trade in value added: an east asian perspective

8/13/2019 Trade in Value Added: An East Asian Perspective

1/24

BEMG Tfrigad _bpnr Znrgns

Urben ga Xb`un Beene;Ba Nbst Bsgba _nrspnjtgvn

Zbtfscg Gaflbtb

Af. 5>2Enjnlmnr =?2:

Bsgba Envn`fplnat Mbai Gastgtutn


2/24

Ucn Tfrigad _bpnr snrgns gs b jfatgaubtgfa fh tcn hfrlnr`y ablne Egsjussgfa _bpnr snrgns9tcn aulmnrgad fh tcn pbpnrs jfatgaune wgtcfut gatnrruptgfa fr jcbadn. BEMGs wfrigadpbpnrs rnh`njt gagtgb` genbs fa b tfpgj bae brn pfstne fa`gan hfr egsjussgfa. BEMG najfurbdnsrnbenrs tf pfst tcngr jfllnats fa tcn lbga pbdn hfr nbjc wfrigad pbpnr (dgvna ga tcnjgtbtgfa mn`fw). Zfln wfrigad pbpnrs lby envn`fp gatf ftcnr hfrls fh pum`gjbtgfa.

Zuddnstne jgtbtgfa;

Gaflbtb, Z. =?2:. Urben ga Xbùn Beene; Ba Nbst Bsgba _nrspnjtgvn. BEMG Tfrigad _bpnr5>2. Ufiyf; Bsgba Envn`fplnat Mbai Gastgtutn. Bvbg`bm`n; cttp;//www.bemg.frd/wfrigad-pbpnr/=?2:/2=/2?/8?=5.trben.ga.vbùn.beene.nbst.bsgba.pnrspnjtgvn/

_`nbsn jfatbjt tcn butcfr hfr gahfrlbtgfa bmfut tcgs pbpnr.

Nlbg`; sbtfscgVgaflbtbOgen.df.kp

Zbtfscg Gaflbtb gs Jcgnh Znagfr ]nsnbrjcnr bt tcn Gastgtutn fh Envn`fpgad Njfaflgns,KNU]F.

Ucn vgnws nxprnssne ga tcgs pbpnr brn tcn vgnws fh tcn butcfr bae ef aft anjnssbrg`yrnh`njt tcn vgnws fr pf`gjgns fh BEMG, tcn BEM, gts Mfbre fh Egrnjtfrs, fr tcn dfvnralnats

tcny rnprnsnat. BEMG efns aft dubrbatnn tcn bjjurbjy fh tcn ebtb gajùene ga tcgs pbpnrbae bjjnpts af rnspfasgmg`gty hfr bay jfasnqunajns fh tcngr usn. Unrlgaf`fdy usne lbyaft anjnssbrg`y mn jfasgstnat wgtc BEM fhhgjgb` tnrls.

Bsgba Envn`fplnat Mbai GastgtutnIbsulgdbsnig Mugègad 3H

:-=-> Ibsulgdbsnig, Jcgyfeb-iuUfiyf 2??-8??3, Kbpba

Un`; +32-:-:>7:->>??Hbx; +32-:-:>7:->>42^]@; www.bemg.frdN-lbg`; gahfObemg.frd

=?2: Bsgba Envn`fplnat Mbai Gastgtutn


3/24

BEMG Tfrigad _bpnr 5>2 Gaflbtb

Bmstrbjt

Ucgs pbpnr bgls tf prfvgen b afa-tnjcagjb` nxp`babtgfa fh tcn jfajnpt fh trben ga vbùnbeene, wgtc pbrtgju`br rnhnrnajn tf Nbst Bsgb. Ucn trben ga vbùn beene bpprfbjc b``fws ustf rnenhgan tcn rn`btgfascgp mntwnna jfuatrgns fh frgdga bae enstgabtgfa ga gatnrabtgfab` trben,

bae tcnrnmy beernssns ba glpfrtbat gssun fh lnbsurgad gatnrabtgfab` trben ga tcn hbjn fhdrfwgad prfeujtgfa scbrgad blfad eghhnrnat jfuatrgns. Ga jfatrbst tf tcn frtcfefx jfajnpt fhtrben mb`bajns mbsne fa hfrngda trben stbtgstgjs, gt hfjusns fa tcn vbùn beene jfatnats fh btrbene prfeujt, bae jfasgenrs nbjc jfuatrys jfatrgmutgfa tf tcn vbùn beene dnanrbtgfa ga bprfeujtgfa prfjnss.

KN@ J`bssghgjbtgfa;J84, H25, H2>

Ucn pbpnr wbs prnsnatne bt tcn BEMGTUF Jfahnrnajn faUcn Huturn fh tcn Tfrè UrbegadZystnl; Bsgba _nrspnjtgvns.Tfrè Urben Frdbagzbtgfa, Dnanvb. 222= Lbrjc =?2:.â`nss ftcnrwgsn aftne, $ rnhnrs tf ^Z ef``brs.


4/24


Jfatnats

2. Gatrfeujtgfa ................................................................................................................ :=. Tcbt gs Lnbsurne my Urben ga Xbùn Beene6 ............................................................ ::. @gtnrbturn ]nvgnw ....................................................................................................... 85. Ebtb ........................................................................................................................... 7>. Ucn _rfeujtgfa Zystnl fh Nbst Bsgb ........................................................................ 2:8. Bab`ytgjb` Nxblp`ns fh tcn Urben ga Xbùn Beene Bpprfbjc .................................... 244. Jfajùegad ]nlbris ............................................................................................... =?]nhnrnajns ......................................................................................................................... =2


5/24


:

2. GAU]FE^JUGFA

Ucn Gastgtutn fh Envn`fpgad Njfaflgns (GEN-KNU]F) bae tcn Tfrè Urben

Frdbagzbtgfa (TUF) jfaeujtne kfgat rnsnbrjc fa tcn tfpgj fh d`fmb` vbùn jcbgas baepum`gscne b rnpfrt fh tcn jf``bmfrbtgfa ga Kuan =?22 (TUF bae GEN-KNU]F =?22). Ucnrnsnbrjc gatrfeujne tcn jfajnpt fh trben ga vbùn beene, wcgjc beernssns baglpfrtbat gssun fh lnbsurgad gatnrabtgfab` trben ga tcn hbjn fh drfwgad prfeujtgfascbrgad blfad eghhnrnat jfuatrgns. Ucn trben ga vbùn beene bpprfbjc dgvns tcn bmg`gtytf rnenhgan tcn rn`btgfascgp mntwnna jfuatrgns fh frgdga bae enstgabtgfa ga gatnrabtgfab`trben. Ga jfatrbst tf tcn frtcfefx jfajnpt fh trben mb`bajns mbsne fa hfrngda trbenstbtgstgjs, gt hfjusns fa tcn vbùn beene jfatnats fh b trbene prfeujt, bae jfasgenrsnbjc jfuatrys jfatrgmutgfa tf tcn vbùn beene dnanrbtgfa ga b prfeujtgfa prfjnss.

Ucgs pbpnr bgls tf prfvgen b afa-tnjcagjb` nxp`babtgfa fh tcn jfajnpt fh trben ga vbùnbeene, wgtc pbrtgju`br rnhnrnajn tf Nbst Bsgb. Ucn mbsgj lftgvbtgfa hfr hfjusgad fa Nbst

Bsgb stnls hrfl tcn dnanrb` fmsnrvbtgfa tcbt tcn rndgfa cbs sujjnsshu``y hfstnrne vnrysfpcgstgjbtne prfeujtgfa antwfris bjrfss jfuatrgns, bae jbln tf hfrl wcbt ]gjcbreMbèwga jb``ne hbjtfry Bsgb (Mbèwga =??4). Ba gajrnbsgad aulmnr fh sndlnats ga tcnprfeujtgfa prfjnss wnrn rbpge`y bae nxtnasgvn`y rn`fjbtne tf eghhnrnat p`bjns gaeghhnrnat jfuatrgns wgtcga tcn rndgfa, ynt wcbt rnb``y jcbrbjtnrgzns tcn prfeujtgfasystnl fh Nbst Bsgb gs tcn egvnrsgty bae jflp`nlnatbrgty fh gts jfastgtunat jfuatrgns,wcnrn nbjc jfuatry spnjgb`gzns ga b eghhnrnat stbdn fh b prfeujtgfa prfjnss bjjfregadtf gts fwa jflpbrbtgvn bevbatbdn. Zujc b vnrtgjb` strujturn fh prfeujtgfa scbrgadblfad jfuatrgns gs cgdc`y rn`nvbat ga jfasgenrgad tcn sgdaghgjbajn fh tcn trben ga vbùnbeene bpprfbjc.

