 149.82 33.65i 4 5 3 - 5 0 0.22 5.02

445.80 O.O7639.40 5 - 2 4529-30 1.42 1.60

23 819.3023 703-90

742.0025 283.60 304.01

1 363.40 27.97 0.12 0.08 8 3 - 7 5 123.66 3 0 1 2 .2 06 780.90I 251.60

193.902 620.20 2.10 8.40

789.30 23.7O 0.02 24.21 5 - 7 5 8.09832.10 0.05 48.67 6.00227.40 S - N 2.30

60.70 2.42 I 4 - I 3 2 2 9 . 7 530.70 0 .64 1.10

5 - 3 0 3-66

558.30 12.85 I 2 7 - 7 5 5 5 3 -4 ° 0.40

0 . 2 28 . 1 2

4 - 9 9

7 2 . 5 0

1 6 . 9 0

T o t a l ...................... 107 063.40 228.95 175.60 81.37 393.51 6 7 1 4 .2 3 33.65 3 0 1 2 .2 0 77.99 io e .73

Table 1 1 . — Q u a n t i t y o f O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s ( E x p o r t s , I m p o r t s a n d I n l a n d T r a f f i c )s e i z e d b y C u s t o m s .

( In k i lo g ra m m e s .)

K inds I llic it ex p o rts I l l ic it im p o rts In la n d traffic T o ta l

R a w o p i u m .................................................... 760.59 226.49 2 683 .47 3 670.55P re p a r e d o p iu m ......................................... 255.31 10.57 132.18 398.06O p iu m d ross a n d m ix tu re ...................... 5.17 0 .2 s 1 1 4 s . 6 6 1351 .08C ru d e m o rp h in e ......................................... 4 .73 4.73M orp h in e ................................................... n . 7 5 8.79 20.54D ia c e t y lm o r p h in e ......................................... 0 .04 0 .4 0 3H e ro in ............................................................ 96 .18 8.57 104.75C o d e i n e ............................................................ 2 .72 2.72C o c a i n e ............................................................. 5 .30 5.30“ R e d p ills ” ................................................... 0 .09 106.18 106.27“ W h ite p ills ” 134.68 134.68P o p p y s e e d s ........................................................................... 14.00 14.00M edic ines c o n ta in in g n a rco t ic s . . . . 69 .40 0.27 90.28 1 5 9 - 9 5

D u rin g 1935, th e r e w ere also seized b y v a r io u s C u s to m s 1 493 a m p o u le s of m e d ic in es c o n ta in in g n a rc o t ic s fo r h y p o d e rm ic in je c t io n s . T h e y are n o t in c lu d e d in th e a b o v e t a b le b ecau se th e y a re in d if fe ren t u n its .

1 T h e n u m b er of cases a n d th e n u m b er of offenders in these tw o co lum ns re p re se n t all th e cases an d offenders respectively re la tin g to m an u fac tu re , tra n s p o r ta t io n , sale a n d co n su m p tio n of n a rco tic drugs.

1 U nder th e h ead ing of “ A ction ta k e n ” , rep o rts from K iangsu a n d F u k ien only gave th e n u m b er of dea th penalties w ith o u t o th e r classification.

3 T h is figure does n o t correspond w ith th e figure for illic it im ports.

— 17 —

T able 1 2 . — Q u a n t i t y o f I l l i c i t O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s s e i z e d b y R a i l w a y s .

( I n k ilo g ram m e s .)

Railways Opium ^ x t u r e s Heroin MorPhille Win te Red Whlte Cocaine containingmixtures powder” p i l l s ” p i l l s ” narcotics ln8redients

N a n k in g -S h a n g h a i a n dS h a n g h a i -H a n g c h o w . . 357.72 15.68 0 .02 105.00 19.46

L u n g h a i ................................ 732.93 21.04 1.79 40.01P e i p i n g - S u i y u a n ...................... 880.09 12.53 1.20K ia o c h o w -T s in a n . . . . 1.34 22.38 0.11 12.53 63 .29P e i p i n g - L i a o n i n g ...................... 838.86 28.56 0 .02 55.07H u n a n - H u p e h S ec tio n , C an-

to n - H a n k o w R a ilw a y . . 142.91T i e n t s i n - P u k o w ...................... 386.36 4 .30 3 .04 29.90 8 .40 9 .18 215.62 17.54P e i p i n g - H a n k o w ...................... 120.66 26.88 15.35 23 .94 33.65

T o ta l ..........................3 4 6 0 .8 7 47.72 72.91 45 .6 0 80 .04 9 .18 344 .56 46 .18 120.84 19.46

T able 13.— Q u a n t i t y o f I l l i c i t O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s s e i z e d b y P o s t O f f i c e s .

