tradeline 2016

ANDY SNYDER, AIA

Principal, NBBJ

San Francisco, California

FREDERICK MARKS, AIA

Visiting Scholar & Research

Collaborator, Salk Institute

for Biological Studies

Co-Founder, Academy

of Neuroscience for

Architecture, La Jolla,

California

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01COMPUTATION IS CHANGING THE NATURE & PROCESS OF RESEARCH

Computation, large dataset analysis, and

robotics are changing the nature and

processes of research. These changes

have a direct impact on work modes,

space utilization, and human experience

and performance.

Transcriptic Robotic

Cloud Laboratory

02IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT LESS SPACE —IT’S ABOUT BETTER, HEALTHIER EXPERIENCE

For research, less is not more. Some of

the smartest people in the world work

in these buildings. We are gaining a

better understanding of human health/

productivity... and we need to design

buildings around those principles.

European

Bioinformatics

Institute

03ATTRACTING THE BEST DATA SCIENCE TALENT REQUIRES DESIGNING A GREAT HUMAN EXPERIENCE

The acceleration of the “drying out” of traditional

wet-bench based scientific processes provides

the opportunity to transition conventional models

of science facilities to new models of science

workplace… and allow these organizations to

compete with technology companies increasingly

interested in the same talent pool.

CoFactor

Genomics HQ

TODAY’S PRESENTATION

EVIDENCE

How is the work of science changing, and what is the impact on space?

LEARNING FROM TECH

What do neuroscience, health, environment and behaviorial science teach us about

the successes of technology workplace paradigms?

IMPLICATIONS

How can we optimize the space needs and qualitative/quantitative drivers for

computational science work going forward?

CURRENT STATE

Does this look familiar?

When new research teams move into a building, they often adapt wet lab space for dry/computational work.

Less than half of life science work is done at the bench, according to a recent JLL survey.

DATA GROWTH

We create as much information in two days as we

did from the dawn of civilization through 2003

Ninety percent of all the data in the world

has been created in the last 2 years

DATA GROWTH

We can sequence 18,000 patient genomes/year…

which generates 1.8 petabytes of data.

1.8 petabytes = 1.8 million

gigabytes…or 9,000

desktop hard drives

Or about 360,000 DVDs…

a stack 2 miles high

1982 1985 1988 1991 1993 1996 1999 2002 2007 2010 2013

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120

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DATA GROWTH

GENOMIC MEDICINE: The customization of healthcare – medical decisions, treatments

and drugs – for each patient based on their unique DNA sequence

A single human genome has 3 billion base pairs.

NIH FUNDING OF DRY RESEARCH

Networking & IT R&D (NITRD) program funds increase in data science-driven research

2011 2012 2013 2015

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

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2014

DO

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MIL

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2010 2016

( ESTIMATED)

2017

( REQUESTED)

COMPUTATION IS ADDING MORE ROLES

More people on the team, with proportionally less space required for their work

AVERAGE GROUP SIZE

11.2 PEOPLE

LABORATORY SCIENTIST

COMPUTATIONAL CLINICIAN INFORMATICS / CLINICAL OUTCOMES

CLINICAL TRIALIST

WET BENCH SCIENTIST DRY BENCH SCIENTIST CLINICIAN

AVERAGE GROUP SIZE

11.2 PEOPLE

BENCHES / LAB SUPPORT

TOTAL GROUP SPACE (ASF)



AVERAGE GROUP SIZE

6.2 PEOPLE


AVERAGE GROUP SIZE

4.2 PEOPLE

SHARED CLINICAL EXAM / LAB / EQUIPMENT


AVERAGE GROUP SIZE

1.1 PEOPLE



1,382 1,094 478 560 111

THE WORK OF DATA SCIENCE

Dry-bench computational work is just as focused as wet-bench laboratory work.

PAST FUTUREPRESENT

5% Discovery (DRY)

5% Analysis (DRY)

0% Social / Amenity

40% Discovery (WET)

40% Analysis (WET)

10% Communicate / Interact

15% Discovery (DRY)

25% Analysis (DRY)

5% Social / Amenity

25% Discovery (WET)

15% Analysis (WET)


25% Discovery (DRY)

20% Analysis (DRY)

10% Social / Amenity

5% Discovery (WET)

20% Analysis (WET)


WORK MODALITIES SURVEY

Percentage of time spent/work performed on analysis increasing

COMMON THEMES: WHAT'S THE DATA TELLING US?