Ucgs pbpnr g`ùstrbtns tcn mbsgj genb mncgae tcn jfajnpt fh trben ga vbùn beene my

rnhnrrgad tf tcn nxblp`n fh Bpp`ns g_cfan prfeujtgfa antwfris. Ga Znjtgfa :, tcn`gtnrbturn rnvgnw trbjns tcn envn`fplnat fh rn`nvbat stuegns bae brduns hfr tcnglpfrtbajn fh tcn ebtbsnt jb``ne gatnrabtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`ns ga lnbsurgad trben gavbùn beene. Znjtgfa 5 gatrfeujns gaputfutput bab`ysgs bae tcn mbsgj hnbturn fh Bsgbagatnrabtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`ns tcbt brn usne ga genatghygad tcn vnrtgjb` strujturn fh tcnprfeujtgfa systnl ga Nbst Bsgb (Znjtgfa >), bae ga bab`ytgjb` nxblp`ns fh tcn trben gavbùn beene bpprfbjc (Znjtgfa 8). Znjtgfa 4 jfajùens wgtc pf`gjy glp`gjbtgfas baehuturn prfspnjts fh tcn stuey.

=. TCBU GZ LNBZ^]NE MW U]BEN GA XB@^N BEENE6

Hgdurn 2 scfws tcn gatnrabtgfab` vbùn egstrgmutgfa fh ba g_cfan. Gt prnsnats tcn vbùntcbt bjjrune tf tcn jflpbagns ga vbrgfus jfuatrgns tcbt pbrtgjgpbtne ga tcn prfeujtgfaantwfris fh g_cfans. Fut fh $>??, wcgjc wbs tcn rntbg` prgjn fh tcn g_cfan ga =??7, tcnâgtne Ztbtns (^Z) rnjngvne $::2 bs b pbymbji. Kbpba, Dnrlbay, bae ftcnr lbkfrgaeustrgb`gzne njfaflgns rnjngvne $28= ga tftb`, bae tcn _nfp`ns ]npum`gj fh Jcgab(_]J), wcgjc wbs tcn `brdnst prfeujnr bae nxpfrtnr fh g_cfans, rnjngvne fa`y $4.


6/24


5

Hgdurn 2; Gatnrabtgfab` Xbùn Egstrgmutgfa fh g_cfans

Zfurjn; Erbwa my tcn butcfr, mbsne fa Sgad bae Entnrt (=?2?).

Tcy efns tcgs cbppna6 Nvnry jflpfanat fh ba g_cfan gs prfeujne my eghhnrnatprfeujtgfa tnjcaf`fdgns, bae cnajn cbs eghhnrnat lbrint vbùns. H`bsc lnlfrgns bae

tfujc sjrnnas, hfr nxblp`n, brn tcn prfeujts fh Ufscgmb, sf tcn Kbpbansn jfatrgmutgfatf fan g_cfan gs iafwa tf mn brfuae $82 (Ubm`n 2).

Ubm`n 2; Jfst Ztrujturn fh _brts hfr ba g_cfan :D

Lbauhbjturnr Jflpfanat âgt _rgjn($)

Ufscgmb (Kbpba) H`bsc Lnlfry =5.??Egsp`by Lfeu`n 27.=>Ufujc Zjrnna 28.??

Zblsuad (]npum`gj fhIfrnb)

Bpp`gjbtgfa _rfjnssfr 25.58

ZE]BLLfmg`n EE] 3.>?

Gahganfa (Dnrlbay) Mbsnmbae 2:.??Jblnrb Lfeu`n 7.>>]H Urbasjngvnr =.3?D_Z ]njngvnr =.=>_fwnr GJ ]H Huajtgfa 2.=>

Mrfbejfl (âgtne Ztbtns) Mùntfftc/HL/T@BA >.7>Aulfavx (âgtne Ztbtns) Lnlfry LJ_ :.8>Lurbtb (Kbpba) HNL 2.:>Egb`fd Znlgjfaeujtfr(Dnrlbay)

_fwnr GJ Bpp`gjbtgfa_rfjnssfr Huajtgfa

2.:?

Jgrrus @fdgj (âgtne Ztbtns) Buegf Jfenj 2.2>Ftcnrs 53.??

Zfurjn; Sgad bae Entnrt (=?2?).


7/24


>

Gt gs aft surprgsgad tf snn tcbt lbrint vbùns eghhnr enpnaegad fa tcn typns fhjflpfanats, mut sujc b vbùn-dbp jba b`sf nlnrdn blfad tcn tbsis ga tcnprfeujtgfa prfjnss. Zuppfsn tcn prfeujtgfa fh ba g_cfan gavf`vns ngdct prfeujtgfastbdns; prfeujt ensgda, rnsnbrjc bae envn`fplnat (]&E), lbtnrgb`s prfjurnlnat,pbrts prfjurnlnat, bssnlm`y egstrgmutgfa, lbrintgad, bae justflnr snrvgjns.

B`sf suppfsn tcbt tcn tbsis brn jbrrgne fut ga eghhnrnat jfuatrgns tcrfudc fhhscfrgad.Cnrn, gh tcn prfeujtgfa stbdns brn b`gdane b`fad tcn cfrgzfatb` bxgs hrfl tcn upstrnbltf tcn efwastrnbl prfjnss, bae gh tcn vnrtgjb` bxgs gs tbina hfr tcn blfuat fh vbùnbeene dnanrbtne my nbjc prfeujtgfa stbdn, tcna tcn huajtgfab` drbpc wg`` mn erbwa bsga Hgdurn =. ^sub``y, gt gs bt mftc tcn pnrgpcnrb` sgens b`fad tcn tbsi spnjtrul wcnrn tcnjflpbagns rnjngvn tcn cgdcnr vbùns; sujc bs prfeujt ensgdas, ]&E, lbrintgad baejustflnr suppfrtlfst fh tcnl bjjrun tf envn`fpne njfaflgns. Fa tfp fh tcgs, tcncgdcnst vbùns brn jbpturne, fh jfursn, my tcn `nbe hgrl, tcbt gs, Bpp`n. Ga jfatrbst, tcntbsis ga tcn lgee`n rbadn tnae tf rnqugrn uasig``ne `bmfr, bae tcus cbvn `fwnr vbùnbeene, pbrtgju`br`y tcn bssnlm`y stbdn wcgjc eflgabat`y tbins p`bjn ga tcn _]J.Mnjbusn fh tcgs scbpn, tcn egbdrbl gs jb``ne b slg`n jurvn, bae gt gs tcn rn`btgvn

pfsgtgfa fh tcn jfuatrgns b`fad tcn slg`n jurvn tcbt entnrlgans tcn gatnrabtgfabègstrgmutgfa fh vbùn beene.

Hgdurn =; B Zlg`n Jurvn

Zfurjn; Erbwa my tcn butcfr.

Ucnsn fmsnrvbtgfas pfsn b huaeblnatb` qunstgfa tf tcn wby gatnrabtgfab` trben gslnbsurne. g_cfans brn prfeujne ga tcn _]J bae nxpfrtne tf tcn ^Z, tcn lbgajfasulptgfa lbrint. Wnt wcbt tcn _]J prfeujnrs ef gs gaenne b vnry sglp`n tbsi fhbssnlm`gad pbrts bae jflpfanats, bae cnajn tcn blfuat tcbt tcny rnjngvn hfr tcnwfri gs lgaglb`. Fa tcn ftcnr cbae, tcn g_cfans nxpfrtne hrfl tcn _]J brn hgagscneprfeujts, wgtc vbùns fh brfuae $23?. Ucgs lnbas tcbt tcn jurrnat trben stbtgstgjs tcbt

fa`y jfajnra tcn pcysgjb` trbashnr fh dffes bae snrvgjns hrfl ba gllnegbtn trbegad


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8

pbrtanr, rnjfre tcn vbùn fh tcn _]J nxpfrt tcbt cbs af rn`nvbajn tf tcn rnb` pgjturn fhlbauhbjturnrs ga tcn _]J.