P o s t offices Opium

K i a n g s u .......................................... 8.51C h e k ia n g ................................ 1.20H o n a n .......................................... 170.46H u p e h .......................................... 100.33A n h w e i 12.29K i a n g s i .......................................... 3.55F u k ie n .......................................... 3.92H o p e i ......................................... 25.62S h a n t u n g .......................................... 76.57S h a n s i ......................................... 12.53H u n a n ......................................... 42 .99K w a n g tu n g ................................ 0 .81K w a n g s i .......................................... 1.50Y u n n a n .......................................... 1.09K w eicho w ................................ 0 .26K a n su .......................................... 15.60S h en s i ......................................... 349.04K i a n g s u - A n h w e i ...................... 15.30S h a n g h a i ................................ 0 .01P e i p i n g .......................................... 23.72E a s t S z e c h u a n ...................... 25.77

T o ta l ...................... 891.07

( I n k i lo g ra m m e s .)

H e ro in M orphine Codeine

3 3 6 7

6 . 7 70.03

0.05

40.52

0.07

o. 192.72

5.75

6.01 2.72

“ W hite pills ”

202.200 .07

8 5 - 4 72.40

“ W h ite pow der ”

11.050 - 5 5

A uxilia rying red ien ts

1 6 8 . 7 01 3 2 . 4 1

0 . 4 0

2 2 . 1 4

5 - 4 5

301.74 0.40 328.70

Table 1 4 . — Q u a n t i t y o f I l l i c i t O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s s e i z e d b y t h e O p i u m S u p p r e s s i o nS u p e r v i s o r y B u r e a u i n 1 9 3 5 .

( I n k i l o g r a m m e s . )

M o n t h s O p i u m O p i u m m i x t u r e J J p h f n e m o r p h i n e " R e d P iU s ”

J a n u a r y ................................................................ 7 0 8 9 . 6 5 9 0 . 9 4 1 6 8 o . nF e b r u a r y .................................................... 1 7 8 8 . 1 3 1 4 7 . 1 9 1 5 - 3 3 0 . 0 4M a r c h ................................................................ 3 8 6 7 . 9 4 1 2 1 . 6 0 1 6 . 4 9 2 . 7 2A p r i l ................................................................ 2 8 3 6 . 6 2 2 9 7 . 4 3 1 9 . 1 0 0 . 3 7 2 . 5 4M a y ............................................................................. 2 2 1 5 . 0 3 2 8 2 . 0 3 3 0 . 7 0 o . 11 2 7 . 8 6J u n e ................................................................ 2 6 5 4 . 4 6 2 4 5 . 3 2 2 8 . 5 0 2 . 1 6J u l y ............................................................................ 3 6 4 2 . 2 3 1 4 4 . 6 9 3 9 - 9 9

A u g u s t ................................................................ 5 8 9 4 . 5 6 2 4 1 . 9 3 6 . 1 6S e p t e m b e r .................................................... 3 5 6 2 . 4 5 2 6 8 . 4 1 3 8 - 2 7 7 . 5 0O c t o b e r ................................................................ 6 0 3 5 . 0 7 2 1 2 . 1 3 1 0 . 9 7 1 1 . 0 4N o v e m b e r .................................................... 5 9 4 8 . 6 0 8 8 1 . 0 3 1 . 1 4 1 . 6 8D e c e m b e r .................................................... 6 4 2 6 . 6 1 4 8 1 . 5 4 1 5 0 0 2 . 6 5

T o t a l ........................................ 5 1 9 6 1 . 3 5 3 4 1 4 - 2 4 2 2 3 . 3 3 3 - 3 5 5 5 - 4 3

Table 1 5 . — T o t a l Q u a n t i t y o f I l l i c i t O p i u m a n d N a r c o t i c D r u g s s e i z e d i n C h i n a i n 1 9 3 5 .