• Research is drying out

• Utilization of wet labs is decreasing,

while dry is increasing

• The new generation of researchers

is data-driven

• Research is increasingly team-based

• The work of science is becoming

more computational

• How do we begin to re-think

conventional lab environments to

support computational work?

TRADITIONAL LAB SPACE

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Technology companies are not making their facilities smaller—they are using newly-available,

“found” space for programs and uses that increase productivity, health and happiness.

Tencent HQAmazon HQ

Samsung HQ Gates Foundation HQ

Gates Foundation HQ

Samsung HQ

Samsung HQ

Recent NBBJ-designed technology company R&D facilities

FIGHTING FOR THE DATA SCIENTIST

Tech and life science companies are now

battling for the same talent – data science is a

rare blend of technical and creative skills that

is in high demand in both industries.BIG DATA INSIGHT

ALGORITHM DESIGN

DATA SCIENTISTS

RECRUITING DATA SCIENCE TALENT

The most desirable skill is the ability to

analyze and make sense of metadata.

The NCI Genomic Data Commons at the University of Chicago Kenwood Data Center

WHAT DO TECH COMPANIES PROVIDE TO ENTICE DATA SCIENCE TALENT?

Tech companies understand that to recruit and retain the best data science and engineering

talent, they need to provide an engaging work experience – one that also maximizes intellectual

productivity and creativity.

BRAND EXPRESSION

PURPOSE / MISSION DRIVEN

AMENITIES ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE

MOBILITY

HUMAN PERFORMANCE

Dr. John Medina

A growing body of primary research

shows the connnections between

environmental design, neuroscience

and behavior.

Especially in research buildings —

the “workplaces” of some of the smartest

people in the world — planners and

designers can now provide environments

and experiences which optimize mental

acuity and intellectual productivity.

To push this further, NBBJ has engaged

Dr. John Medina, a developmental

molecular biologist and research

consultant. He is an Affiliate Professor

of Bioengineering at the University

of Washington School of Medicine

and an NBBJ Fellow.

CONSIDERATIONS

Empirical evidence does not exist for

measuring productivity in work environments.

The best organizations recognize that

occupancy densities should be based on

enabling positive outcomes.

Dr. Salk wanted to embrace a diversity of

scientific disciplines with no departments and

allow for an unencumbered physical plan.

QUIET & PRIVATE

OPEN & PUBLIC FAMILIAR & NOVEL

6 KEY HUMAN PERFORMANCE DRIVERS

PROSPECT/ REFUGE

NEED FOR NATURE

EXERCISE & AEROBICS

CO2/OXYGEN LEVELS

VISUAL INTEREST & ACUITY

HUMAN INTERACTION

PROSPECT/REFUGE

Ngorongoro Crater

Humans evolved in settings where they could survey the terrain for

food — “prospect” — from a safe vantage point – “refuge.” Areas

that provide a balance between prospect and refuge are where

people experience the least stress and are therefore more free to

think and ideate.

60% of lost workdays

each year can be

attributed to stress.

Problems at work

lead to more health

complaints than any

other stressor in the

united states – even

financial problems or

family problems.

We are most creative

and productive when

we feel safe, and our

brains feel safest when

we have a blend of

prospect and refuge.

Appleton, J. The Experience of

Landscape. New Jersey: John

Wiley & Sons Inc, 1975

In the United States,

the cost of stress

in the workplace –

absenteeism, reduced

productivity, sick leave,

etc. – was an estimated

$300 billion in 2010.

Scott, S. C. "Visual Attributes

Related to Preference in Interior

Environments." Journal of Interior

Design 18, no. 1–2 (1993): 7–16.

This may look like a typical workplace, but the layout of huddle/collaboration

rooms (at right) subscribe to the principle of prospect-refuge.

SALK INSTITUTE

The studio configuration and sizing/scale of the courtyard

at the Salk Institute also follow these principles.

NEED FOR NATURE

80% of the occupants

near windows were

highly satisfied with

their environment,

compared to 55%

[satisfaction] occupying

more interior spaces.

Visual and auditory

access to nature has a

direct and measurable

effect and reduces

stress, which increases

productivity and

creativity.

