tpdh vz; : 41- 44 jizg;ghlf; fl;liufs; · pdf file11- jkpo; jhs; 2 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;...

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tpdh vz; : 41- 44 Jizg;ghlf; fl;Liufs;

1. xUehs; fope;jJ

- GJikg; gpj;jd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: GJikg;gpj;jd; flY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s jpUg;ghjphpg;GypA+hpy; gpwe;jhh;. GJikg;gpj;jdpd; ,aw;ngah; nrh. tpUj;jhr;ryk; vd;gjhFk;. ,th; ‘rpWfij ,yf;fpa cyfpd; kd;dd;’ vdTk; ‘jkpo;ehl;bd; khg;grhd;’ vd;Wk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. khdpl ,dj;jpd; nky;ypa czh;Tfis ,tuJ fij glk;gpbj;J fhl;LfpwJ. mth; fLikahd fhrNeha;f;F Mshfp Nk 5> 1948-y; fhykhdhh;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. KUfjhrh; 1. Rg;gpukzpak;

2. fkyk; (kidtp) 2. filf;fhud; 3. myK (kfs;) 3. hpf;\hf;fhud;

4. gq;f[k; 5. Re;;juk;

fijf;fU : GyikAk; tWikAk; ,ize;Nj thOk; 1. xUehs; fope;jJ vd;Dk; fijiaf; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; rpijahky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. xUehs; fope;jJ vd;Dk; fijapy; tUk; KUfjhriug; gw;wp tphptha; vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. KUfjhrh; Rg;gpukzpaj;jplk; cjtpngw;w gpwF tho;tpy; cah;e;jjha; ck; fw;gidj;jpwj;ij ,izj;J xU fij vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. KUfjhrhpd; FLk;gk; 3. kidtpapd; Ntz;LNfhs; 4. Rg;gpukzpaj;jpd; tUif 5. myKtpd; myk;gy; 6. fld;Nfl;ly; 7. ehis fijia ehisg; ghh;g;Nghk; 8. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. KUfjhrhpd; FLk;gk; 3. KUfjhrhpd; gzp 4. KUfjhrhpd; nghUshjhuk; 5. KUfjhrhpd; ez;gh;fs; 6. KUfjhrh; Foe;ij Nky; nfhz;l md;G 7. KUfjhrh; fld; Nfl;Fk; tpjk; 8. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. rpWfijf;fhd jpl;lk; 3. rpWfijAk; Kjy; ghpRk; 4. fdT epiwNtwpaJ 5. ghpRk; ghuhl;Lk; 6. KbTiu

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2. Njq;fha;j; Jz;Lfs; - K. tujuhrdhh; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

K. tujuhrdhh; tl Mw;fhL khtl;lk; jpUg;gj;J}hpy; KDrhkp-mk;khf;fz;Z jk;gjpah;f;F kfdha; gpwe;jhh;. jpUNtq;flk; vd;W ngahplg;gl;L miof;fg;gl;lhYk; jhj;jhtpd; ngauhd tujuhrd; vd;w ngaNu mtUf;F epiyj;Jtpl;lJ. K. tujuhrdhh; 90 E}y;fSf;F Nky; vOjpAs;shh;. ,tuJ jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp ghpR ngw;wJ.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs;

1. fijj; jiytd; 1. Ntyd; 2. Mrphpah; 2. Kdprhkp

3. fy;Y}hp khzth;fs; 4. rpWth;fs;;

5. $l;lj;jpy; epd;wth;fs;

fijf;fU : vd;Wk; Mgj;J gpf;ghf;nfl; 1. Njq;fha;j; Jz;Lfs; vd;Dk; fijiaf; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; rpijahky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. “vd;iwf;Fk; Mgj;J gpf;ghf;nfl;” vd;W fz;zPh; tpl;Lf; nfQ;rpatd; kde;jpUe;jp cah;e;jjhf ck;

fw;gidj; jpwj;jpdhy; xU fij vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. Cuhhpd; cjtp 3. grp jPh;e;jJ 4. Mrphpah; nra;j cjtp 5. Ntyidj; Njb te;jhd; 6. Mrphpah; mwpe;J nfhs;s epidj;j fij 7. KDrhkpapd; fij 8. Ntydpd; kiwT 9. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. jpUldha; ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w re;Njfk; 3. NghyP]; Juj;jpaJ 4. jpUlDld; re;jpg;G 5. kd;dpg;Gk; jz;lidAk; 6. jpUe;jpa tho;T 7. KbTiu


