Zujc ba uawbrrbatne abturn fh trben stbtgstgjs cbs mrfudct fa tcn jcrfagj gssun tcbt gshbjne tfebytcn trben glmb`bajn mntwnna tcn _]J bae tcn ^Z (Hgdurn :). Ucn

sgdaghgjbat pbrt fh tcn vbùn nlmfegne ga tcn _]Js nxpfrts cbs gts frgdga ga ftcnrjfuatrgns, tcn glp`gjbtgfa fh wcgjc gs tcbt tcn _]Js trben surpùs, fr tcn ^Z trbenenhgjgt, gs sgdaghgjbat`y fvnrnstglbtne mbsne fa tcn jurrnat lnbsurnlnat, bs jflpbrnetf tcn b`tnrabtgvn lntcfe fh lnbsurgad trben ga tnrls fh vbùn-beene.

Hgdurn :; ^Z Urben Enhgjgts wgtc tcn _nfp`ns ]npum`gj fh Jcgab(2772 < 2??)

2??

>??

7??

2:??

24??

=2??

Gaenx

Zfurjn; Erbwa my tcn butcfr, mbsne fa Â Jfltrben.(Uftb` vbùns, ]npfrtnr; agtne Ztbtns, _brtanr; _]J)Bvbg`bm`n bt; cttp;//jfltrben.ua.frd/em/eqMbsgjRunry.bspx

:. @GUN]BU^]N ]NXGNT

Ucn vbùn beene bpprfbjc tf gatnrabtgfab` trben gs angtcnr anw afr surprgsgad. Gt cbsmnna wgen`y egsjussne bt vnauns `gin tcn Tfrè Urben Frdbagzbtgfa (TUF). Ga prbjtgjn,cfwnvnr, tcn genb wbs cbre`y rnb`gzne eun tf tcn `bji fh ba bpprfprgbtn lntcfef`fdy frebtbmbsn.

Ucn jfavnatgfab` bpprfbjc tf trbjgad jrfss-mfrenr vbùn jcbgas jba mn hfuae ga tcnstuegns tcbt usn hgrls lgjrf-`nvn` ebtb. Bs snna ga tcn jbsn fh tcn g_cfan, tcnbpprfbjc dnanrb``y bgls tf genatghy tcn strujturn fh tcn prfeujtgfa prfjnss bae/fr tcnsb`ns antwfris fh b pbrtgju`br prfeujt, mbsne fa tcn gahfrlbtgfa prfvgene mylbauhbjturnrs.


9/24


4

Ucn pgfannrgad wfri fh tcgs igae gajùens Energji, Irbnlnr, bae @gaena (=??3). 2

Sgad bae Entnrt (=?2?) prfmn tcn gssun fh ^Z_]J trben glmb`bajns. Ucngr rnsnbrjcrnsu`ts fa tcn g_cfans prfeujtgfa antwfri brn prnsnatne mn`fw. Ga =??7, gt wbs iafwatcbt g_cfans wnrn aft sfè ga tcn _]J, wcgjc glp`gns tcbt tcn _]Js nxpfrts fhg_cfans tf tcn ^Z gs nqugvb`nat tf tcn ^Z trben enhgjgt fh tcn prfeujt ga rn`btgfa tf tcn_]J. Ucn stuey scfws tcbt tcn ^Z enhgjgt fh $2.7 mg``gfa hfr g_cfan trben gs rneujne tf

$4: lg``gfa gh vgnwne ga tnrls fh vbùn beene, bae mrfina efwa tf tcn enhgjgts wgtc ftcnrjfuatrgns sujc bs Kbpba bae Dnrlbay, tcn jfrn pbrts supp`gnrs (Hgdurn 5). Fa tcgsdrfuae, mftc butcfrs qunstgfa tcn nhhgjbjy fh nxjcbadn rbtn bekustlnat fh tcn yuba hfrtcn purpfsn fh trben rnmb`bajgad.

Ucnyjfaeujtne ba bab`ysgs fh tcn vbùn beene strujturn fh hfur rnprnsnatbtgvn prfeujts;Bpp`ns g_fe bae vgenf g_fe, b `bptfp _J fh Cnw`ntt _bjibre, bae fan fh @nafvf,utg`gzgad tcn gahfrlbtgfa hrfl musganss rnpfrts. Ucn stuey rnvnb`s, hfr nxblp`n, tcbt ga=??8 b vgenf g_fe wgtc b rntbg` prgjn fh $=77 gs bssfjgbtne wgtc b jfst fh $3? hfr prfhgtbae/fr fpnrbtgad surpùs fh tcn `nbe hgrl (Bpp`n), $255 bs tcn nx-hbjtfry prgjn (mnhfrnegstrgmutgfa lbrdgas) fh tcn prfeujt, bae $:.38 hfr tcn prfeujt bssnlm`y ga tcn _]J.Ucn frgdgab` lftgvbtgfa fh tcn stuey wbs tf gavnstgdbtn cfw hgrls mnanhgt hrfltnjcaf`fdgjb` gaafvbtgfa tcrfudc prfeujtgfa scbrgad, mut gt jbln tf nùjgebtn bsnpbrbtn, bae nvna lfrn b`brlgad, qunstgfa bmfut tcn vb`gegty fh jfavnatgfab` trbenstbtgstgjs.

Hgdurn 5; ^Z Urben Mb`bajn fh g_cfans, =??7

Zfurjn; TUF bae GEN-KNU]F (=?22).

Ucnsn hgrl-`nvn` bpprfbjcns brn usnhu` ga erbwgad tcn bjtub` strujturn fh supp`yjcbgas sgajn tcny utg`gzn tcn ebtb egrnjt`y prfvgene my gaegvgeub` hgrls rbtcnr tcbarnsfrtgad tf bay hfrls fh stbtgstgjb` gahnrnajn. Ucn wnbianss, cfwnvnr, gs b`sf bppbrnatga gts h`gpsgen.

2Gh wn gajùen afa-bjbenlgj `gtnrbturn, Unlpnst (2778) fa tcn Mbrmgn ef`` gs fan fh tcn nbr`gnst.


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3

Hgrst`y, tcngr bpp`gjbmg`gty gs `glgtne ga jfasgenrgad lbjrfnjfaflgj gssuns `gin trbenpf`gjy, sgajn tcn bab`ytgjb` hfjus gs jbst fa`y tf b pbrtgju`br prfeujt bae/fr bjtgvgty fh bhnw hgrls. Gt gs hbr hrfl mngad suhhgjgnat tf jbpturn tcn natgrn vbùn h`fws bt tcn abtgfab`jfatnxt.

Znjfae, bs pfgatne fut my Energji, Irbnlnr, bae @gaena (=??3), tcn lbkfrgty fh hgrl-`nvn` ebtb efns aft nxp`gjgt`y prnsnat jflpnasbtgfa fh nlp`fynns, ba glpfrtbatjflpfanat fh vbùn beene gtnls ga tcn abtgfab` bjjfuat hrblnwfri, mut lnrdns gt wgtcftcnr typns fh prfeujtgfa jfsts. Ucn vbùn beene bab`ysgs mbsne fa b hgrls lgjrf-ebtb, tcnrnhfrn, gs mfuae tf mn ba bpprfxglbtgfa my tcn gahfrlbtgfa fa b hgrlsfpnrbtgad surpùs (prfhgt).