( I n k i l o g r a m m e s . )

O p i u mP r o v i n c e s q -f

K i n d s a n d m u n i c i p a - C u s t o m s R a i l w a y s P o s t o ff ices g P P r e s s , o n T o t a l

l i t i e s -£ o r yB u r e a u

O p i u m ................................................................. 1 0 7 0 6 3 . 4 0 4 0 6 8 . 6 1 3 4 6 0 . 8 7 8 9 1 . 0 7 5 1 9 6 1 . 3 5 1 6 7 4 4 5 . 3 0I m i t a t i o n o p i u m a n d d r u g s . . 1 3 5 1 . 0 8 4 7 . 7 2 3 4 1 4 . 2 4 4 8 1 3 . 0 4

H e r o i n .................................................... 2 2 8 . 9 5 i o 4 - 7 5 7 2 -9 i 4 ° - 5 2 4 4 7 . 1 3C r u d e m o r p h i n e ........................................ 4 - 7 3 2 2 3 . 3 3 2 2 8 . 0 6M o r p h i n e .................................................... 1 7 5 . 6 8 2 0 . 5 4 4 5 . 6 0 6 . 0 1 3 . 3 5 2 5 1 . 1 8

C o d e i n e .................................................... 2 . 7 2 2 . 7 2 5 - 4 4

C o c a i n e .................................................... 3 3 - 6 5 5 -3 ° 4 6 . 1 8 8 5 . 1 3“ R e d a n d w h i t e p i l l s ” . . . . 6 7 1 4 . 2 3 2 4 0 . 9 5 3 5 3 . 7 4 3 0 1 . 7 4 5 5 . 4 3 7 6 6 6 . 0 9P o p p y s e e d s ........................................ 1 4 . 0 0 1 4 . 0 0

M e d i c i n e s c o n t a i n i n g n a r c o t i c s . . 1 5 9 - 9 5 1 2 0 . 8 4 2 8 0 . 7 9“ W h i t e p o w d e r ” ............................ 8 1 . 3 7 8 0 . 0 4 0 . 4 0 1 6 1 . 8 1

“ G o l d e n p i l l s ” ........................................ 3 9 3 -5 1 3 9 3 - 5 1“ F l o w e r t a b l e t s ” ............................ 3 0 1 2 . 2 0 3 0 1 2 . 2 0A u x i l i a r y i n g r e d i e n t s . . . . 7 7 - 9 9 1 9 - 4 6 3 2 8 . 7 0 4 2 6 . 1 5O t h e r s ................................................................ 1 0 2 . 7 3 1 0 2 . 7 3

— i8 —

Tab le 1 6 . — Q u a n t i t y o f A u x i l i a r y I n g r e d i e n t s f o r m a k i n g N a r c o t i c P r e p a r a t i o n s s e i z e d

i n C h i n a i n 1 9 3 5 -

Kinds Kg.

I n g r e d ie n t s fo r m a k in g “ r e d p il ls ” 4 I - 7 7C a f f e i n e ........................................................................................................................................... 100.44R e f in e d s u g a r ................................................................................................................................. 98.01M ilk s u g a r ................................................................................................................................. 3 9 - 5 3M ilk p o w d e r ................................................................................................................................. 87.50S t r y c h n in e ................................................................................................................................. 5 - 4 5W h ite p o iso n o u s p o w d e r .................................................................................................... 5 3 - 4 5

T o ta l ........................................................................................................................ 426.15

T able 1 7 . — Q u a n t i t y o f I m i t a t i o n O p i u m a n d D r u g s s e i z e d i n 1 9 3 5 .

Seized by Kg.C u s t o m s ........................................................................................................................................... i 3 5 1-08R a i lw a y s ................................................................................................................................. 4 7 -7 2O p iu m S u p p re s s io n S u p e rv iso ry B u re a u ...................................................................... 3 4 1 4 .2 4

T o ta l ....................................................................................................................... 4 8 1 3 .0 4

Table 1 8 . — A n t i - o p i u m H o s p i t a l s a n d S t a t i o n s a n d t h e N u m b e r o f A d d i c t s c u r e d a n d u n d e rT r e a t m e n t a t t h e E n d o f 1 9 3 5 .

P r o v i n c e s a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s

K i a n g s u ....................................................C h e k i a n g ....................................................A n h w e i ....................................................H u p e h ................................................................H u n a n ....................................................S h a n t u n g ....................................................S h a n s i ................................................................S h e n s i ................................................................S z e c h u a n .....................................................K w e i c h o w ....................................................K i a n g s i ....................................................H o n a n . . . . - ........................................H o p e i ............................ ............................K a n s u ................................................................F u k i e n ....................................................N i n g s h i a ....................................................C h a r h a r ....................................................C h i n g h a i ....................................................N a n k i n g ....................................................P e i p i n g ....................................................S h a n g h a i ....................................................T i e n t s i n ....................................................T s i n g t a o ....................................................W e i - H a i - W e i ........................................