3. kWkzk; - tpe;jd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: tpe;jdpd; ,aw;ngah; Nfhtpe;jd;. ,th; fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lk; ehtY}hpy; Ntjhryk;> [hdfp jk;gjpah;f;F kfdhf gpwe;jhh;. Viofs; gLk;ghl;il ,tuJ ghly;fs; gpujpgypf;Fk;. “fz; jpwf;Fkh?” vd;w fijia 1947-y; ef;fPud; vd;w Gidg;ngahpy; vOjpdhh;. kf;fs; vOj;jhsh; tpe;jd; 1975Mk;Mz;L [Pd; 30Mk; ehs; fhykhdhh;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs;

1. fjhehafd; 1. fjhehafdpd; mk;kh 2. rPjh 2. rPjhtpd; mk;kh

3. uF

4. uhij

5. rq;fud;

fijf;fU : ,Ukdk; my;y jpUkzk;. xU kdNk jpUkzk; 1. kWkzk; vd;Dk; fijiaf; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. kWkzk; vd;Dk; fijapy; rPjh vd;Dj; ghj;jpuj;ij Ma;f.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. kWkzk; fijapd; ehafd; tpjitiaf; fy;ahzk; nra;Jnfhz;L tho;tpy; cah;e;jjhf

fw;gidj;jpwj;jhy; fij vOJf. Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. jpUkz ge;jk; 3. gphptpd; Vf;fk; 4. FLk;gj;jpy; ntWg;G 5. rPjhtpd; ey;y cs;sk; 6. mk;khtpd; mtrpak; 7. kWkz vz;zk; 8. rPjhtpd; KbT 9. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. rPjhtpd; tho;f;if 3. rPjh Foe;ijfsplk; nfhz;l md;G 4. rPjh jd; Njhopapd; Foe;ijf;F jhahdhs; 5. rPjh fijj;jiytid kWkzj;jpw;F tw;GWj;jy; 6. rPjh fijj; jiytdpd; Miria epuhfhpj;jy; 7. rPjhtpd; cWjpj; jd;ik 8. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. kdKile;j fijj; jiytd; 3. rPjh ghh;j;j ngz; 4. rq;fhpiag; ghh;f;fr; nrd;w fijj;jiytd; 5. jpUkzk; eilngwy;; 6. fijj;jiytdpd; epk;kjp 7. KbTiu


































4. nrq;fkyKk; xU Nrhg;Gk;

- Re;ju uhkrhkp Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: Re;ju uhkrhkp ehfh;Nfhtpy; mUNf cs;s jOtpa kfhNjth; Nfhtpy; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. gRta;ah vd;w Gidg;ngahpy; ftpijfs; vOjpath;. etPd jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jkpo;nkhopapid gy;NtW jsq;fSf;F nfhz;L nrd;wth;. “rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs;” ehtYf;fhf rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;wth;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf;fijkhe;jh;fs;

1. nrq;fkyk; 1. fpUkpfs; 2. nfshpf;Fl;b 2. Nrhg;G

fijf;fU : kw;wth; Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpd; jd; Fw;wk; kwe;Nj NghFk;

1. “nrq;fkyKk; xU Nrhg;Gk;” vd;Dk; fijiaf; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. “nfshpf;Fl;b” vd;Dj; ghj;jpuj;ij Ma;f.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

5. xU gpuKfh; - n[afhe;jd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: n[afhe;jd; flY}h; khtl;lk; kQ;rf;Fg;gk; vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;. tho;tpd; Nkd;ik> mtyk; midj;ijAk; jd; fijfspd; NgRk; nghUshf;fpath;. jkpo; rpWfij tuyhw;wpy; jdf;nfd;W jdp milahsj;ij cUthf;fpath;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; rpWgj;jphpf;iffspy; fijfs; vOjp te;jth;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. fl;nlWk;G 1. rpw;nwWk;G 2. kdpjh;fs;

fijf;fU : rpwpa Gj;jp cs;stDf;F cyfk; jdf;Fj; Jd;gk; jUk;NghJ nghpajhfTk;> ,d;gk; NeUk;NghJ rpwpajhfTk; Njhd;Wk;.