Hgab``y, sgajn vbùns brn dnanrbtne bt nvnry pfgat fh tcn prfeujtgfa prfjnss, tcn vbùnbeene bab`ysgs scfuè mn bm`n tf trbjn b`` tcn prfeujtgfa stbdns b`fad tcn natgrn supp`yjcbga. Ucn hgrl-`nvn` bpprfbjc, cfwnvnr, fa`y jfasgenrs tcn vbùn beene strujturn fhegrnjt gaput supp`gnrs (tcn hgrst tgnr), mut `nbvns b`` tcn rnst fh tcn vbùn beene strnbluatrbjine. Ufscgmbs cbre-egsi ergvns fr Mrfbejfls lu`tglnegb prfjnssfrs jfatbga

vbrgfus sum-pbrts prfeujne ga eghhnrnat jfuatrgns, bae tcnrnmy rnqugrn hurtcnrenjflpfsgtgfa bae gavnstgdbtgfa fh tcn vbùn beene sfurjns.=

Dgvna tcnsn `glgtbtgfas fh tcn jfavnatgfab` bpprfbjc, gajrnbsgad bttnatgfa gs egrnjtne tfb anw strbae fh stuegns tcbt usn stbtgstgjb` tbm`ns jb``ne gatnrabtgfab` gaputfutputtbm`ns (GGFUs). Ba GGFU prfvgens b jflprncnasgvn lbppgad fh gatnrabtgfab` trbasbjtgfasfh dffes bae snrvgjns. Ucgs lbssgvn ebtbsnt jflmgans abtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`ns fhvbrgfus jfuatrgns bt b dgvna pfgat fh tgln. Zgajn tcn tbm`ns jfatbga gahfrlbtgfa fasupp`y-usn rn`btgfas mntwnna gaeustrgns bjrfss jfuatrgns, wcgjc gs tftb``y bmsnat gajfavnatgfab` trben stbtgstgjs, gt gs pfssgm`n tf genatghy tcn vnrtgjb` strujturn fhgatnrabtgfab` prfeujtgfa scbrgad. â`gin tcn hgrl-`nvn` bpprfbjc, tcn gaputfutputbab`ysgs jfvnrs ba natgrn snt fh gaeustrgns tcbt jflprgsns ba njfaflgj systnl, baetcnrnmy nabm`ns tcn jbpturn fh jrfss-mfrenr vbùn h`fws bt tcn `nvn` fh b jfuatry fr brndgfa. Ucnfrntgjb``y, gt cbs tcn jbpbjgty tf trbji tcn vbùn beene dnanrbtgfa prfjnss fhnvnry jfllfegty ga nvnry jfuatry bt nvnry prfeujtgfa stbdn.

Ucn stuegns fa trben ga vbùn beene usgad gaputfutput tbm`ns mnjbln gajrnbsgad`yvgsgm`n ga tcn `bst enjben, ynt gts frgdga jba mn trbjne mbji nvna tf tcn mndgaagad fh tcnjnatury, wcna Culln`s, Gscgg, bae Wg (=??2) gatrfeujne tcn jfajnpt fh vnrtgjb`spnjgb`gzbtgfa (XZ). Ucn XZ lntrgj gs enhgane bs tcn blfuat fh glpfrtne gatnrlnegbtngaputs usne hfr tcn prfeujtgfa fh ba nxpfrtne dffe, fr put eghhnrnat`y, tcn glpfrtjfatnats fh nxpfrts prnsnatne bs b lnbsurnlnat fh gatnrabtgfab` prfeujtgfa scbrgad.

Ucn genb wbs mrfudct gatf tcn vbùn beene jfatnxt my tcn stuey fh Jcna nt b`. (=??5)tcbt hfr tcn hgrst tgln gavnstgdbtne tcn stbtgstgjb` egstfrtgfa fh gdafrgad tcn prnsnajn fh

prfjnssgad trben ga lnbsurgad gatnrabtgfab` trben ga tnrls fh vbùn beene. Cnrn, tcn`fad-enmbtne gssun fh ^Z_]J trben glmb`bajns, bs rnhnrrne tf ga tcn g_cfannxblp`n, wbs hu``y jfasgenrne ga tcn vbùn-beene pnrspnjtgvn. Ucn bpprfbjc wbshurtcnr envn`fpne bae lntcfef`fdgjb``y hfrlb`gzne ga Iffplba, Tbad, bae Tng(=??3), ga wcgjc snpbrbtn gaputfutput lbtrgjns hfr nxpfrt prfjnssgad snjtfrs wnrnnstglbtne hfr tcn tbm`ns fh tcn _]J bae Lnxgjf, wcnrn prfjnssgad trben gs lfstprnvb`nat.

= Lfadn-Brgaf (=?22) prnsnats b rbrn rnsnbrjc nxblp`n tcbt sujjnsshu``y fvnrjflns tcnsn bab`ytgjb``glgtbtgfas. My jfaeujtgad ba nxtnasgvn survny fa tcn supp`y-usn rn`btgfas fh `nbegad jflpbagns ga Jfstb]gjb, tcn stuey genatghgns tcn vbùn-beene strujturn fh tcn jfuatrys jfrn njfaflgj systnl. Ucfudcgasgdcthu`, gt gs cfwnvnr eghhgju`t tf navgsbdn tcn bpprfbjc mngad bpp`gne tf ftcnr jfuatrgns, sgajn gtshnbsgmg`gty gs huaeblnatb``y bttrgmutbm`n tf tcn gegfsyajrbtgj hnbturn fh Jfstb ]gjb tcbt b hnw aulmnr fhlu`tgabtgfab` jfrpfrbtgfas (sujc bs Gatn`) brn bssulne tf suhhgjgnat`y rnprnsnat tcn abtgfab` njfafly.


11/24


7

Tcg`n tcn nlpgrgjb` nxnrjgsns fh tcnsn snlgab` wfris rn`y fa gaegvgeub` jfuatrgnsabtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`ns, Ebuega, ]ghh`brt, bae Zjcwngsdutc (=??8) rb``gne tcnebtbmbsn fh tcn D`fmb` Urben Bab`ysgs _rfknjt (DUB_) bae jfastrujtne lu`tg-rndgfab`gaputfutput tbm`ns fh 4? jfuatrgns bae jflpfsgtn rndgfas hfr tcn jb`ju`btgfa fheflnstgj vbùn beene jfatnats fh nxpfrt, b`fadsgen tcn gaegjns fh vnrtgjb`spnjgb`gzbtgfa bae rndgfab`gzbtgfa. Ucgs wbs hf``fwne my tcn Kfcasfa bae Afdunrb(=??7) stuey tcbt jb`ju`btne tcn rbtgf fh vbùn beene nxpfrts tf drfss nxpfrts (XBSrbtgf) bs b lntrgj fh gatnrabtgfab` prfeujtgfa scbrgad, bdbga usgad tcn DUB_ ebtbmbsn.Ga tcgs stuey, tcn glpbjt fhprfeujtgfa scbrgad fa tcn sjb`n fh mg`btnrb` trben mb`bajnswbs nxtnasgvn`y egsjussne wgtc rnspnjt tf lyrgbes fh jfuatrgns bae rndgfas, aft tflnatgfa ^Z_]J trben rn`btgfas.

Fan fh tcn `btnst envn`fplnats gs tcn Iffplba nt b`. (=?2?) stuey tcbt envgsne b hu`ènjflpfsgtgfa lntcfe fh nxpfrt vbùn gatf vbrgfus sfurjns fh vbùn beene, baeprnsnatne b jflp`ntn pgjturn fh tcn babtfly fh tcn vbùn beene dnanrbtgfa prfjnss.Ga tcgs wfri, vbrgfus prnjnegad lntcfes fh lnbsurgad vbùn beene trben brnsystnlbtgjb``y gatndrbtne gatf b sgad`n sjcnln fh nstglbtgfa hfrlu`bn.

Ga tcn anxt snjtgfa, tcn mbsgj hnbturn fh ba gaputfutput tbm`n gs prnsnatne, wgtc banxtnasgfa tf tcn gatnrabtgfab` vnrsgfa.

