1

TRACERSTRACERS: :

From Description to QuantificationFrom Description to Quantification

Monika Rhein, IUP Bremen, Germany Monika Rhein, IUP Bremen, Germany C. Böning, J. Bullister, J. Dengg, S. Doney, M. England, R. Fine, C. Böning, J. Bullister, J. Dengg, S. Doney, M. England, R. Fine, T. Haines, S. Khatiwala, D. Kieke, O. Klatt, B. Klein, D. LeBel, J. T. Haines, S. Khatiwala, D. Kieke, O. Klatt, B. Klein, D. LeBel, J. Lupton, P.Robbins, W.Roether, B.Smethie, D. Smythe-Wright, R. Lupton, P.Robbins, W.Roether, B.Smethie, D. Smythe-Wright, R. Steinfeldt, R.WellSteinfeldt, R.Well

2

A New Deep Water Mass in Drake PassageA New Deep Water Mass in Drake Passage

Ventilation of the PacificVentilation of the Pacific

Tracer ages: what do they tell us?Tracer ages: what do they tell us?

Conclusion / OutlookConclusion / Outlook

FormationFormation of Deep and Bottom Waterof Deep and Bottom Water

3

AABW is formed :AABW is formed :western Weddell Seawestern Weddell Sea, , western and eastern Ross Seawestern and eastern Ross Sea, , Adelie Coast,Adelie Coast, Amery Ice ShelfAmery Ice Shelf

4

CFC-11 along 0°E, CFC-11 along 0°E, 1984 - 19981984 - 1998

2 deep CFC cores2 deep CFC coresin AABWin AABW

Klatt,Roether,Hoppema,Bulsiewicz,Fleischmann,Rodehacke,Fahrbach,Weiss,Bullister, JGR, 107, 2002

0 500 1000 1500 20006000

4000

2000

0

De

pth

[m

]

0 500 1000 1500 2000

D istance [km ]

6000

4000

2000

0D

ep

th [

m]

0 500 1000 1500 20006000

4000

2000

0

De

pth

[m

]

0.06

0.15

0.25

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

5

A jax (1984)

Ant X (1992)

Ant XV(1998)

S N

CFC - 11[pm ol/kg]

M id-A tlantic R idge

Ant

arct

ica

5

Estimates of AABW Production RatesEstimates of AABW Production Rates

WSBW from DWBC transports : WSBW from DWBC transports : 2-5 Sv2-5 Sv WSBW from tracer budgets : WSBW from tracer budgets : 3-5 Sv3-5 Sv AABW from shelf water budgets : AABW from shelf water budgets : 5-15 Sv5-15 Sv

AABW from PO4* and C-14 : AABW from PO4* and C-14 : 15 Sv15 Sv

Orsi, Johnson,Bullister, 1999, Prog.Oceanogr.43 55-109Orsi, Johnson,Bullister, 1999, Prog.Oceanogr.43 55-109

6

AABW - Formation Rate from CFC InventoryAABW - Formation Rate from CFC Inventory

Orsi, Johnson,Bullister, Orsi, Johnson,Bullister, 1999, Prog.Oceanogr.43 1999, Prog.Oceanogr.43 55-10955-109

CFC-inventory CFC-inventory [million moles][million moles]

Atlantic : 6.2 (1987)Atlantic : 6.2 (1987)Ind.+Pac. : 4.8 (1993)Ind.+Pac. : 4.8 (1993)

7

Calculation of AABW formation by Orsi et al.Calculation of AABW formation by Orsi et al.

all AABW formation regions treated similar:all AABW formation regions treated similar:

-- volume of water sinking across 2500m isobath: -- volume of water sinking across 2500m isobath: VV-- entrainment of ambient water while sinking-- entrainment of ambient water while sinking

-- CFC- Saturation of this mix: 35% (from obs.)-- CFC- Saturation of this mix: 35% (from obs.)

