trademarks unfair competition

8/10/2019 Trademarks Unfair Competition

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T R A D E M A R K S A N D U N F A I R C O M P E T I T I O N

Professor Landau, GSU COL Spring !!"Ofce: UL 412, Denite Ofce Hours are Wednesdays 1.30-5 and riday 1-2.30404.!51.20"4

#$andau%&su.edu'send (i# e#ai$ as (i&( )riority*

+a# i$$ e ta/e (o#e ea#, s(ort anser uestions, it( 1-2 s(ort essays 1 day any day durin& t(e ea# )eriod

TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT AND UNFAIR COMPETITION ACTION#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%

&'AT IS A TM($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)

&'AT IS A COP*RIG'T($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$+

&'AT IS A PATENT UTILIT* PATENTS-($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.!

&'AT AND &'OM DO TRADEMARKS PROTECT($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.!

General principles of unfair competition (Restatement 3d, Unfair Competition)............10

International News Serice (INS) . !ssociated "ress (1#1$)..........................................11

C%ene& 'ros. . oris Sil* Corp. (1#30)..........................................................................11

DO67+ O 87O7U76O79L +9U+;:.............................................................11

Sears, Roe+uc* Co. . Sti-el Co..................................................................................11

eist . /orld "u+lications (I"2R!N Cop&ri4%t).......................................................15

Stor* Restaurant . Sa%ati (1#6$).................................................................................. 15

"la&+o& . Netscape...................................................................................................... 15

U78aul "%one Case........................................................................................................13

WH96;99D+......................................................................................13

9ello44 Co,. . National 'iscuit Co., p. $6.......................................................................16

&ORD MARKS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$."

Coca7Cola Co. . 9o*e Co. of !merica, p. $#...................................................................16

TRADE DRESS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.%

:ualite; Co. .


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SECONDAR* MEANING$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.2

USE IN COMMERCE RE3UIREMENT$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.2

A$ayoy +ntertain#ent B. 7etsca)e............................................................................1"

U-Hau$, We$$s ar&o, 1-"00-ontacts B. W(enU.co#....................................................1C

1-"00-contacts:...........................................................................................................1C

Ao$aroid or). B. Ao$arad +$ectronics or)., 1"2 .;u)). 350.......................................1C

TRADEMARK O&NERS'IP$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!

'ell . Streetwise Records, Btd., p. 1@@..........................................................................50

PRIORIT* AND CONCURRENT USE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!

'lue 'ell, Inc. . ara% anufacturin4 Co.......................................................................50

ANALOGOUS USE$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.

ar&land Stadium !ut%orit& . 'ec*er...........................................................................51

%rift& Rent7a7Car . %rift Cars, Inc...............................................................................51

awn onut Co. . 8arts ood Stores, Inc.....................................................................5167+7OU;+..................................................................................................22

APPLICATION RE3UIREMENT$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Dirco Corp. . !merican elep%one ele4rap% Co., p. 1#$...........................................53

/arner ision Entertainment . Empire of Carolina, p. 501............................................56

Eastman 9oda* Co. . 'ell 8owell ocument ana4ement "roducts Co., p. [email protected]

S%alom C%ildrens /ear Inc. . In7/ear !FS, p. 50#.......................................................5@

In re rademar* !pplication of !merican "s&c%olo4ical !ssociation, p. 50#..................5@

Racin4 C%ampions, Inc. . attell, Inc., p. 510...............................................................5@

9;O+E6;96O7.......................................................................................25

4A 5 IMMORAL, DECEPTI1E, SCANDALOUS OR DISPARAGING MATTER$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%

O+7;6@+


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SO1EREIGN IMMUNIT*$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"/

Colle4e Sain4s 'an* . lorida "repaid "ostsecondar& Education E;pense 'oard, p. 6#?......................................................................................................................................6?

UNREGISTERED MARKS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"/

Karmut%7ion, inc. . ion urs, Inc., p. @06..................................................................6?

9L;+D+;6E796O7OO6E67............................................................................4!

TRADE DRESS AS FALSE DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"/

wo "esos, Inc., . aco Ca+ana, Inc., p., @10.................................................................6?