Laumann, K.T., and et al.

"Selective Attention and Heart Rate

Responses to Natural and Urban

Environments." J Env Psych 23

(2003): 125–34.

After moving into a

new daylit space,

companies report

over 5% increase in

productivity with a

25–28% increase in

total product output.

Ulrich, R.S. "Effects of Health

Facility Interior Design on Wellness:

Theory and Recent Scientific

Research." J Health Care Des 3

(1991): 97–109.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Our bodies have a master circadian clock that

regulates behavioral rhythms over an approximate

24-hour period. Circadian entrainment

(synchronization) occurs when photoreceptor

cells in the eye’s retina sense light. These cells

are of three types: rods, cones and ipRGCs.

MELATONIN is a chemical substance that

is activated in the absence of light and is

suppressed when a certain amount of light is

present.

MELANOPSIN is a protein present in retinal

ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that is activated by non-

image forming responses. It is most sensitive to

blue light

Mid-day

below grade

Dusk at grade

Salk Institute

Salk Institute

Sonos HQ, Boston

From a neuroscience standpoint, access to nature does not need to be “real" — it can

also be simulated, which produces similar positive neurological activity in the brain.

EXERCISE & AEROBICS

Samsung AHQ | NBBJ

On average office

workers spend 76% of

their day sitting and

tend to underestimate

their time sitting.

Sitting for over 6 hours

a day for a decade

or two can cut away

about 7 years of quality

adjusted life (the kind

you want).

CO

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COGNITIVE BENEFIT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE

Aerobic exercise has been shown to boost executive function and buffer stress.

To be effective, heart rate must be higher than average heart rate when walking.

MINUTES PER WEEK

From findings in:

Tomporowski, P.D. "Effects of Acute Bouts of

Exercise on Cognition." Acta Psychol (Amst) 112

(2003): 297-324.

150

Amenities like fitness centers are not only “nice-to-haves,” but also have the added

benefit of increasing one’s heart rate, thereby increasing cognition. Samsung AHQ | NBBJ

Even amenities like foosball and table tennis benefit from this principle! Samsung AHQ | NBBJ

OXYGEN LEVELS

223 Yale | NBBJ

One of the most interesting findings

of the past few decades is that

an increase in oxygen is always

accompanied by an up-tick in

mental sharpness.

Doubling the air change rate to

reduce CO2 levels, at a cost of

$40/person, resulted in $6500

gain in productivity per person in

an office environment.

Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam

S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD. 2016. "Associations

of Cognitive Function Scores With Carbon Dioxide,

Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures

in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of

Green and Conventional Office Environments." Environ

Health Perspect 124:805–812.

Amazon’s new headquarters in Seattle, currently under construction, includes an innovation

center which leverages daylight and plant life to optimize space for creative collaboration. Amazon HQ | NBBJ

Amazon HQ | NBBJ

HUMAN INTERACTION

Samsung AHQ | NBBJ

30% of respondents who

reported having a best

friend at work were seven

times more likely to be

engaged at their jobs.

J. Harter & T. Rath. (2010). Wellbeing:

The Five Essential Elements. New York,

NY: Gallup Press.

Separating by more than

100' is equivalent to being

in different buildings, if

not different geographical

locations. Even within this

range, those nearest to

one anothercommunicate

more than those at a

greater distance.

Serendipitous group

interactions boost

productivity 25%.

Lindsay, G. "Engineering Serendipity."

New York Times. http://www.nytimes.

com/2013/04/07/opinion/sunday/

engineering-serendipity.html?_r=0.

By relocating participants

so they were all working

in the same area, informal

communities of practice

grew up around the various

tasks involved in the

process, and the time to

complete it was cut from

17 days to 3 days.

Research shows that if

people have to walk more

than 65' to see someone,

they’ll send an email

instead. If they’re close,

they’ll walk to see each

other and communicate

in person.

YOU CAN IDENTIFY HIGH-PERFORMING TEAMS BY COUNTING RELATIONSHIPS

Scientific teams that have more dense networks of

interaction achieve higher levels of productivity.

TEAM A TEAM B

Achieves more, innovates moreAN

INDIVIDUAL

A R

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SH

IP

BUILDING LAYOUT CATALYZES SOCIAL NETWORKS

The “Allen Curve”

submits that physical

distance plays an

important role in

how frequently we

communicate with

each other.