T o t a l ....................................................

Anti-opium hospitals

and stations

Other hospitals .

Addictscured

Addictsunder

trea tm e n t

61 79 658 2 129

4 7 9 1 IO 985 1 3 961 8 9 2134 5 7 4 48 647

1 5 2 15 5 4 °7 8 3 5 3 5 293 7 5 4

106 7 23066 1 22 180 5073 9 2 3 7 2 3 3 9 2

4 7 4119 i 5 5 ° 522109 16 974 3 086130 32 1 4 9

19 3 310 1071 7

10 4 1 1 75 8 9

5 2502 14 831 4822 9 297 2684 1 7 6 886 3262 7 7 9 0 3613 9 243 1652 3 2 3 15

964 2 9 9 3 3 9 198 9 253

Table 1 9 . — T o t a l I m p o r t s o f A c i d A c e t i c A n h y d r i d e i n t o C h i n a i n 1 9 3 5 .

P erio d

F ro m J a n u a r y to J u n e in c lu s ive F ro m J u ly to D ecem ber inc lusive

G ra n d t o t a l

( In k ilo g ram m es .)

G erm an yUnited

Kingdom0.501.00

1 . 5 0

U n itedS ta te s

7 - 7 7

7 - 7 7

572-2428.94

601.18

J a p a n

9 181.00 15511.88

24 692.88

D airen

1 050.002 5 I 5 -°°

Total

10803.7418064.59

3 5 6 5 .0 0 28 868.33

Table 2 0 . — D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A c i d A c e t i c A n h y d r i d e i m p o r t e d i n 1 9 3 5 .

( In k ilo g ram m es .)

P o r t of en try D istributionT i e n t s i n ............................................................. J a p a n e s e p h a rm a c ie s

J a p a n e se Y a n g H o n g M atch c o m p a n ie s G e rm a n Y a n g H o n g In d u s t r i a l c o m p a n ie s

S h a n g h a i ................................................... P h a rm a c ie sAs ra w m a te r i a l fo r in d u s t ry B u sin ess firm s H o s p i ta ls a n d schools

H a n k o w ............................................................. J a p a n e s e Y a n g H o n gS in g H u a Co.

T s i n g t a o ............................................................. J a p a n e s e Y a n g H o n gJ a p a n e se p h a rm a c ie s

A m o y ............................................................. U n iv e rs i ty of A m o yJ a p a n e s e s to re s

Am ount 12 469.00 9 4 2 5 - 6 9 2 500.00

570 -651.00

1 269.85 600.50250.0017.25

1 000.00 o. 11

720.00 40.00

2.272.00

Total am ount

24 966.34

2 137.60

1 000.11

760.00

4.27

28 868.32

— i 9 —

T ab le 2 1 .— T o t a l I m p o r t s o f C a f f e i n e i n t o C h i n a i n 1935.

( I n k ilo g ram m e s .)

Period N ether- lands England G erm any Ja p a n France Hong-

Kong Dairen U n­known Total

F ro m J a n u a r y to J u n ei n c l u s i v e ......................

F ro m J u ly t o D e c e m b e r i n c l u s i v e ......................

6 361.26

2 9 7 0 .7 3

1 7 - 3 1

28.25

7 712.16

5 224.30

1 731.86

1 277.00

0.25

1.00

2.30

6.84

4 9 4 - 5 0

181.70 45.00

16 319.66

9 7 3 4 - 8 3

G ra n d t o t a l 9 3 3 1 - 9 9 4 5 - 5 6 1 2 9 3 6 .4 6 3 008 .86 1-25 9.14 676.20 45.00 2 6 0 5 4 .4 9

T ab le 22 .— D i s t r i b u t i o n o f C a f f e i n e i m p o r t e d i n 1935.

( I n k ilo g ram m es .)