&'EN DESIGNS ARE IN'ERENTL* DISTINCTI1E$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"2

/al7art Stores, Inc. . Samara 'rot%ers, Inc., p. @1#...................................................6$

FUNCTIONALIT* RE1ISITED$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"2

rafi; eices, Inc. . ar*etin4 ispla&s, Inc., p. @[email protected]$

'est Sellers /ine...........................................................................................................6#

Conopco, Inc. . a& ept. Stores Co., p. @@@................................................................6#

FALSE DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"+

Ban%am !ct ReLuirements of a ndin4 of alse esi4nation or 2ri4in...........................6#

9D@+6;67E.....................................................................................................50

COMPARATI1E AD1ERTISING$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%!

Smit% . C%anel, Inc., p. @A0..........................................................................................@0

If &ou li*e MMMMMMMMM, &oull loe MMMMMMMMMMMM..................................................................@0

!u4ust Storc* . Na+isco, Inc., p. @A$ =%e /ert%ers Cand& Case>................................@0

FALSE REPRESENTATION 4"6A.09 .% USC 4..%A.0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%!

FALSE AD1ERTISING 8 4"6A$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%.Coca Cola . ropicana "rods., Inc., p. @$@.....................................................................@1

Cloro; Co., "uerto Rico . "roctor Gam+le Commercial Co., p. @#0 =+leac% pu-er&case>.............................................................................................................................. @5

"olar Corp. . Coca7Cola, p. @##.....................................................................................@5

"roctor Gam+le . 8au4en, p. ?01..............................................................................@5

Coors 'rewin4 Co. . !n%euser7'usc% Co., p. ?0$..........................................................@3

9UHO;J 97DA+O


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LIMITATIONS ON LAN'AM ACT ATTRI0UTION CLAIMS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%%

9in4 . Innoation 'oo*s, p. ?3@.................................................................................... @@

irama; ilms Corp. . Colum+ia "ictures Ent., p. ?60..................................................@@

RIG'T OF PU0LICIT* AND RELATED CLAIMS$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$%/

!llen . National ideo, Inc., p. ?63................................................................................@?

idler . ord otor Co., p. ?@1..................................................................................... @?

2liiera . rito Ba&, p. ?@@.............................................................................................@?

/%ite . Samsun4 Electronics !merica, Inc., p. ?@A.......................................................@?

TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT AND UNFAIR COMPETITION ACTION:

$ai#: Use o a co#)etitorJs trade#ar/ or serBice #ar/ it(out aut(oriKationto trade on t(e onerJs &oodi$$ and re)utation Deenses:

o 7o $i/e$i(ood o conusion: use o t(e #ar/ is not a $o&o t(at is $i/e$y tocause conusion

o 7onco#)etin& uses: t(e co#)etitorJs #ar/s (aBe een used in onety)e o usiness 'e.&., restaurants* and does not )rec$ude use inanot(er usiness 'e.&., $od&in&*

o +tensiBe t(ird-)arty uses: y a$$oin& or acuiescin& in t(e use yt(ird-)arties o a )ro$ieration o t(e use o ords or#u$ated to createt(e #ar/ 'e.&., 8


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;u) t $oo/s to (et(er an inrin&e#ent is an 86ssue o La oran 86ssue o act or (et(er it is a mi;ed issue of law and fact

Course Road;ap#

Ho does one &et < )rotection>

W(at can e a o 9re t(ere certain cate&ories o indicators t(at can neBer e #ar/s or

(at are t(e aso$ute ars a&ainst t(in&s ein& used as ars to #ar/s>o ate&ory o (at can e a < (as een e)anded oBer ti#e

9s $on& as so#et(in& indicates a &eo&ra)(ic ori&ino 9ttriution it( res)ect to creatiBe #ateria$o ;tatutory ars scanda$ous, dis)ara&in& 'HarNo case suit a&ainst

Was(in&ton eds/ins ecause it as insu$tin&* 9nd (en can you cance$ a #ar/

o $a&so LiBin& ))$o P2c o t(e Lan(a# 9ct: Use o a dead )residentJs i#a&e it(out

consent o (is surBiBin& ieo annot use a #ar/ i too c$ose to a #ar/ a$ready in use 'se$-)o$icin&

on t(is, ut etter to a$$o t(e < ofce disa$$o re&istration*o 9cuired DistinctiBeness euired or ;urna#es e.&., 86nternationa$

usiness


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Ho easy ou$d it e or so#eone to 8rid&e t(e &a) and t(in/M a$so #ade ?