5. EBUB

Ucn gaputfutput tbm`n gs b lbp fh ba njfafly, wcgjc jflpbjt`y enpgjts b`` tcn h`fwsfh dffes bae snrvgjns hfr b dgvna pnrgfe fh tgln (usub``y fan ynbr) usgad rnjfrenetrbasbjtgfa vbùns mntwnna gaeustrgns. Gts glbdn gs `gin b pgnjn fh tnxtg`n wfvna hrflwbrps bae wffhs. Ga tcn gaputfutput hrblnwfri, wbrps rnprnsnat enlbae snjtfrs fhdffes bae snrvgjns wcg`n wffhs brn supp`y snjtfrs, bae tcn gatnrsnjtgfa dgvns tcn

vbùn fh trbasbjtgfas lben mntwnna tcnsn twf gaeustrgns. Hgdurn > scfws b sjcnlbtgjglbdn fh ba gaputfutput tbm`n wgtc tcrnn gaeustrgb` snjtfrs; bdrgju`turn bae lgagad,lbauhbjturgad, bae snrvgjns.


12/24


2?

Hgdurn >; Zjcnlbtgj Glbdn fh ba GaputFutput Ubm`n

Gatnrlnegbtn Urbasbjtgfa Hgab` Enlbae

Bdrg. bae

Lgagad Lbauh. Znrvgjns Jfas. Gav. Nxpfrts Glpfrts

Uftb`

Futput

Gatnrlnegbtn

Urbasbjtgfas

Bdrg. baeLgagad 3?? 23?? =?? 8?? 5?? :?? -2?? 5???

Lbauh. 28?? 8?? >?? ? :>? =?? -=>? :???

Znrvgjn 5?? :?? 7?? :>? >? ? ? =???

XbùnBeene

Tbdns 3?? =?? =>?

_rfhgts =>? >? 2??

Enprnjgbtgfa 2?? :? 5?

Ubxns >? =? 2?

Uftb` Gaput 5??? :??? =???Aftns; Bdrg. < Bdrgju`turn, Jfas. < Jfasulptgfa, Gav. < Gavnstlnat, Lbauh. < Lbauhbjturgad.Zfurjn; Erbwa my tcn butcfr.

Ga pbrtgju`br, tcn gatnrlnegbtn trbasbjtgfa sndlnat prfvgens b jfrn bppbrbtus fh tcngaputfutput bab`ysgs. Ga tcn lfenra prfeujtgfa systnl, dffes bae snrvgjns brnprfjnssne tcrfudc prfdrnssgvn jfllgtlnat fh vbrgfus gaeustrgns, ga wcgjc b prfeujt fhfan gaeustry gs usne bs ba gatnrlnegbtn gaput fh ftcnrs, bae tcgs gs anbt`y dgvna my tcngatnrlnegbtn trbasbjtgfa lbtrgx fh ba gaputfutput tbm`n. Ucn strnadtc fh ba gaputfutput tbm`n, bae wcbt lbins gt spnjgb`, gs gaenne gts gahfrlbtgfa fh prfeujtgfa `gaibdnstcbt brn enrgvne hrfl supp`y-usn rn`btgfas mntwnna gaeustrgns.

Zuppfsn tcbt tcnrn gs ba gajrnbsn ga tcn enlbae hfr jbrs my 2? mg``gfa (Hgdurn 8). Ucnfutput nxpbasgfa fh jbrs mrgads bmfut tcn snjfaebry rnpnrjussgfa fa tcn prfeujtgfa fhftcnr prfeujts. Gt gajrnbsns tcn enlbae hfr jbr pbrts bae bjjnssfrgns sujc bs jcbssgs,nadgans, hrfat d`bss, bae tgrns. Ucn gajrnbsn ga prfeujtgfa fh tcnsn dffes, cfwnvnr,

hurtcnr gaeujns tcn enlbae hfr, bae cnajn tcn supp`y fh, tcngr sum-pbrts bae lbtnrgb`s;stnn`, pbgat, rummnr, bae sf fa. Bt nbjc prfeujtgfa stbdn, vbùn gs dnanrbtne, wcgjc jbamn jbpturne my ba gaputfutput tbm`n tcrfudcfut tcn natgrn supp`y jcbga.

Ga tfebys d`fmb`gzne wfrè, sujc prfeujtgfa prfpbdbtgfa fhtna jrfssns abtgfab`mfrenrs. Ba gajrnbsn ga tcn futput fh Kbpbansn jbrs gajrnbsns tcn enlbae hfr tgrnslben ga tcn ]npum`gj fh Ifrnb, wcgjc hurtcnr gajrnbsns glpfrt enlbae ga tcn jfuatryhfr rummnr lben ga Lb`bysgb. Xbùn gs trbashnrrne bjrfss mfrenrs, nlmfegne ga trbeneprfeujts. Zf, tcn gssuns ga tcn gatnrabtgfab` jfatnxt cbvn tf mn jfasgenrne.


13/24


22

Hgdurn 8; Glbdn fh _rfeujtgfa _rfpbdbtgfa bae Xbùn Beene Dnanrbtgfa(Jbr Gaeustry)


Ucn Bsgba gatnrabtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`n (BGFU) jfastrujtne my GENKNU]F gs bagatnrabtgfab` vnrsgfa fh ba gaputfutput tbm`n. Gt jfvnrs tna njfaflgns; Gaefansgb (G),Lb`bysgb (L), tcn _cg`gppgans (_), Zgadbpfrn (Z), Ucbg`bae (U), tcn _]J (J),Ubgpng,Jcgab (A), ]npum`gj fh Ifrnb (I), Kbpba (K), bae tcn ^Z (^), hfr tcn rnhnrnajnynbrs fh 273>, 277?, 277>, =???, bae =??>. Gaeustrgb` snjtfr j`bssghgjbtgfa gs 48 snjtfrshfr tcn lfst entbg`ne aflnaj`bturns. Hgdurn 4 prnsnats gts sjcnlbtgj glbdn. Nbjc jn``fh B** rnprnsnats trbasbjtgfas blfad 48 gaeustrgb` snjtfrs, abln`y, gt gs b squbrnlbtrgx fh 48 eglnasgfas. Ucn tbm`n gs vbùne bt tcn prfeujnr prgjn, nxjnpt hfr tcn glpfrtlbtrgjns hrfl Cfad Ifad, Jcgab9 tcn Nurfpnba âgfa (N^)9 bae tcn rnst fh tcn wfrè,wcgjc brn vbùne bt jfst, gasurbajn, bae hrngdct (JGH).


14/24


2=

Hgdurn 4; Ucn Bsgba Gatnrabtgfab` GaputFutput Ubm`n(hfr tcn rnhnrnajn ynbr =???)

N^ < Nurfpnba ^agfa9 _]J < _nfp`n's ]npum`gj fh Jcgab9 ]FT < rnst fh wfr`e.Zfurjn; GENKNU]F (=??8).


15/24


2:

Ucn gatnrabtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`n gs sglp`y b pbtjcwfri fh tcn pgnjns tbina hrflnbjc abtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`n, bae cnajn tcny jba mn rnbe nxbjt`y ga tcn sblnlbaanr bs hfr abtgfab` tbm`ns. Nbjc jn`` ga tcn jfùlas fh tcn tbm`n scfws tcn gaputjflpfsgtgfa fh gaeustrgns fh tcn rnspnjtgvn jfuatry. B, hfr nxblp`n, scfws tcn gaput

jflpfsgtgfa fh Gaefansgba gaeustrgns ga rn`btgfa tf eflnstgjb``y prfeujne dffes baesnrvgjns, tcbt gs, tcn eflnstgj trbasbjtgfas fh Gaefansgb. BLGga jfatrbst scfws tcn gaputjflpfsgtgfa fh Gaefansgba gaeustrgns hfr tcn glpfrtne dffes bae snrvgjns hrflLb`bysgb. Jn``s B_G, BZG, BUG, BJG, BAG, BIG, BKG, B^G, BCG, BFG, BTG, gaegjbtn tcn glpfrts hrflftcnr jfuatrgns. MB* bae EB* dgvn tcn gatnrabtgfab` hrngdct bae gasurbajn bae tbxns`nvgne fa tcnsn glpfrt trbasbjtgfas.

Ucn 22tc jfùla hrfl tcn `nht sgen fh tcn tbm`n scfws tcn jflpfsgtgfa fh dffes baesnrvgjns tcbt cbvn dfan tf tcn hgab` enlbae snjtfrs fh Gaefansgb. HGG bae HLG, hfrnxblp`n, scfw rnspnjtgvn`y tcn dffes bae snrvgjns prfeujne eflnstgjb``y bae tcfsnglpfrtne hrfl Lb`bysgb tcbt h`fw gatf Gaefansgba hgab` enlbae snjtfrs. Ucn rnst fh tcnjfùla gs rnbe ga tcn sbln lbaanr bs hfr tcn hgrst jfùla fh tcn tbm`n.

