tracking in seabirds€¦ · 2004 2006 2008 2010 chick body condition 100 90 110 120 day) 25 30 35...
TRANSCRIPT
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25.11.2016 Prof. Dr. Petra Quillfeldt,
AG Verhaltensökologie und Ökophysiologie 1
Tracking in seabirds
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1. Introduction: seabird ecology
2. Seabirds at sea: Methods and examples of seabird tracking
3. Seabirds as indicators
Tracking in seabirds
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seevögel Tracking Indikatoren
Two thirds of the planet are oceans, but home to only 3% of bird species.
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Challenges of marine habitats
• Patchy, unpredictable food
• No protection from rain and wind
• Breeding impossible
Adaptations, e.g.
• Subcutaneous fat
• Large stomach, e.g. can carry Fulmar 20 % of body mass in food
• Near waterproof plumage
• Salt water excretion for drinking water
• Long pelagic flights or deep benthic dives
Two thirds of the planet are oceans, but home to only 3% of bird species.
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
limited number of
suitable nesting
places
sparseness,
patchiness, and
unpredictability of
marine resources
Two thirds of the planet are oceans, but home to only 3% of bird species.
Marine
Habitats
Density-dependent
depletion of prey
stocks around
colonies
Pelagic seabirds: transport
food to the breeding
colony from distant
foraging areas
OR
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
penguins skuas
gulls, terns
auks
albatrosses
storm petrels
petrels, prions
shearwaters
fulmars
Life History
Characteristic
Passerines Seabirds
Age at first breeding 1-2 years 2-9 years
Clutch size 4-8 1-5
Incubation period 12-18 days 20-69 days
Nestling period 20-35 days 30-280 days
Maximum life span 5-15 years 12-60 years
gannets, boobies
pelicans
cormorants
frigatebirds
Although seabirds belong to several families that are not all closely related, they have
comparable breeding and life history parameters, being colonial, long-lived, and exhibiting
little or no sex dimorphism.
Sphenisciformes Procellariiformes Charadriiformes Pelecaniformes
Hang on, they
say we have a
slow pace of life
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Prädatoren,
Parasiten competitors
Prädatoren,
Parasiten
Predators,
parasited
Exploit the marine food web Breed on land
http://www.ecomare.nl Nahrungs-
netz
Konkurrenten competitors Climate,
nutrients
Nesthabitat
Partner
Climate change, ocean acidification,
Changes in the food web
(Regime changes)
pollution, disturbance, bycatch
invasive species,
Light pollution
Habitat loss
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Tracking Ocean
Wanderers
DATABASE: www.seabirdtracking.org
> 7 Mio data points, 17.000 seabirds of 104 species,
105 research groups
Upwelling areas
Marine Fronts, e.g. Polar front
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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http://oikonos.org/
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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http://www.littlecompany.de/
http://www.biotrack.co.uk/i
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Radiotracking (1960s)
Light (<1g for seabirds)
short recording (days-weeks)
Ca. 1-2 km
Colony attendance
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Quillfeldt et al. 2010, Marine Biology
Provisioning rate:
1 - 8 days
Trip length (days)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
% o
bserv
atio
ns
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2006 (N=81)
2007 (N=339)
2008 (N=61)
2004 2006 2008 2010
Ch
ick b
od
y c
on
ditio
n
90
100
110
120
Me
als
ize
(g
/ d
ay)
25
30
35
40
Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA:
H = 18.3, df = 2, P<0.001
Jan 2003
Jan 2004
Jan 2005
Jan 2006
Jan 2007
Jan 2008
Sea
sur
face
tem
pera
ture
ano
mal
y (°
C)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
warm
cold
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Geolocation:
Light (1g for seabirds)
Long recording (1-5 years)
Often combined with immersion
Or dive depth (Lotek)
~ 150 km, equinox excluded
Need to recover
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Antarctic Prion
(Pachyptila desolata)
Antarktis-Walvogel
= Taubensturmvogel
Thin-billed Prion
(Pachyptila belcheri)