9s inQ Har$ey DaBidson and Aorsc(e '#erc(andisin&*o 6 t(ere is a stron& #ar/, t(en i so#eone e$se uses it, t(at i$$ di#inis(

t(e ec$usiBity and di$ute its stren&t( P43c states 8a a#ous #ar/R43c Lan(a# 9ct di$ution S 15 U; P1125cT

edera$ ;tandard: 8$i/e$i(ood o di$ution di$ution is dened as:

ea$ econo#ic ;tatus (ar#>6#a&e (ar#>

;tate ;tandard: 8aused Di$ution di$ution (as a$ready(a))ened

6ntent o di$ution is to )reBent tarnis(#ent o a#ous #ar/sRuic/, =oda/, eacoT

o arnis(#ent S di#inis( t(e re)utation or reduceIde#ean t(e Ba$ue inany ay

o $urrin& S i you see t(e na#e, you #ay (aBe to t(in/ aout (ic( oneis (ic( 'unsure (ic( co#)any #a/es M )roduct (en t(ere areco#)anies ? and #a/in& )roducts o t(e sa#e na#e*

o 9ny use o a a#ous #ar/ )resents a situation o di$ution ut toreuire rea$ econo#ic (ar#

e#edieso 6nNunctiono Da#a&eso Da#a&es or correctiBe adBertisin&

< EoBerned y ;tate and ed La A in ;tate 9 suin& De in ;tate (o is inrin&in& in ;tate 9 you (aBe ot(

edera$ and ;tate $ai#s 6n o)yri&(t state $a

Aatent state $a


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7O:

6deas, acts, #et(ods or syste#s

6t is not un$au$ to access t(e inor#ation or to access t(e acts o t(einor#ation

Oten inrin&e#ent is s(on y circu#stantia$ eBidence t(at it is

eyond coincidenceo +; or A 6nrin&e#ent: 9ccess and sustantia$ si#i$arity 9ccess suc( as recei)t o #ai$ does not actua$$y #ean

t(at a Deendant (o or/s % M co#)any actua$$y receiBed t(e #ai$ or i ason& is )$ayed on t(e radio access

?+;:

+)ression o t(e acts

7o need or ua$ity contro$ in A no issue to #assiBe$y $iti&ate

WHAT IS A PATENT !UTI"IT PATENTS#?

o Arotects #ac(ines, co#)ositions o #atter 'e.&., &enetica$$y-en&ineeredor&anis#s*, )rocesses, i#)roBe#ents o t(e or#ero 6nBentionsIArocesses or ot(o 7e ays o #a/in& o$d t(in&s

o +.&., ui$din& t(e etter #ousetra) 'non-oBious*, ne #et(od or#a/in& M

o Eood or 20 years ro# $in& 'ecause o t(e ti#e it used to ta/e to &et t(eactua$ )atent*

o On$y (aBe ri&(ts once t(e )atent is issued to you and eBen t(en t(ose areon$y ri&(ts to )rec$ude ot(ers ro# doin& so#et(in& it( your inBention

o 6nrin&e#ent de)ends u)on (et(er t(ere is:o Litera$ inrin&e#ent: t(e c$ai#s o t(e )atent are t(e sa#e it( t(e

inrin&erJs id&et as t(e )atentJso Doctrine o +uiBa$ents

WHAT AND WHOM DO TRADEMARKS PROTECT?