@*C

, @*F

, @*T

brn nxpfrts (vnjtfrs) tf Cfad Ifad, Jcgab9 tcn N^9 bae tcn rnst fh tcnwfrè, rnspnjtgvn`y. X* bae S* brn vbùn beene bae tftb` gaput bae/fr tftb` futput, bssnna ga tcn jfavnatgfab` abtgfab` gaputfutput tbm`n. R* rnprnsnats tcn stbtgstgjbègsjrnpbajgns ga nbjc rfw.

>. UCN _]FE^JUGFA ZWZUNL FH NBZU BZGB

Bs stbtne bt tcn mndgaagad fh tcgs pbpnr, tcn prfeujtgfa systnl ga Nbst Bsgb, fr hbjtfryBsgb, gs cgdc`y jcbrbjtnrgzne my gts vnrtgjb` strujturn fh prfeujtgfa scbrgad bae hganegvgsgfa fh `bmfr blfad jfastgtunat jfuatrgns, wcgjc lbins tcn rndgfa ba genb`bab`ytgjb` tbrdnt hfr tcn stuey fh trben ga vbùn beene. Ga mrnvgty, tcn strujturn gs

rneujne tf tcn hfrl fh b trgbadu`br prfeujt h`fw bs sujc tcbt;(g) Nbst Bsgba njfaflgns ftcnr tcba tcn _]J supp`y gatnrlnegbtn prfeujts tf tcn

_]J.

(gg) Ucn _]J bssnlm`ns tcnl gatf hgab` jfasulptgfa dffes.

(ggg) Ucn hgab` dffes brn nxpfrtne tf mgd lbrints `gin tcn âgtne Ztbtns bae tcn N^.

Ucbt gs, tcn jflpntgtgvnanss fh tcn _]J nxpfrts gs aft fa`y bttrgmutbm`n tf gts jcnbp`bmfr hfrjn, mut b`sf stnls hrfl tcn cgdc vbùn beene gatnrlnegbtn prfeujts tcbt gtrnjngvns hrfl ftcnr Nbst Bsgba jfuatrgns, bs nlmneene ga dffes `bmn`ne lben gaJcgab.

Dgvna tcgs, wcbt hf``fws scb`` genatghy tcn bmfvn-lnatgfane vnrtgjb` strujturn fhprfeujtgfa scbrgad ga Nbst Bsgb sgajn, bs scfwa ga tcn g_cfan nxblp`n, tcn rn`btgvnpfsgtgfa fh tcn jfuatrgns b`fad b slg`n jurvn gs wcbt entnrlgans tcn gatnrabtgfabègstrgmutgfa fh vbùn beene.

Cfw ef wn nvbùbtn b jfuatrys rn`btgvn pfsgtgfa6 Ucn bpprfbjc gs sglp`n. Gh tcnjfuatrys fvnrb`` supp`y jcbgas tfwbre hgab` prfeujts brn hfuae tf mn `fadnr tcba tcfsntfwbre prglbry prfeujts, tcna gt jba mn sbge tcbt tcn jfuatry fpnrbtns ga b rn`btgvn`yupstrnbl pfsgtgfa (Hgdurn 3).


16/24


25

Hgdurn 3; Cfw tf _fsgtgfa Jfuatrgns ga ]ndgfab` Zupp`y Jcbgas


Ucna, cfw brn tcn `nadtcs fh supp`y jcbgas lnbsurne6 Hfr tcgs nae, tcn hf``fwgadbab`ysgs nlp`fys tcn gaputfutput lfen` fh bvnrbdn prfpbdbtgfa `nadtc, fr B_@,envn`fpne ga Egntznambjcnr, ]flnrf, bae Mfslb (=??>). Bs ba g``ustrbtgvn nxblp`n,jfasgenr tcn cypftcntgjb` supp`y jcbgas ga Hgdurn 7. Ga frenr tf lnbsurn tcn `nadtc fhtcn supp`y jcbgas mntwnna Gaeustry B bae Gaeustry N, tcn aulmnr fh prfeujtgfa stbdnsfh nvnry mrbajc fh tcn supp`y jcbga scfu`e mn `ffine bt; tcn tfp mrbajc cbs b =-stnppbtc, tcn snjfae mrbajc cbs b 5-stnp pbtc, tcn tcgre cbs b :-stnp pbtc, bae sf hfrtc.B`sf, tcn rn`btgvn glpfrtbajn fh nbjc pbtc jba mn jb`ju`btne my tcn gahfrlbtgfa hrfl tcngaputfutput tbm`ns, bs dgvna bt tcn nae fh nbjc mrbajc (ga pnrjnatbdns).

Hgdurn 7; Jb`ju`btgfa fh Bvnrbdn _rfpbdbtgfa @nadtc



17/24


2>

Ga tcgs nxblp`n, tcn B_@ mntwnna Gaeustry B bae Gaeustry N gs enrgvne bs;

B_@NB< 2 x ?% + = x >?% + : x :?% + 5 x (2?+2?)% + > x ?% + < =.4.

Ucbt gs, tcn B_@ gs hfrlu`btne bs b wngdctne bvnrbdn fh tcn aulmnr fh prfeujtgfastbdns hrfl fan gaeustry tf baftcnr, usgad tcn rn`btgvn glpfrtbajn fh nbjc pbtc bs bwngdct. Ucn B_@ jba mn lnbsurne mftc ga hfrwbre-`ffigad bae mbjiwbre-`ffigadegrnjtgfas ga tcn prfeujtgfa prfjnss, sf tcn rn`btgvn pfsgtgfa fh b jfuatry ga b rndgfab`prfeujtgfa systnl jba mn genatghgne my jflpbrgad tcn `nadtcs mntwnna tcn twf, bsscfwa ga Hgdurn 3.

Hgdurn 2? gs b p`ft egbdrbl fh njfafly bvnrbdns fh hfrwbre B_@ (tcn vnrtgjb` bxgs) baembjiwbre B_@ (tcn cfrgzfatb` bxgs), scfwgad lfvnlnat hrfl 273> tf =??>.:

Fa tcn ftcnr cbae, gh tcn hgdurn b`fad tcn afrtcwnstsfutcnbst egbdfab` gs `ffine bt, gterbws tcn rn`btgvn pfsgtgfa fh nbjc njfafly wgtcga tcn rndgfab` supp`y jcbgas, bsentnrlgane my tcn rbtgf fh hfrwbre bae mbjiwbre B_@. Kbpba bae tcn ^Z, tcn lfstenvn`fpne njfaflgns ga tcn rndgfa, brn `fjbtne ga tcn upstrnbl pfsgtgfa, tcfudc tcn^Z lfvne efwawbres eurgad tcn pnrgfe bae swbppne gts pfsgtgfa wgtc tcn ]npum`gj fhIfrnb. Ucn _]J stbys ga tcn efwastrnbl sndlnat fh tcn rndgfab` supp`y jcbgas, wcgjcrnh`njts tcn jfuatrys eflgabat pfsgtgfa bs b hgab` bssnlm`nr fh tcn rndgfab` prfeujts.Ucn ftcnr njfaflgns lfrn fr `nss rnlbga ga tcn lgee`n rbadn spnjtrul, tcfudc tcn

aftbm`n jcbadn gs tcbt Ubgpng,Jcgab lfvne up gatf tcn lgee`n j`ustnr bae Ucbg`baewnat efwastrnbl tf b `brdn nxtnat. Ucgs jcbadn j`nbr`y rnh`njts tcn envn`fplnat fh tcnrf`ns fh tcnsn twf njfaflgns ga tcn rndgfa. Ubgpng,Jcgab sgdaghgjbat`y gajrnbsne gtsn`njtrfagjs lbauhbjturgad snrvgjn bae mnjbln b lbkfr pbrts supp`gnr tf mgd jflputnrlu`tgabtgfab`s, wcg`n Ucbg`bae gavgtne bae bjjfllfebtne tcn lbssgvn gah`fw fhKbpbansn jbr bssnlm`y p`bats, bae `btnr rnjngvne tcn abln fh tcn Bsgba Entrfgt.