1. Kd;Diu 2. nrq;fkyj;jpd; Ntiy 3. nfshpf;Fl;bapd; khw;wk; 4. nrq;fkyk; nfshpf;Fl;b el;G 5. nfshpf;Fl;bf;F ghpNrhjid 6. Nrhjidapy; Fog;gk; 7. Fog;gk; jPh;e;jJ 8. nrq;fkyj;jpd; Fw;w czh;r;rp 9. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. nrq;fkyj;jpd; Ntiy 3. nrq;fkyk; nfshpf;Fl;b el;G 4. nfshpf;Fl;bf;F ghpNrhjid 5. nfshp Fl;bapd; Gj;jp $h;ik 6. nfshpf;Fl;b nrq;fkyj;jplk; tpdtpaJ 7. KbTiu


































1. xU gpuKfh; vd;Dk; fijiaf; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. xU gpuKfh; fijg;gFjpia ehlf tbtpy; vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

xU gpuKfh; fijg;gFjp czh;j;Jk; nra;jp:

“fpzw;W jtisfSf;F fpzW jhd; cyfk;” vd;gJ Nghy kf;fs; rpyh; jhq;fs; thOk; ,lj;ijAk; jd; Fzj;ijAk; xU NghJk; khw;wpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. fl;nlWk;G Nghd;w kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;l kdpjh;fs; jq;fs; Fzj;ij khw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd ,e;j fij topahf n[af;fhe;jd; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

6. kz;zpd; kfd; - ePy. gj;kehgd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: ePy. gj;kehgd; fd;dpahf;Fkhp khtl;lk; ,uzpaypy; gpwe;jhh;. “,iyAjph;fhyk;” vd;w Gjpdj;Jf;fhf rhfpj;jpa mfhnjkp tpUJngw;wth;. rpWfij> Gjpdk;> ,jo; vd; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Kj;jpiug; gjpj;jth;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. me;Njhzp 1. rhKNty;

2. kzy; 2. mw;Gjuh[; 3. rapd;bgpf; MgPrh;

fijf;fU : ek; jha;f;F nfhLf;Fk; mNj rpwg;ig ek; jha;kz;Zf;Fk; nfhLg;Nghk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. vWk;gpd; mwpKfk;; 3. eype;jtdplk; gyj;ij fhl;Ljy; 4. vWk;gpd; jiyf;fdk; 5. gpwh; Jd;gk; czuhik 6. vWk;G czh;e;j gpusak;; 7. kdpjh;fSf;F mwpTiu 8. jd; ghh;itapy; jtwhd fzpg;G 9. KbTiu

fhl;rp-1 ,lk; : fpuhkj;jpd; rhiyapy; cs;s Ntykuj;jb

fhyk; : khiy gq;FngWNthh; : fl;nlWk;G> rpw;nwWk;G> kdpjh;fs;

fhl;rp-2

,lk; : Ntykuj;jb fhyk; : me;jprhAk; Neuk;

gq;FngWNthh; : fl;nlWk;G> kf;fs; $l;lk;

fhl;rp-3 ,lk; : Ntykuj;jb fhyk; : me;jp khiy

gq;FngWNthh; : fl;nlWk;G> rhiyiaf;fle;J nry;Yk; kf;fs; Kjd;ik fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs;: fl;nlWk;G> rpw;nwWk;G> kdpjh;fs;


































1. “kz;zpd; kfd;” jiyg;gpy; cs;s fUj;ij vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. “mw;Gjuh[; ghj;jpug; gilg;gpid tpsf;Ff.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. rapd;bgpf; Mgprh; kz;zpd; kfd; fijiaf; $WtJNghy vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

7. mDkjp - R[hjh Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: R[hjh jkpofj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f vOj;jhsh;fspy; xUth;. ,th; ,aw;ngah; ,uq;fuh[d;. ,th; jdJ kidtp ngauhd R[hjh vd;w ngahpy; fij vOjpath;. jd; jdpg;gl;l fw;gid eilahy; thrfh;fis <h;j;jth;. Mde;j tpfldpy; ,th; vOjpa “fw;wJk; ngw;wJk;” njhlh; kpfg; gpugykhdJ.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. ,uhkJiu 1. uNk\;