Gene$al p$inciples o% &n%ai$ co'petition !Restate'ent ()* Un%ai$Co'petition#

P1: One (o causes (ar# to t(e co##ercia$ re$ations o anot(er y en&a&in&in a usiness or trade is not suNect to $iai$ity un$ess (ar# resu$ts ro#:

o Dece)tiBe #ar/etin&

o 6nrin&e#ent o


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o O669L O FEATURES#

o Ho$ds t(at to i#itate nonunctiona$ eatures is to attriute to t(e co)yt(e sa#e eatures as t(e ori&ina$ (ic( 6; 9LLOW+D and anyone #ayco)y t(e ori&ina$ at i$$

Sea$s* Roe7&c5 8 Co- ,- Sti9el Co-

Ao$e La#)s '$a#)s t(at ere tension $a#)s t(at (ad 3 tures attac(ed to asin&$e tension )o$e (ic( as a$e to stand u) on its on eteen t(ecei$in& and t(e [oor o a roo#*

o ;tiGe$ did (ad desi&n and #ec(anica$ )atents on t(e $a#)


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o ;ears as se$$in& t(e# or c(ea)er and it(out $ae$in& (o #ade t(e$a#)s

o ;tiGe$Js )atents ere ound inBa$id, so ;ears as a$e to t(en co)y itt(en eca#e an issue o unair co#)etition since t(e $ac/ o $ae$in&cou$d $ead to conusion

;tate unair co#)etition $a cannot )ree#)t t(e edera$ )atent $as (enso#et(in& is )rotected y neit(er a edera$ )atent or o)yri&(t

Aree#)tion o t(e ;9


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?anuar@ ., !!"

Lecture

Pla27o2 ,- Netscape:

o e&ardin& searc( en&ine and contetua$ )o)-u)s ased on (at t(e

searc( )ara#eter entered y t(e usero ar&eted /ey-stro/es or s)ecic ords A$ayoy ar&ued t(at i you

retrieBe a searc( resu$t ased on enterin& t(e searc( ords 8)$ayoyyou are atte#)tin& to diBert custo#ers aay ro# t(e ri&(tu$)otentia$ co#)any

a/a 8initia$ interest creatin& conusion a#on& )otentia$consu#ers

o (en (en t(e )o)-u) co#)anies as/ed to e ec$uded ecause o)otentia$ $iai$ity, t(e searc( en&ine is actin& to diBert and $ia$e orfalse impression of ori4in

o erry We$$s 8A$ay#ate o t(e ?ear t(is is a$$oed ecause it isdescri)tiBe and in a no#ina$ #anner

U


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o 6 i$$ e a$e to $e a 7ationide < ut t(ere i$$ e a 9@+OU ort(e co#)any in D and 6 i$$ not e a$e to re&ister #y < or use inD

]]]]]]]]] +7D+D O7 ;O= 9;+

&'AT IS A TRADEMARK(

Dened: Word, na#e, sy#o$, deBice, or ot(er desi&nation or co#ination osuc( desi&nations, t(at is distinctiBe to a )ersonJs &oods or serBices and t(at isused in a #anner t(at i)enti=est(ose &oods or serBices, )istin&is1int(e#ro# ot(ers serBice #ar/ is a < used in connection it( serBices

History:

o 6nitia$$y $i#ited to anciu$ or aritrary ords and sy#o$s

6dentiy ;ource

o

9nti-


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o AJs ar&u#ent t(at t(e s(a)e s(ou$d (aBe een )rotected under ec$usiBeri&(t as a$so deeated ecause t(e s(a)e as (o it eca#e /non tot(e )u$ic

o t t(en considered (et(er t(ere as an issue it( unair co#)etitionecause t(ere #ay e conusion eteen =e$$o&&Js s(redded (eat and

7aiscoJs ;(redded W(eat ut t(e ct said it as un$i/e$y due to t(e)ac/a&in& treat#ent and adBertisin& on eBeryt(in& =e$$o&& )ut out sinceit a$$ as e$$-$ae$ed =e$$o&&Js and ou$d not $i/e$y e conused it( t(eot(er rand

WORD MARKS

Coca


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o 9so$ute inNunctions on$y )roBided (ere t(ere eisted 1* so#eeBidence o raudu$ent conduct on t(e )art o t(e deendant, 2* intentto a))ro)riate )$aintiGJs &oodi$$ (ad een de#onstrated, or 3* (eredeendant (ad )reBious$y so$d (is usiness and (is ri&(ts to t(e na#eto t(e )$aintiG