@ffigad bttcn hgdurn b`fad tcn afrtcnbstsfutcwnst egbdfab`, gt prnsnats tcn bvnrbdn `nadtc fhsupp`y jcbgas tcbt nbjc jfuatry pbrtgjgpbtns ga. Gt gs fmsnrvne tcbt lfst njfaflgnscbvn gajrnbsne tcn `nadtc fh supp`y jcbgas hrfl 273> tf =??> (wgtc nxjnptgfas fh tcn^Z bae Ubgpng,Jcgab). Blfad tcn tna njfaflgns ga tcn rndgfa, tcn _]J enlfastrbtnsfutstbaegad `nadtc fh supp`y jcbgas. Gt gs jfasgenrne tcbt gatnr`gaigad fh gts eflnstgj

supp`y jcbgas wgtc fvnrsnbs prfeujtgfa antwfris wbs bjjn`nrbtne my tcn jfuatrysbjjnssgfa tf tcn TUF ga =??2, bs suddnstne my tcn mgd `nbp fh vb`un hrfl 273> tf=??>.

:Ucgs bab`ysgs hfjusns fa tcn prfeujtgfa prfjnss fa`y up tf tcn hbmrgjbtgfa fh hgab` prfeujts eun tf tcn

`glgtbtgfa fh tcn ebtb usne9 tcbt gs, tcn slg`n jurvn gs kust cb`h wby tcrfudc.


18/24


28

Hgdurn 2?; ]n`btgvn _fsgtgfa fh Njfaflgns wgtcga tcn ]ndgfab` Zupp`y Jcbgas gaNbst Bsgb

B_@ < bvnrbdn prfpbdbtgfa `nadtc.Zfurjn; Nsjbgtc bae Gaflbtb (=?2:).

Hgdurn 22 lbps tcn prnvgfus egbdrbl gatf b fan-eglnasgfab` sjcnlbtgzbtgfa fh tcnrn`btgvn pfsgtgfa fh jfuatrgns wgtcga tcn rndgfab` supp`y jcbgas. Hrfl 273> tf =???,upstrnbl njfaflgns wnrn lfrn fr `nss j`ustnrne, wcg`n tcn _]J bae Ucbg`bae mnjblnefwastrnbl stbaeb`fans. Mgpf`brgzbtgfa mntwnna pbrts supp`gnrs bae hgab` bssnlm`nrsjba mn fmsnrvne eurgad tcgs pnrgfe. Bs sujc, hbjtfry Bsgb enlfastrbtns b cgdc endrnn

fh vnrtgjb` egvgsgfa fh `bmfr blfad lnlmnr jfuatrgns, wcnrn tcn rf`n fh nbjc jfuatry gsj`nbr`y rnh`njtne ga gts rn`btgvn pfsgtgfa wgtcga tcn rndgfab` prfeujtgfa systnl.


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Hgdurn 22; ]n`btgvn _fsgtgfa fh Njfaflgns; Fan-Eglnasgfab` Lbppgad


8. BAB@WUGJB@ NSBL_@NZ FH UCN U]BEN GA XB@^NBEENE B__]FBJC

Ucn hrbdlnatne prfeujtgfa antwfris bae strfad vnrtgjb` rn`btgfas blfad tcnnjfaflgns rnaenrne Nbst Bsgb b cgdc`y rn`nvbat rndgfa hfr tcn bab`ysgs fh trben ga vbùnbeene, sgajn tcn lu`tgp`n jfuatgad fh gatnrlnegbtn vbùns, bae tcn glp`gjgt egstfrtgfa fhtcn lnbsurnlnat fh mg`btnrb` trben mbsne fa jfavnatgfab` stbtgstgjs, mnjflnpbrtgju`br`y sb`gnat bs tcn vnrtgjb` snqunajn fh b prfeujtgfa prfjnss gajrnbsns.

Hgdurn 2= jflpbrns tcn rnsu`ts fh enjflpfsgad vbùn-beene frgdgas fh nxpfrt blfadftcnr Nbst Bsgba jfuatrgns. Nvna tcfudc gt gs rnpnbtne`y brdune tcbt tcn sgdaghgjbat pbrtfh vbùn beene ga tcn _]Js nxpfrts cbs gts frgdga fvnrsnbs, tcn jrfss-jfuatryjflpbrgsfa rnvnb`s tcbt nvna `brdnr scbrns brn bttrgmutbm`n tf hfrngda sfurjns ga tcnjbsn fh tcn ]npum`gj fh Ifrnb. Ucgs gs b rbtcnr dnanrgj fmsnrvbtgfa bmfut slb`` fpnanjfaflgns, wgtc b cgdc endrnn fh enpnaenajy fa hfrngda lbrints hfr mftc enlbae baesupp`y fh dffes bae snrvgjns.5

5Aftn, cfwnvnr, tcbt tcn BGFUs bae tcn FNJEs GFUs ef aft eghhnrnatgbtn prfjnssgad bae afa-prfjnssgadprfeujtgfa tnjcaf`fdgns, bae cnajn tcn _]Js eflnstgj vbùn-beene jfatnats lby mn sgdaghgjbat`yfvnrnstglbtne. Bjjfregad tf tcn rnjnat stuey my tcn Jcgansn Bjbenly fh Zjgnajn (Jcna nt b`. =?2=), tcnscbrn vbùn wfuè mn rneujne tf >=% ga =??4 gh prfjnssgad trben gs eghhnrnatgbtne, tcn `nvn` nvna `fwnrtcba tcfsn hfr tcn ]npum`gj fh Ifrnb.


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Hgdurn 2=; Ucn Frgdgas fh Xbùn Beene ga Nxpfrt; Jflpbrgsfas

Zfurjn; Jb`ju`btne bae erbwa my tcn butcfr, mbsne fa FNJE UgXB ebtbmbsn.Gtnl vbùn beene ga drfss nxpfrts my sfurjn jfuatry bae sfurjn gaeustry,cttp;//stbts.fnje.frd/Gaenx.bspx6EbtbZntJfen, bae =??3, wgtc tcndrny mbrs gaegjbtgad tcn trben enhgjgts lnbsurne ga tcn trbegtgfab` bpprfbjc, bae tcnm`bji fans mngad tcn enhgjgts lnbsurne ga tnrls fh vbùn beene9 tcnsn brn abtgfa-wgenenhgjgts, aft fh b pbrtgju`br prfeujt `gin tcn fan hfr g_cfans. Gt gs strgigad tf snn tcbt gatcn vbùn beene tnrl tcn trben enhgjgt gs rneujne my =?% tf :?% bs jflpbrne tf tcntrbegtgfab` lnbsurnlnat. Bjjfregad tf tcn TUFs nstglbtn, tcn enhgjgt wfuè mn nvnacb`vne gh wn tbin gatf bjjfuat tcn nhhnjt fh nxpfrt-prfjnssgad zfans ga jfbstb` brnbs fhtcn _]J.


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Hgdurn 2:; ^Z Urben Enhgjgt wgtc tcn _]J; Urbegtgfab` Jflpbrne Tgtc AnwBpprfbjcns

Zfurjn; TUF bae GENKNU]F (=?22).