2. kfhnyl;Rkp 2. tp\;Z%h;j;jp 3. ghyh[p

fijf;fU : Neh;ikNa cahpa nfhs;if. Kad;W cioj;Jg; ngWk; gjtpNa cah;e;j gjtp

1. Kd;Diu 2. rapd;bgpf; Mgprh; 3. Kfk; njhpah cUtk; 4. kz;zpd; tsk; 5. rz;ilAk; rkhjhdKk; 6. ehl;L eyd; 7. rhKNty; tUif 8. kz;zpd; kfd; me;Njhzp 9. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. kz;tsk; 3. Ch; kf;fSf;F CW 4. rz;ilAk; rkhjhdKk; 5. rapd;bgpf; Mgprh; mw;Gjuh[; 6. kz;zpd; kfd; me;Njhzpapd; kuzk; 7. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. rapd;bgpf; Mgprh; 3. kz;tsk; 4. kwpaYk; kdkhw;wKk; 5. me;Njhzpapd; MNtrk; 6. kzypy; fjphpaf;fk; 7. me;Njhzp kiwjy; 8. me;Njhzp ahh;? 9. KbTiu


































1. mDkjp vd;Dk; fijapd; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. ghyh[p ghj;jpuj;ij Ma;f.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. ghyh[p cz;ikahf cioj;J cah;e;jjhf xU fij vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah;Fwpg;G 3. fijkhe;jh;fs; 4. ghyh[p 5. je;ijapd; vz;zk; 6. Njh;itg; gw;wp ghyh[papd; rpe;jid 7. md;id kfhnyl;Rkp 8. je;ijapd; KiwaPL 9. ,uhkJiuapd; Nfhgk; 10. mDkjpj; Njh;T tpdhj;jhs; 11. ghyh[papd; cah;e;j gz;G 12. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah; Fwpg;G 3. fijkhe;jh;fs; 4. ,uhkJiuapd; FLk;gk;; 5. je;ijapd; MNyhrid 6. kfDk; je;ijAk; 7. cjtp nra;jy; 8. MNyhrid $Wjy; 9. ,uhkJiuapd; tPl;bw;F tp\;Z%h;j;jp nry;Yjy;; 10. ghyh[papd; re;Njh\k; 11. ,uhkJiuapd; rpe;jid 12. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. ghyh[p Njh;T vOjhky; tPL jpUk;Gjy; 3. je;ijapd; Nfs;tpAk; ghyh[papd; gjpYk; 4. ghyh[papd; rgjk; 5. gbg;gpy; kl;LNk ftdk; 6. kfhnyl;Rkpapd; kdtUj;jk; 7. je;ijapd; kfpo;r;rp 8. Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngw;whd; ghyh[p 9. ngw;Nwhh; kfpo;e;jdh; 10. gjtp cah;T 11. KbTiu


































8. tpopg;G - rptrq;fhp Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: rptrq;fhp jdpkdpj Nkk;ghl;Lf;F gad;gLk; mf;dp mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;shh;. ,th; 1993-ypUe;J “,yf;fpak; %yk; ,e;jpa ,izg;G” vd;w nraw;jpl;lj;ij Kd;ndLj;J tUfpwhh;. neQ;rpy; epw;git vd;w rpWfij njhFg;ig rptrq;fhp njhFj;J thdjp gjpg;gfk; ntspapl;lJ.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. ifyhrk; 1. RNu\;

2. mj;ij 2. ehzh 3. ghG 4. mk;kh> mg;gh

fijf;fU : fpilg;gjpy; jpUg;jp milahky; fpilf;fhjij vz;zp Vq;ff;$lhJ. 1. tpopg;G vd;Dk; fijapd; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. ifyhrj;jpd; ghj;jpuj;ij Muha;f.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah;Fwpg;G 3. ifyhrk; njUtpy; fz;l fhl;rp 4. eha;fs; 5. mYkpdpa tpahghhp 6. Fg;ig nghWf;Fk; ngz; 7. ez;gd; ehzhtpd; mj;ij 8. r%f Nrtfp mj;ijapd; mwpTiufs; 9. ifyhrj;jpd; epidTfs; 10. fWg;Ggps;isahh; vWk;Gfs; 11. ifyhrj;jpd; ez;gd; ghG 12. mj;ij njhLj;j tpdhf;fs; 13. ifyhrj;jpd; jha; tUe;Jjy; 14. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah;Fwpg;G 3. ifyhrk; njUtpy; fz;l fhl;rp 4. eha;fs; 5. mYkpdpa tpahghhp 6. Fg;ig nghWf;Fk; ngz; 8. r%f Nrtfp mj;ijapd; mwpTiu 9. ifyhrj;jpd; epidT 10. ifyhrj;jpd; je;ijf;F Vw;gl;l Nfhgk; 11. ifyhrj;jpd; ez;gd; 12. RNu\_f;F Ntiy fpilj;jjw;F tpUe;J 12. mj;ij njhLj;j tpdhf;fs; 13. vWk;Gfs; Ch;tyk; njhlq;fpd! 14. mj;ijapd; mwpTiu 15. Jd;gj;jpy; ,d;gk; fhzy; 16. Nrh;e;J rhg;gplyhk; thq;f mk;kh! 13. ifyhrj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; 14. KbTiu


