Proeion A


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endorse#entIs)onsors(i) and in ;tate court or di$ution $a ecause you #ay eco##ittin& a < inrin&e#ent in an area (ere anot(er )arty #ay (aBe nationa$ri&(ts 'interstate co##erce*

OTHER IDENTIFING INDICIA ;cents or ra&rances o )roducts (ic( are noted or t(ose eatures, suc( a

)eru#es, co$o&nes, or scented (ouse(o$d )roducts

o o$or :ualite;case, )rior to t(is circuits said t(at trade dress reuiredsecondary #eanin& co$or can e )rotected as $on& as it #eets t(e usua$trade#ar/ reuire#ents oBer ti#e, i co$or eco#es associated it()roduct oBer ti#e, it can eco#e )rotected reuires secondary #eanin&';u)re#e ourt*

o ;ound secondary #eanin&

o ;#e$$ secondary #eanin&

o Aac/a&in& restaurants can e considered )ac/a&in& H6; 6; UA 67 H+96

o Desi&n )roduct desi&n trade dress reuires secondary #eanin&

o rade dress

on&ress i$$ not $i#it t(e cate&ories t(at i$$ e )rotected

D ISTINCTI1ENESS

AR3ITRAR* FANCIFU"* SUGGESTI4E* AND DESCRIPTI4E TERMS

9$so so#eti#es ca$$ed: ec(nica$ rade#ar/s

anciu$: coined ter#s, $ess connection to anyt(in& 8=oda/ is coined ecauset(ere is no rea$ $ie =oda/ in t(e or$d it #a/es it (ard or a )otentia$ inrin&er toco#e u) it( t(e sa#e t(in& #a/es it uic/$y in(erent$y distinctiBe

9ritrary: 89))$e in connection it( co#)uters is aritrary ecause it (as a rea$association ut to a))$y it to co#)uters is aritrary

;u&&estiBe: 8oac(


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o ?OU


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6s t(e consu#er #otiBated to )urc(ase y t(at#isdescri)tion>

9ritrary: ay out, not connection 8UIREMENT

W(at constitutes a use> 9$$ co##erce t(at #ay e re&u$ated y on&ress as8co##erce. 6t is on$y notco##erce (en ;u) t says it isnJt.

ases:

PLA*0O* ENTERTAINMENT 1$ NETSCAPE ites: 2004 West$a 5FF3" 'Ct( ir. 2004* 2000 West$a 130""15

'.D. a$. 2000*

9ssi&ned #eta-ta& searc(in& (ere searc(es or 8)$ayoy ou$dreturn a 3rd)arty site Bia a )o)-u) 'a$so anner ads* and t(e searc(en&ine &ets )aid y t(e nu#er o (its to t(e esite

9dBertisers reuested 7etsca)e to cease usin& 8A$ayoy asa tri&&er-ord to o)en )o)-u) anners

6ssues co#e #ain$y ro# )assin&-oG: 9dBertisers (ere anted to e$et out ro# A$ayoy searc(es and 2* t(e adBertisers ere not

Tes Liei


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DiGer ro# A$ayoy B. 7etsca)e ecause t(ey (aBe to do it( t(e)ro&ra# ca$$ed 8;aBe 9s and or )o)-u)s

(is a))$ication is /eyed to t(e ULs used and Bisited y t(eend-user 'e.&. i 6 a# % car#a.co# it #ay dis)$ay.#usa.co#* tar&etin& )eo)$e ecause t(ey are

rosin& at M esite Aarty to t(e $asuit as t(e co#)any t(at #ade t(e sotare

on t(e asis t(at W(enU.co# (ad not used t(e #ar/ inco##erce, it (ad not co)ied t(e #ar/, it did not se$$anyt(in& it( t(e #ar/, so t(e court said it as 7O a use S)rotection ecause it is used as a unctiona$ as)ect and notto )ro#ote a )articu$ar )roduct

ot( cases aoBe did not (aBe inrin&e#ent

.82!!8CONTACTS#

(is as a case o do#ain na#in& and redirectin& to

.1"00contacts.co#

t i$$ $oo/ %: ;tren&t( o #ar/, )roducts, c(anne$s o trade, useand adBertisin&, custo#ers, actua$ conusions, &oodIad ait( 'inso#e Nurisdictions*

POLAROID CORP$ 1$ POLARAD ELECTRONICS CORP$, .2 F$SUPP$ 6%!