Hgab``y, gaegjbtfrs fh trben pnrhfrlbajn, sujc bs tcn rnvnb`ne jflpbrbtgvn bevbatbdn,jba mn b`sf rnhfrlu`btne ga tnrls fh vbùn beene. Jflpbrbtgvn bevbatbdn gaegjbtnsgatnrabtgfab` jflpntgtgvnanss ga nxpfrt pnrhfrlbajn fh b jnrtbga jfllfegty, mut wgtc banw gaenx, gt scfws jflpntgtgvnanss ga tcn gatnrabtgfab` vbùn egstrgmutgfa. Ubm`n = gsjb`ju`btne hrfl b prn`glgabry cymrge ebtb fh tcn FNJE bae GENKNU]Fs gaputfutputtbm`ns, bae jflpbrns mftc gaegjns fh jflpbrbtgvn bevbatbdn hfr tcn jflputnr baefhhgjn butflbtgfa (FB) nqugplnat gaeustry. Ucnrn brn tcrnn lbga hgaegads hrfl tcnstuey;

(2) Gh tcn trbegtgfab` gaenx bae vbùn-beene gaenx brn jflpbrne, Kbpba efns

aft scfw b sgdaghgjbat eghhnrnajn, wcg`n tcn jbsn fh tcn _]J prnsnats b mgddbp, nspnjgb``y ga 277>. Ucgs gs mnjbusn tcn _]Js nxpfrt fh jflputnr baeFB nqugplnat gs eflgabtne my hgab` jfasulptgfa prfeujts, bae gtsprfeujtgfa bjtgvgtgns brn sinwne tfwbres tcn hgab` bssnlm`y stbdns wgtc`fwnr vbùn beene jflpnasbtgfa.

(=) Ucgs dbp, cfwnvnr, gs rneujne ga =??>, hrfl >8% tf ::%. Gt snnls tfrnh`njt b rbpge tnjcaf`fdgjb` jbtjc-up fh tcn _]J lbauhbjturnrs eurgad tcnenjben, stnppgad up tcn vbùn-beene `beenr hrfl b lnrn bssnlm`nr fhrnbey-lben jflpfanats tf b pbrts supp`gnr wgtc bevbajne prfeujtgfasig``s.

(:) Bs b rnsu`t, hrfl 277> tf =??>, tcn _]J nacbajne gts jflpntgtgvnanss fh

tcn gaeustry, bae ga =??> gt surpbssne Kbpba ga mftc hfrls fh tcn gaenx.

? 2?? =?? :??

=???

=??>

=??3

Urbegtgfab` bpprfbjc

Urben ga vbùn-beene

-=2%

-=?%

-=4%

Mg``gfa

^Z$


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=2

]NHN]NAJNZ

Mbèwga, ]. =??4. Lbabdgad tcn Affe`n Mfw`; Ucn Hrbdg`gty fh Nbst Bsgba ]ndgfab`gsl.

BEM Tfrigad _bpnr Znrgns fa ]ndgfab` Njfaflgj Gatndrbtgfa Af. 4. Lbag`b;Bsgba Envn`fplnat Mbai.

Jcna, S., @. Jcnad, I. J. Huad, bae @. @bu. =??5. Ucn Nstglbtgfa fh Eflnstgj Xbùn-beene bae Nlp`fylnat Gaeujne my Nxpfrts; Ba Bpp`gjbtgfa tf Jcgansn Nxpfrtstf tcn âgtne Ztbtns. ]nprgatne ga W. T. Jcnuad bae I. W. Tfad, nes. =??7.Jcgab bae Bsgb; Njfaflgj bae Hgabajgb` Gatnrbjtgfas. Fxfa, Î bae Anw Wfri,^Z; ]fut`nedn.

Jcna, S. nt b`. =?2=. Xbùn-Beene Gaeujne my Nxpfrts my ^sgad Gaput-FutputUnjcagqun. _rnsnatbtgfa bt JBZ/GEN-KNU]F Kfgat Tfriscfp. Bjbenly fhLbtcnlbtgjs bae Zystnls Zjgnajn, Jcgansn Bjbenly fh Zjgnajns.

Ebuega, D., J. ]ghh`brt, bae E. Zjcwngsdutc. =??8. Tcf _rfeujns hfr Tcfl ga tcnTfrè Njfafly6 FHJN Efjulnat en Urbvbg` Af. =??723. FmsnrvbtfgrnHrbajbgs ens Jfakfajturns Njfaflgquns.

Energji, K., I. Irbnlnr, bae D. @gaena. =??3. Tcf _rfhgts hrfl Gaafvbtgfa ga D`fmb`Xbùn Jcbgas6 B Ztuey fh tcn g_fe bae Aftnmffi _Js. Gaeustry Ztuegns =??3.Grvgan, Jb`ghfragb, ^Z; _nrsfab` Jflputgad Gaeustry Jnatnr.

Egntznambjcnr, N., @. ]flnrf, bae A. Z. Mfslb. =??>. ^sgad Bvnrbdn _rfpbdbtgfa@nadtcs tf Genatghy _rfeujtgfa Jcbgas ga tcn Baebùsgba Njfafly. Nstuegfs enNjfaflgb Bp`gjbeb =:; 5?>5==.

Nsjbgtc, C. bae Z. Gaflbtb. =?2:. Dnflntry fh D`fmb` Xbùn Jcbgas ga Nbst Bsgb; Ucn]f`n fh Gaeustrgb` Antwfris bae Urben _f`gjgns. Ga D`fmb` Xbùn Jcbgas ga b

Jcbadgad Tfrè, negtne my E. I. N`ls bae _. @fw.Dnanvb; TUF.

Culln`s, E., K. Gscgg, bae I. L. Wg. =??2. Ucn Abturn bae Drfwtc fh Xnrtgjb`Zpnjgb`gzbtgfa ga Tfrè Urben. Kfurab` fh Gatnrabtgfab` Njfaflgjs>5 (2); 4>78.

GEN-KNU]F. =??8. Bsgba Gatnrabtgfab` GaputFutput Ubm`n =???; Xfùln 2.Nxp`babtfry Aftns, GEN Ztbtgstgjb` Ebtb Znrgns Af. 37. Jcgmb, Kbpba; Gastgtutn fhEnvn`fpgad Njfaflgns, KNU]F.

Kfcasfa, ]. J., bae D. Afdunrb. =??7. Bjjfuatgad hfr Gatnrlnegbtns; _rfeujtgfaZcbrgad bae Urben ga Xbùn Beene. Hfrul hfr ]nsnbrjc ga Nlpgrgjb`Gatnrabtgfab` Urben (H]NGU) Tfrigad _bpnr Af. 8:.

Iffplba, ]., [. Tbad, bae Z. K. Tng. =??3. Cfw lujc fh Jcgansn Nxpfrt Gs ]nb``yLben ga Jcgab6 Bssnssgad Eflnstgj Xbùn-beene Tcna _rfjnssgad Urben gs_nrvbsgvn. AMN] Tfrigad _bpnr Af. 252?7.

Iffplba, ]., T. _fwnrs, [. Tbad, bae Z. K. Tng. =?2?. Dgvn Jrnegt Tcnrn Jrnegt GsEun; Urbjgad Xbùn Beene ga D`fmb` _rfeujtgfa Jcbgas. AMN] Tfrigad _bpnrAf. 285=8.

Lnad, M., W. Hbad, bae A. Wblbaf =?2=. Lnbsurgad D`fmb` Xbùn Jcbgas bae]ndgfab` Njfaflgj Gatndrbtgfa; Ba Gatnrabtgfab` GaputFutput Bpprfbjc. GENEgsjussgfa _bpnr Af.:8=. Jcgmb, Kbpba; Gastgtutn fh Envn`fpgad Njfaflgns,KNU]F.

Lfadn-Brgaf, H. =?22. Jfstb ]gjb; Urben Fpnagad, HEG Bttrbjtgfa bae D`fmb`

_rfeujtgfa Zcbrgad. TUF Ztbhh Tfrigad _bpnr Af. N]ZE-=?22-?7.


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Unlpnst, ]. 2778. Mbrmgn bae tcn Tfrè Njfafly. @fs Badn`ns Uglns. == Znptnlmnr.

Tfrè Urben Frdbagzbtgfa (TUF) bae GEN-KNU]F. =?22. Urben _bttnras bae D`fmb`Xbùn Jcbgas ga Nbst Bsgb; Hrfl Urben ga Dffes tf Urben ga Ubsis. Dnanvb;GENKNU]F bae TUF.

Sgad, W., bae A. Entnrt. =?2?. Cfw tcn g_cfan Tgenas tcn âgtne Ztbtns Urben Enhgjgtwgtc tcn _nfp`n's ]npum`gj fh Jcgab. BEMG Tfrigad _bpnr Af =>4. Ufiyf; BsgbaEnvn`fplnat Mbai Gastgtutn.

trade in value added: an east asian perspective

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