Silo structure

Many social links

Not many interdisciplinary links

CONCLUSION: Executors (aligned but not creative)

COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN TRADITIONAL LAB COMMUNICATION PATTERNS IN FLEXI LAB

One team

Many social links

Many interdisciplinary links

CONCLUSION: Innovators (aligned AND creative)

SAMSUNG VIDEO

VISUAL INTEREST / VISUAL ACUITY

Amazon HQ | NBBJ

Those employees at a

workstation with partition

heights above eye level

on two sides are seen to

be performing 11%–18%

slower than those with

all their partitions below

eye level.

Office workers were found

to perform 10%–23%

better on tests of mental

function and memory

recall when they had a view

versus those with no view.

When people look at

something they find

beautiful, a portion of the

brain called the medial

orbito-frontal cortex “lights

up” with increased blood

flow in this area. It is a

near-universal response

to beauty.

In neuro imaging studies,

“beautiful” paintings elicited

increased activity in the

orbito-frontal cortex, which

is involved in emotion and

reward. Interestingly, the

“uglier” a painting, the

greater the motor cortex

activity, as if the brain

was preparing to escape.

PLACE VS. SPACE

The visual environment has measurable statistics.

The natural world is filled with contours where orientation is similar.

Designers exploit these regular repeating structures (such as fractals).

Ocean waves P. Mondrian “Composition” Salk Institute detail






is data-driven



more computational




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6 KEY HUMAN PERFORMANCE DRIVERS

PROSPECT/ REFUGE

NEED FOR NATURE

EXERCISE & AEROBICS

CO2/OXYGEN LEVELS

VISUAL INTEREST & ACUITY

HUMAN INTERACTION

PROSPECT-REFUGE

Design the “in-between” space

Brigham and Womens Hospital: Cafe is central to the “experience” of the

BWH campus precinct when considered with the Pike

The cafe is a place to see what’s going on (prospect) from a more intimate

environment (refuge)

NEED FOR NATURE & VISUAL ACUITY

Add or simulate a view

BWH Building for Transformative Medicine: Tower design is

optimized for maximizing interior views and views outside This is a basement space!

EXERCISE & OXYGEN LEVELS

Provide amenities – or convenient access to them

Stanford University Li Ka Shing Center: 4th Floor is student-only amenity

floor with collaborative space, meeting areas, a fitness center and terrace

HUMAN INTERACTION

Apply activity-based solutions to ALL environments

The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital,

Research Building III: Flexible team-based dry research space

HOW CAN YOU DRIVE CHANGE WITHIN YOUR ORGANIZATION?

1. Building Advocacy: Proof at concept.

New computational planning tools allow us

to measure, prove and/or disprove whether

planning solutions are actually producing

the desired effects. The example here is an

avatar-based software NBBJ designed for the

Samsung AHQ project, which tracks visibility

and even calories burned for users during a

typical day. For one of the first times in our

profession, we have proof of concept. We

don’t have to wait until move-in to assess

the performance of a particular planning or

design solution.


2. Funding: Broaden utilization

studies. Consider including more

space types in your utilization studies

to get broader insights on where

people are spending most of their

time, given choice. This example

integrates GIS technology, providing

not only utilization data, but also

information on the locations in space

where people spend time.

The “new” 25% of available space — that which can be optimized for

human experience — is not expensive! Microsoft Learning Center | NBBJ


3. Interdisciplinary Behavior: One size does

NOT fit all! What works for one organization may

not work for another. It is critically important to

innovate solutions that uniquely connect mission,

culture, space/place and behavior during the

planning process.

TRADELINE 3

01 Computation is changing the

nature & process of research.

Computation, large dataset

analysis and robotics are

changing the nature and

processes of research. These

changes have a direct impact

on work modes, productivity

and employee experience.

02 It’s not just about less

space – it’s about healthier/

better experiences.

We are gaining a better

understanding of the

relationships between

space, behavior, health

and productivity. We can

now quantitatively measure

qualitative aspects of

experience and optimize

planning/design of

environments according to

those measures/criteria.

03 Attracting the best data

science talent requires

designing a great human

experience.

A new model for the

computational science

workplace is needed –

one that is grounded in

experience design and

enables healthy/productive

environments.

tradeline 2016

Science