Euest oo/s or e#ai$

(e $oer court in t(is case re$ied on 86n re oo/inderJs (ic(ru$ed t(at 1* sin&$e-$ocation restaurants, t(at 2* ere not $ocated on(i&(ays, cannot e considered to e en&a&ed in 8co##erce asdened in 15 usc 122F

(ere #ust e #ore t(an a esite
http://www.www1800contacts.com/http://www.nataliegreen.com/mercedeshttp://www.www1800contacts.com/http://www.nataliegreen.com/mercedes


21/60

Xurisdictiona$ issues $on& ar# statute

o uti B. 6#)ressa Aerosa, ;.9.: no intent to use $ed it( < ofce

o Are-use adBertisin&: 6 you adBertise eore you oGer t(e )roduct or sa$e,you do not secure t(e < or your se$, ut you a$#ost )rec$ude so#eonee$se ro# usin& it

TRADEMARK OWNERSHIP

3ell ,- St$eet+ise Reco$)s* "t)-* p- .

T


22/60

6t is etter to re&ister ecause it &iBes you t(e adBanta&e o$ai#in& i&(ts +Bery(ere and )uttin& eBeryone onconstructiBe notice t(at you c(oose to do so you (aBe)rotection it(in your Kone o custo#ers

ertain re#edies are on$y aBai$a$e to re&istrants

countereit )roducts, etc.

ANA"OGOUS USE

7ot sufcient to Best ri&(ts in a

Decepti,e Ma$5s* &n)e$ a a$e NE4ER allo+e)

WHEN DETERMINING INFRINGEMENT OR TO HA4E A MARK DEC"AREDIN4A"ID:

HERE IN THIS C"ASS J CONCENTRATE ON WHETHER A MARK ISOFFENSI4E OR DECEPTI4E J )ont +o$$2 a7o&t s&7section 7 an) cas an) pplB

Ea;pe# Roa< Moe

1. Descri)tiBe 2d #eanin&

2.


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est or Dis)ara&e#ent: Bieed ro# t(e ti#e t(e < as issued '(ere, it aseteen 1CF4 and 1CC0*

o W(at is t(e #eanin& o t(e #atter in uestion, as it a))ears in t(e#ar/s and as t(ose #ar/s are used in connection it( t(e serBicesidentied in t(e re&istrations>

o 6s t(e #eanin& one t(at #ay dis)ara&e a )articu$ar &rou) R7atiBe9#ericansT>

t $oo/ed % dis)ara&e#ent (ere ased on t(e o$$oin&:

o Loo/ to t(e eBidence re&ardin& t(e Bies o t(e re$eBant &rou)

o onnotations o t(e suNect #atter in uestion

o e$ations(i) eteen t(at #atter and t(e ot(er e$e#ents t(at #a/e u)t(e #ar/s

o


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Aay a ee and $e t(e o))osition in t(e AO

DIFFERENCE 0ET&EEN DECEPTI1E TERMS AND =DECEPTI1EL* MISDESCRIPTI1E>TERMS

edera$ ircuitJs (ree-;te) est to Deter#ine Dece)tiBeness

o 6s t(e ter# #isdescri)tiBe o t(e c(aracter, ua$ity, unction,co#)osition, or use o t(e &oods> Ri yes to on$y t(is )ron& S )ossi$yaritraryIsu&&estiBeT

o 6 so, are )ros)ectiBe )urc(asers $i/e$y to e$ieBe suc( a #isdescri)tionactua$$y descries t(e &oods> R6 rst to S yes S dece)tiBe$y#isdescri)tiBeT

o 6 so, is t(e #isdescri)tion $i/e$y to aGect t(e decision to )urc(ase>

Eeo&ra)(ica$$y Dece)tiBe$y


30/60

9ter t(e act, i inrin&e#ent, t(e courts use t(e sa#eana$ysis

o 7+@+:

P2e3 Ari#ari$y &eo&ra)(ica$$y dece)tiBe$y #isdescri)tiBe

P2e5 unctiona$o Wit( ;econdary


31/60


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REGISTRATION

DOMAIN NAMES AS TRADEMARKS

o) LeBe$ Do#ain: t(e #ain )art o t(e UL not t(e )rotoco$, or t(e na#eo t(e site, ut t(e O


33/60

rade#ar/ ';in&$e ;ource* or AroductJs Eenera$ 7a#e

o 9 #ar/ i$$ )roa$y e 8&eneric (en a direct co#)etitor (as t(enerBe to use t(e #ar/ as t(e )roduct na#e e.&., Ae)si 8co/e,annon or


34/60

A3ANDONMENT ; OF THE "ANHAM ACT

15 U; P1125

Occurs t(rou&(:

7on-use: 3 years o non-use it(out intent to resu#e use

o asts a #ar/ into t(e )u$ic do#ain

o 3 ?ears o )resu#)tiBe aandon#ent

o ?ou (aBe to rea$$y (aBe t(e intent to resu#e use o t(e

o ourt inter)rets t(e statute ot( P2 and P43a $itera$$y in t(at it doesnot #ention secondary #eanin& or anyt(in& ot(er t(an descri)tiBe#ar/s

rade Dress Dened y t:

o ota$ i#a&e o t(e usiness

o estaurants: ;(a)e and &enera$ a))earance o t(e eterior o t(erestaurant, identiyin& si&n, interior /itc(en [oor )$an, dcor, #enu,

eui)#ent used to serBe ood, serBersJ unior#s

o Aroducts: tota$ i#a&e and oBera$$ a))earance o t(e )roduct siKe,s(a)e, co$or or co$or co#inations, teture, &ra)(ics, or eBen)articu$ar sa$es tec(niues

rade#ar/ dened in 15 U; P112F:

o 8any ord, na#e, sy#o$, or deBice or any co#ination t(ereo usedy any )erson 8to identiy and distin&uis( (is or (er &oods, inc$udin& auniue )roduct ro# t(ose #anuactured or so$d y ot(ers and toindicate t(e source o t(e &oods, eBen i t(at source is un/non


50/60

WHEN DESIGNS ARE INHERENT" DISTINCTI4E

Wal


51/60

(e act t(at t(ere as an e)ired )atent ears ei&(t ecause t(e &rant oa )atent desi&nated t(at t(e desi&n as #ain$y unctiona$ and unctiona$as)ects are not )rotecta$e as trade dress

t (ere dec$ined to urt(er consider t(e case ecause t(e &rantin& o tradedress )rotection to (at (ad enNoyed )atent )rotection &oes a&ainst t(e

intent o t(e constitutiona$ )roBisions o &rantin& )atent #ono)o$ies oinBentions

9est(etic unctiona$ity ear$ier cases, etc. t(ese cases used to ar&ue t(atcertain aest(etic as)ects #ade it #ore a))ea$in& and (y )eo)$e ou&(tt(e# and t(us t(ose as)ects ere unctiona$ t(e courts ou$d not a$$o t(isecause it orec$ose co#)etition

3est Selle$s Wine

Rue#

7ote t(at t(is case co#es ri&(t ater Wa$-


52/60

AD1ERTISING

COMPARATI4E AD4ERTISING

S'it1 ,- C1anel* Inc-* p- 6

Rue# I is no a Hioaion of o;paraiHe adHerising .% USC 4..%a oro;;on aB unfair adHerising o idenif@


53/60

FA"SE REPRESENTATION ;(A.3 . USC ..A.3

6t is actiona$e to #isre)resent your )roduct, #is$ead it( res)ect to your)roduct, or a$se state#ents o act or dis)ara&e t(e )roduct o anot(er

+$e#ents o a$se e)resentation P43:

o 1* (at t(e state#ent is $itera$$y a$seo 2* t(at t(e ;tate#ent is $itera$$y true ut a$se i#)ression #ay (aBe

een #ade

FA"SE AD4ERTISING < ;(A

Des)ite road $an&ua&e in t(e 9ct, O7;U


54/60

o o/e (ad to s(o t(at t(e )resence o t(is a$se #isre)resentation ascostin& t(e# sa$es S (ar#