CFC Inventory = V•CFC Inventory = V• • • 0.35 • C(t) dt + Loss 0.35 • C(t) dt + Loss

Atlantic : 4.9 Sv 60%Atlantic : 4.9 Sv 60%Indian + Pacific : 3.2 Sv 40% Indian + Pacific : 3.2 Sv 40% TOTAL: 8.1-9.4SvTOTAL: 8.1-9.4Sv

Orsi, Johnson, Bullister, 1999

8

CFC- Inventory. ,AABW 106 moles obs. contr. ---------------------------------------Atlantic 1987 6.2 1.0 Ind+Pac 1993 4.8 0.6

Sensitivity studies: A) BBL: Beckmann and Döscher, 1997B) High_sal: restore S to Smax on shelf and adjacent to it

Doney and Hecht, JPO 32, 2002

AABW Formation and CFCs in Ocean Climate ModelAABW Formation and CFCs in Ocean Climate Model

Transient tracers to assess skill of NCAR modelTransient tracers to assess skill of NCAR model

9

model with BBLmodel with BBL

WS: Weddell SeaWS: Weddell SeaRS: Ross SeaRS: Ross SeaAd: Adelie CoastAd: Adelie CoastAm: Amery Ice ShelfAm: Amery Ice Shelf

CFC inventory:Atl. 1.0 (obs. 6.2)I+P 0.7 (obs.4.8)

Doney and Hecht,2002

CFC

Pt,BBL-Levitus

S,BBL-Levitus

sig2 BBL-Levitus

0° 90° 180° 270° 0°

Am Ad RS WS

10

improved AABW-improved AABW-formation formation

CFC-inventory:CFC-inventory:Atl. 3.4 Atl. 3.4 (obs 6.2)(obs 6.2)

I+P 1.4 I+P 1.4 (obs 4.8)(obs 4.8)

Doney and Hecht,2002

High_sal: restore S to High_sal: restore S to Smax on shelf Smax on shelf

0° 90° 180° 270° 0°

Am Ad RS WS

CFC

pT,mod-Lev.

S,mod-Lev

11

Detection of a new water mass in Drake PassageDetection of a new water mass in Drake Passage

la titude

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

dept

h [m

]

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0102103104106107109110111112113115116117118

-62 -61 -60 -59 -58 -57

- 2

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

P F S A F

la titude

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

dept

h [m

]

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0268111315171921232527293133

3637

4042

-62 -61 -60 -59 -58 -57

2a )

2b )

P F S A F

( P F )

S A C C F

S A C C F

He-3 across He-3 across Drake PassageDrake Passage

Well, Roether, Stevens DSR ,subm.

1990 1990

19991999

He-anomaly at He-anomaly at

22 = 36.95 = 36.95 Ant SAm

12

34.55 34.6 34.65 34.7 34.75salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

pot.

tem

p. [°

C]

34.55 34.6 34.65 34.7 34.75salinity

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

pot.

tem

p.[°

C]

3a)

4a)

UCDW *

MCDW *SPDSW

LCDW *

UCDW *

M CDW *

SPDSW

LCDW *

Lupton, Pyle, Well, Jenkins,Schlosser, Top, 2002

SPDSWSPDSW

Southeast Pacific DeepSlope Water

Well, Roether, Stevens,2002

13

la titude

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

dept

h [m

]

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118 119 120

2 8

3 0

4 8

3 8

4 7

2 9

2

1

1 8

5 0

3 6

1 4

3

2

2

1 1

3 2

1 5

1 0

7

3

7

5

2 9

3 3

6

0

1

1

1 7

2 1

1 0

2

1

0

1

2

4

2 2

2 1

1 3

6

4

3

1

4

1

1 0

1 7

9

2

2

0

3

1 9

9

2 0

1

1 1

0

2

0

3

1

2 3

2 1

6

1

1

1

2

1 14

3

3

4

1

0

1

0

005

0

2

0

1

1

0

763

5

2

1

11

1

601

1

1

0

0

1

000

0

0

0

010

1

1

802

1

4

1

1

0

0

1

11

3

2

-62 -61 -60 -59 -58 -57

P F S A F

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

la titude

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000de

pth

[m]

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

681012141618202224262830323436

3840

2 63 04 33 94 44 4

1 3

3 4

5 2

5 34 74 54 44 6

1 0

3 3

5 3

5 2

3 52 82 32 2

8

2 3

3 5

2 9

7

2223

1 2

1 3

1 2

3

6

8

0

1 0

666

6

4

1 0

7

3

2

7

1

5

333233

0

1 4

2 7

9

4

7

1 0

4

8

8117

1 8

2 5

1 3

3 1

5 3

6 6

3 9

1

4

7 2

1 2

1

0

9

4 6

9

5

4

6

9

1 0

0

7

8

1

1 4

8

1 0

1 8

9

4

1 0

0

8

0

5

2

3

6

2

8

2

3

1

2

7

0

9

3

9

3

1 0

1 0

1 3

1 1

8

3

2

9

0

1 2

8

1

1 0

2

5

8

1 0

7

3

2

0

7

0

1 2

5

1

1 2

2

6

3

2

1

2

7

5

2

1

1

0

6

1 4

5

1

1

0

6

1

0

1

1

0

0

1 4

8

4

2

3

8

1

1

0

4

0

3

1 8

6

1

1

1

4

2

2

2

8

5

2

0

2

-62 -61 -60 -59 -58 -57

P F S A F

5a )