Dünnschnabel-
Walvogel
2 species of prions in SW Atlantic
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2 species of prions in SW Atlantic
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
MK10 Geolocators (1g, British Antarctic
Survey, Cambridge, UK)
25 P. belcheri (Thin-billed prions, 130g)
New Island, Falkland/Malvinas
20 recaptured
14 P. desolata (Antarctic prions, 160g)
Bird Island, South Georgia
(Joan Navarro, U Barcelona
Richard Phillips, BAS)
10 recaptured
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Thin-billed Prion
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Antarctic Prion
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Kerguelen
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Most important
parameter:
Quillfeldt et al. 2013 PLOS One, 2015 Biology Letters
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Actave webtool e.g. Thin-billed prions
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Rockhopper
penguin
Felsenpinguin
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
GPS (2000s):
Limited number of data points
ca. 5 m
Heavier (from 6g for seabirds)
Needs satellite reception
Recapture
or download to base station
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Rockhopper
penguin
Felsenpinguin
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60°40'W61°0'W61°20'W61°40'W62°0'W
51°20'S
51°30'S
51°40'S
51°50'S
52°0'S
South End
20%
40%
60%
80%
North End
20%
40%
60%
80%
60°40'W61°0'W61°20'W61°40'W62°0'W
51°20'S
51°30'S
51°40'S
51°50'S
52°0'S
North End
20%
40%
60%
80%
Settlement
20%
40%
60%
80%
Rockhopper P.
Gentoo P.
Masello et al. 2010 Ecosphere
0
10
20
30 North End colony
Settlement Rookery
Morning (4-11 h)
Tim
e (
%)
0
10
20
30Afternoon (12-19 h)
Depth (m)
0 20 40 60 80
0
10
20
30Night (20-03 h)
Rockhopper Penguins
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
North End colony
South End colony
Morning (4-11 h)
Tim
e (
%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Afternoon (12-19 h)
Depth (m)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Night (20-03 h)
Gentoo Penguins
GPS-TD: Temporal and spatial segregation
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Satellite tracking (1990s)
No recapture necessary
200 m under best conditions
Heavier (from 5g solar, 20g battery)
Needs satellite reception
(and solar)
Most costly method
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
June 2017:
ICARUS Prototype: 5g (aim: 1g)
500-700 EUR
Incl. acceleration
56° N- 56° S
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Grecian et al. 2016
Biol Letters
Marine Important
Bird Areas
Marine
Protected areas
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
Climate change, ocean acidification,
Changes in the food web
(Regime changes)
pollution, disturbance, bycatch
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Tracking
key areas (blue+red)
e.g. off Newfoundland)
overlap extensively with areas
of intensive human activities,
including oil and gas extraction
(grey) and shipping (blue lines)
Little auk (Krabbentaucher)
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Legacy POPs
Emerging POPs
Advantages of
Biomonitoring:
• Reflects availability in the
food web
• Higher concentration
(bioaccumulation) enables
exact measurements
• Several time scales and sites
accessible
Persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) Mercury,
Aluminium Heavy metals
Blood, eggs, fat Feathers microplastics
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Mattern et al. 2015 Methods Ecol Evol:
www.actave.net
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Hg 2.5 µg/g feather
Hg 1 µg/g feather
Carravieri et al. 2014 Environmental Pollution
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Ito et al. 2013
Cities 1-4
Hakodate,
Muroran,
Tomakomai,
Kushiro
Streaked shearwaters (Weißgesicht-Sturmtaucher)
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Hexachlorocyclohexanes
(α-, β-, γ-, δ-HCHs) PCB group
(26 substances)
DDT group
(DDT, DDE, DDD)
Concentration of POPs in Preen Gland Oil Ito et al. 2013
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Seabirds Tracking Indicators
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Finanzielle Unterstützung
DFG, MPG, NERC (UK), OTEP (UK),
Falkland Islands Government ...
Vielen Dank
Seabirds Tracking Indicators