9s $on& as a$se state#ents are out t(ere, y asic co#)arison,t(ere is (ar# to your )roduct you donJt (aBe to s(o actua$(ar#

o 9 a$se state#ent #ust e s(on

9nd i acia$$y a$se, you donJt (aBe to s(o conusion

Clo$o Co-* P&e$to Rico ,- P$octo$ 8 Ga'7le Co''e$cial Co-* p- /67leac1 p&9e$2 caseB

Using o;parison is aoBae so ong as i is no ;aing fase ai;s orJuanif@ing i;;easurae aspes 5 su< as B


55/60

o 6nNury to o/e i t(e inNunction is denied outei&(s t(e (ar# t(einNunction ou$d cause Ao$ar i i#)osed

o (at t(e )u$ic interest ou$d not e adBerse$y aGected y &rantin& aninNunction

o/e &ot t(e inNunction

P$octo$ 8 Ga'7le ,- Ha&en* p- 6.

Rue#

ase (ere A_E $ed suit a&ainst t(ose )ersons c$ai#in& it as an a&ent ot(e DeBi$

Dis#issed )ro)er$y or ai$ure to state a c$ai# and &ranted su##aryNudent

Coo$s 3$e+in Co- ,- An1e&se$


56/60

e)ac/a&ed

e#oBed 8o and e)$aced it( 8y D9;9

W(en a$$ reerenced to o ere re#oBed and re$ae$ed as t(eirs, o suedunder P43a a$se desi&nation o ori&in

;u) t (eard t(e case on t(e issue o: Does P43a )reBent unaccreditedco)yin&> Rut not o )u$ic do#ain #ateria$T

o ;ca$ia: Eoods in t(e Lan(a# 9ct #eans tan&i$e )(ysica$ ite#s, notori&inator o ideas or content e#odied in ite#s

6 t(ey ere to (o$d t(at t(ere is an attriution ri&(t or#is$ae$in& t(e )roducers o a #oBie under P43a, t(en P43aou$d e in direct con[ict it( P10!9 o t(e o)yri&(t 9ct 'P10!is (e @isua$ 9rtists i&(ts 9ct - P101 is t(e Denitiona$ section*and on$y a))$ies to 8Wor/s o @isua$ 9rt

@isua$ 9rt S one o a /ind or/, #u$ti)$es o 200 or eer

i si&ned and nu#ered consecutiBe$y +c$udes


57/60

Lan(a# 9ct a))$ies (ere ecause it (as to do it( #isdescri)tion o ori&inand t%e li*eand t(e #odication o t(is #oBie created a a$se Desi&nation oOri&in

o a$se 6#)ression o

;)onsors(i)

+ndorse#ent

9f$iation

C1oe ,- Fo$)1a' Uni,- Sc1- O% "a+* p- (

Mus s


58/60

@ones ,- @ones* p- (

Rue

7otes

"IMITATIONS ON "ANHAM ACT ATTRI3UTION C"AIMS

7o ri&(t o attriution in t(e co)yri&(t act

Kin ,- Inno,ation 3oo5s* p- (

Rue

8;teBen =in&Js Lan#oer


59/60

(e ri&(t o )u$icity stays it( a )erson or $ie

o 9 is uniue in t(at t(ere is statutory and co##on $a )rotection orri&(t to )u$icity usua$$y you ou$d on$y $oo/ to statute ut in 9you can $oo/ to ot(

an $oo/ to 8(as so#eone #isa))ro)riated your )ersona>

9$so on a P43a a$se desi&nation o ori&in it( a re#edy onationide inNunction

67 7? Loo/ a $i/e and sound a $i/e doesnJt [y

o (is is an odd case ased on (at you do Bersus (o you are


60/60

irst 9#end#ent and i&(t to Use OneJs 6#a&e

Use or )ure$y co##ercia$ )ur)oses is a Bio$ation, ut i it is reasona$y re$ated,

t(en it is O=osa Aar/s B. Outcast

est: 6s t(e na#e or )icture o t(e )erson reasona$y re$ated to t(e story

Eri#a$di: 6s it reasona$y re$ated to Ein&er and red

trademarks unfair competition

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