5b )

(PF)SACCF

SACCF

With OMP analysis:With OMP analysis:Fraction SPDSW in %Fraction SPDSW in %

SPDSW SPDSW Drake Passage: Drake Passage: 7Sv7Sv (lADCP, CTD(lADCP, CTD))

ANT SA

Well, Roether, Stevens

14

Formation rates of NADW using CFCsFormation rates of NADW using CFCs

Rhein, Fischer, Smethie, Smythe-Wright, Weiss, Mertens, Min, Fleischmann,Putzka, JPO, 2002

CFC-inventoryCFC-inventory LSW LSW 1997: 1997:16.6 million moles16.6 million moles

formation rate:formation rate:4.4-5.6 Sv4.4-5.6 Svlow NAO : low NAO : 1.8- 2.4 Sv1.8- 2.4 Svhigh NAO: high NAO: 8.1-10.8 Sv8.1-10.8 Sv

15

CFC - inventories and formation ratesCFC - inventories and formation rates of NADW componentsof NADW components

1991-inventory formation rate million mole SvuLSW 4.2 2.2cLSW 14.7 7.4ISOW 5.0 5.2DSOW 5.9 2.4 -----------------------------------------------------total 29.8 17.2 Sv

Smethie and Fine, DSRI, 2001

19911991

16

CFC - inventories and formation ratesCFC - inventories and formation rates of NADW componentsof NADW components

LeBel, Smethie, Andrie, Bullister,Jones, Min, Rhein, Roether,Smythe-Wright, Weiss 2002

1997 cLSW layer CFC-11 inventory

1997 inventory form.rate million mole SvuLSW 7.4 2.6cLSW 20.5 7.9ISOW 10.0 7.7DSOW 8.7 2.4 ---------------------------------total 46.6 20.6

17Böning, Rhein, Dengg, Dorow, GRL 2003, accepted

Modeling CFC inventories and LSW formation ratesModeling CFC inventories and LSW formation rates

1/3° FLAME model1/3° FLAME model

formation rate by volume change : 4.3Sv

rate from CFC inv: 3.5-4.4Sv

CFC-11

CFC observation

model

a)

b)

18

Ventilation of the Pacific from Tracer AgesVentilation of the Pacific from Tracer Ages

Fine, Maillet, Sullivan, Wiley, JGR, 2001

CFC-11 along 135°W,1993CFC-11 along 135°W,1993

30°S 50°N

1400m

19

CFC-inventory , 1993, full water column

Bullister, Sonnerup, Fine,Min, Mecking, Smethie,Warner, Weiss, 2002

20

CFC ages on isopycnalsCFC ages on isopycnals

STUW STUW 25.025.0

SSMSSM26.226.2

NPIWNPIWSAMWSAMW26.826.8

AAIWAAIW27.227.2

Fine, Maillet, Sullivan, Wiley, JGR, 2001

A B

C D

21Bullister et al., 2002

NPIW

SAMW

22

Ventilation flux [Sv] : Volume / mean tracer ageVentilation flux [Sv] : Volume / mean tracer age

Total Wind driven Thermohaline circ.Total Wind driven Thermohaline circ. < 26.5< 26.5 26.5< 26.5< <27.3 <27.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NP 111 Sv 50% 50%NP 111 Sv 50% 50%SP 123 Sv 35%SP 123 Sv 35% 65% 65%

NP SPNP SPsubtrop. gyre 41 Sv 25 Sv subtrop. gyre 41 Sv 25 Sv agree Sverdrup theoryagree Sverdrup theory

subpolar gyre 9 Sv 17 Svsubpolar gyre 9 Sv 17 Sv

Fine, Maillet, Sullivan, Wiley, JGR, 2001

23

Ventilation and Mixing of Indian Ocean Waters Ventilation and Mixing of Indian Ocean Waters

Fine, Smethie, Bullister, Min, Warner, Rhein, Weiss, DSR, revised, 2002

Full water columnFull water columninventory in 1995:inventory in 1995:

100 million moles100 million moles

Poster

24

Age : time elapsed since last at the surfaceAge : time elapsed since last at the surface

-- boundary conditions in source region-- boundary conditions in source region

-- Mixing : ages are not conservative-- Mixing : ages are not conservative

25

Thermocline ventilation in subtropical North PacificThermocline ventilation in subtropical North Pacific

dc/dt = -v•dc/dy +K•d²c/dy² dc/dt = -v•dc/dy +K•d²c/dy² model with CFCs model with CFCs

10°N NEC 20°N 40°N subp.gyre10°N NEC 20°N 40°N subp.gyre

diffusion advection,diffusion diffusiondiffusion advection,diffusion diffusion

outcropoutcrop

ideal age tracer ideal age tracer dd /dt = -v•d /dt = -v•d/dy +K•d²/dy +K•d² /dy² +1 /dy² +1

Sonnerup,Quay, Bullister, DSR I, 1999

26

<15-25years : agree with CFC ages within 25%<15-25years : agree with CFC ages within 25%older older : tracer ages considerably younger : tracer ages considerably younger

CFC-11 ages younger than CFC-12CFC-11 ages younger than CFC-12

difference increase with agedifference increase with age

CFC-11, 12 ages older than ratio agesCFC-11, 12 ages older than ratio ages

Sonnerup, 2001, GRL 28, 1739-1742 Sonnerup, 2001, GRL 28, 1739-1742

27

Relationship between the ideal age and the tracer Relationship between the ideal age and the tracer age age

C(r,t)=C(r,t)=CCoo(t-t‘) G(r,t‘)dt‘(t-t‘) G(r,t‘)dt‘CCoo(t) : conc. at surface(t) : conc. at surfaceG(r,t): age spectrumG(r,t): age spectrum

G(r,t) dt: mass fraction of fluid at r that was at the G(r,t) dt: mass fraction of fluid at r that was at the surface at time interval t -- t+dt surface at time interval t -- t+dt

11stst temporal moment: mean age temporal moment: mean age 22ndnd temp. moment: width of the age spectrum temp. moment: width of the age spectrum

Waugh, Hall, Haine, JGR, 2002, subm.

Holzer and Hall, 2000

28Khatiwala, Visbeck, Schlosser, DSR I, 2001

Testing in a GCMTesting in a GCM

mean age tracer age ideal agemean age tracer age ideal age

a) 300m

b) 1000m

c) 1500m

29

mean ³H-³He ideal mean ³H-³He ideal Labrador Sea (1500m)Labrador Sea (1500m) 3.3 3.9 4.0 3.3 3.9 4.0 Subtrop. subduction (500m)Subtrop. subduction (500m) 15.8 12.8 21.7 15.8 12.8 21.7Western Boundary (1500m)Western Boundary (1500m) 38.4 35.8 56.7 38.4 35.8 56.7

-- tracer ages younger than ideal ages-- tracer ages younger than ideal ages-- mean age sensitive to long transit time pathways-- mean age sensitive to long transit time pathways although they make up only a small fractionalthough they make up only a small fraction

after 200 years integration:

Khatiwala, Visbeck, Schlosser, 2001

30

Robbins,Price,Owens,Robbins,Price,Owens,Jenkins, JPO 30, 2000Jenkins, JPO 30, 2000

use temporal changeuse temporal changeof ³H/³He ages to of ³H/³He ages to estimate mixingestimate mixing

Isopycnals outcrop north Azores Current: southward Isopycnals outcrop north Azores Current: southward penetration by lateral mixing across AC at 33°Npenetration by lateral mixing across AC at 33°N

a)

b)

c)

31

Fine, Rhein, Andrie, GRL,2002, subm.

Relic CFC-11 age, Labrador Sea Water LSW

age in source region: 15 years

estimates time scalesof spreading for youngcomponent

32

Future developmentsFuture developments moored tracer samplermoored tracer sampler

33

-- CFC inventories: AABW and NADW formation rates

-- ³He signal: new water mass in Drake Passage

-- CFC ages : Ventilation rates of upper and intermediate Pacific

-- ³H/³He age : role of lateral mixing

-- tracers to assess model skills

-- tracer age - ideal age , age spectrum

Conclusions

34

WOCE Tracer: all sections (concentrations) isopycnal age distributions,North and South Atlantic: CFCs, ³H, ³Hewww.ocean.uni-bremen.de/en/projects/aims/tab.html.... /projects/aims/isoage.html.... /projects/aims_satl/qual.html