P o r t of en try D istribu tion A m ount

T i e n t s i n ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 11 693.80P h a rm a c ie s 1 4 72 .76B u siness firm s 748.83

S h a n g h a i ................................................... B u sin ess firm s 579 5 .41Y a n g H o n g 1 453-79P h a rm a c ie s 1020 .13S chools 56.25U n k n o w n 1 361.38

C a n to n ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 935.30A rm y h o s p i ta ls 45.00P h a rm a c ie s 9 .36

T s i n g t a o ............................................................. P h a rm a c ie s 485.20B u siness firm s 340.20

A m o y ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 186.20S to re s 66.02P h a rm a c ie s 59.26

H a n k o w ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 181.00S chools 0.11H o sp i ta ls 0 .06

L u n k o w ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 63.35J a p a n e s e m e rc h a n ts 8.65S to res 7.70U n k n o w n 6.90

P e i p i n g ............................................................. Y a n g H o n g 45.36

M acao ............................................................. B u sin ess firm s 9.14

C haochow ................................................... Y a n g H o n g 1.10H o sp i ta ls 1.00

C h u n g k i a n g ................................................... H o s p i ta ls 1.00

M e n g t s z ............................................................. H o sp i ta ls 0.25

Total am ount

I 3 9 I 5 - 3 9

9 686.96

989.66

825.40

311.48

181.17

86.604 5 - 3 6

9 .14

2.10 1.00

0.25

2 6 05 4 .51

Table 2 3 .— A c r e a g e o f P o p p y C u l t i v a t i o n a n d Q u a n t i t y o f O p i u m P r o d u c t i o n i n 1934 a n d 1935 i n t h e P r o v i n c e s u n d e r G r a d u a l P r o h i b i t i o n . 1

Provinces1934

AcreageH ectares

in mou 2

1935S zech u an . . 5 4 7 5 0 0 (33 6 3 8 ) 372 3° oN in g sh ia . . 2 9 8 9 0 0 ( z 8 3 6 4 ) 1 7 8 5 0 0

S hensi 4 3 0 3 2 1 (26 439 ) 3 6 0 6 4 6

K a n su 493 315 ( 3 0 3 0 9 ) 3 6 1 0 4 7S u iy u a n . . 1 7 1 542 ( 1 0 5 4 0 ) 1 3 7 7 0 0

K w eichow 663 553 ( 4 0 7 6 9 ) 374 54 °

Production in Chinese 3 ounces

Hectares

(22 874) (10967) (22 158) (22 183)

(8 460) (23 012)

193481 175 000 11 956 000 17 222 840 14 800 000

3 762 037 39 813 192

Kg.

(3 068 415) ( 4 5 1 9 3 7 ) (651 023)( 5 5 9 4 4 ° ) (142 205)

(1 5 0 4 9 3 9 )

193 5

48 400 000 7 140 000

1 4 4 2 5 840 10 8 3 1 4 1 0 2 909 629

22 472 406

Kg.

(1 829 520) (269 892)( 5 4 5 297) (409 427) (109984) ( 8 4 9 4 5 7 )

T o ta l . . 2 6 0 5 1 3 1 ( 1 6 0 0 5 9 ) 1 7 8 4 7 3 3 (109654) 1 6 8 7 2 9 0 6 9 (6 3 7 7 9 5 9 ) 1 0 6 1 7 9 2 8 5 (4 0 1 3 5 7 7 )

1 The Chinese Government, in a letter to the Secretary-General, dated Jan u ary 21st, 1937, gave the following figures for Y unnan during 1935 : Production, 13 507 422 Chinese ounces (510 581 kg.) : area, 675 371 mou (41 495 hectares).

(The figures for hectares and kilogrammes have been calculated by th e Secretariat.)= One mou is equivalent to about a s ix th of an acre (or 0.01644 hectare).3 16 Chinese ounces equal to 1 ca tty : 1 600 catties equal to 1 ton. (1 Chinese ounce equal to 1 tael = 37.8 grammes.)

— 20 —

NOTE.

The appendix to the report, containing a translation furnished by the Chinese Government of certain laws and regulations issued during 1935, is filed for reference in the archives of the Secretariat.

One copy of these texts is being circulated to Governments separately in accordance with the provisions of Article 21 of the Limitation Convention of 1931.

The titles of the laws and regulations are as follows :

I. Measures for the General Detection and Suppression of Poppy Cultivation (pro­mulgated March 18th, 1935).

II . Measures for the Registration of Opium-smokers within a Definite Time-limit (promulgated June 15th, 1935).

I I I . Regulations providing for the Organisation of Opium Suppression Commissions of Provinces and Municipalities, and Opium Suppression Sub-Commissions of Districts (promulgated on June 15th, 1935).

IV . Regulations providing for the Organisation of the Central Commission for Opium Suppression under the Headquarters of the President of the Military Council (promulgated on November 20th, 1935).

V. Measures for the Participation of the Opium Suppression Supervisory Bureau in the Division of Narcotics of the National Hygienic Laboratory.