3. ifyhrk; njhz;L nra;J cah;e;jjha; Ek; fw;gid fye;J xU fij vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

9. mde;j radk; fhyzp - Njhg;gpy; Kfk;kJ kPuhd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: Njhg;gpy; Kfk;kJ kPuhd; jkpo; ,];yhkpa gilg;ghspfSs; Kf;fpakhdth;. ,th; fd;dpahf;Fkhp khtl;lk; Njq;fha; gl;bdk; vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;. jw;NghJ jpUney;Ntypapy; trpf;Fk; Njhg;gpy; Nghh;j;JfPrpahpd; gilnaLg;ig gpd;zzpahff; nfhz;l ehtiy vOjp tUfpwhh;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. Mrphpah; kPuhd; 1. Nguhrphpah; rPdpthrd; 2. Mrphpahpd; kfd; 2. Bf;filf;fhuh;

3. fpoth;

fijf;fU: efuj;jpy; cs;s ez;gh; tPlhapDk; cwtpdh; tPlhapDk; chpa tpyhrj;ij vLj;Jr;nry;y Ntz;Lk;. 1. mde;j radk; fhyzp vd;Dk; fijapd; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. ciog;Ng cah;T 3. J}a;ik 4. ifyhrj;ij ghh;j;J NfypAk; fpz;lYk; 5. ifyhrj;jpd; njhz;bid czh;e;j ,isQh;fs; 6. ifyhrj;jpd; cjtpAk; J}a;ikAk; 7. J}a;ikapd; cz;ikia cah;jy; 8. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah;Fwpg;G 3. Mrphpahpd; kfd; FLk;gk; 4. Nguhrphpah; rPdpthridj; Njb Mrphpah;…… 5. Kfthp vOjpa Jz;Lr;rPl;il tPl;bNyNa kwe;J tply; 6. Mrphpahpd; kdf;ftiy 7. mde;j radk; fhyzp 8. Bf;filf;fhuh; 9. V njUTk; gp njUTk; 10. $e;jy; fz;zpy; gl;lJ 11. `PnuhN`hz;lh jk;gjpfs; 12. nrt;thioj;jhUld; fpoth; 13. Mrphpah; tPL jpUk;Gjy; 14. KbTiu


































2. Gnuhgrh; rPdpthrdpd; tPl;ilf; fz;Lgpbf;f Mrphpah; gl;l Jauq;fis vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. Nguhrphpah; rPdpthrd; mth;fSila Kfthpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J mtUld; mstshtpajhf xU fl;Liu tiuf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

10. fiuAk; cUtq;fs;

- tz;zepytd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: tz;zepytdpd; ,aw;ngah; c. ,uhkr;re;jpud;. tz;zepytd; rpWfijfs; njhFg;ig ew;wpiz gjpg;gfk; ntspapl;Ls;sJ. fly;Guj;jpy;> fk;gh ejp> nuapdP\; Iah; njU Mfpa Gfo;ngw;w ehty;fis vOjpath;.

Kjd;ik fijkhe;jh;fs; Jizf; fijkhe;jh;fs; 1. rq;fud; 1. rq;fudpd; jk;gp 2. rq;fudpd; mf;fh 2. rq;fudpd; mg;gh

3. rq;fudpd; ez;gd; 4. MWKfk;-rq;fudpd; khkh

fijf;fU : Ntiy ,y;yhj ,isQdpd; kdepiy> jd; ciog;gpy; cz;Zk; rpwe;j vz;zk;

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah;Fwpg;G 3. kfd; 4. mde;j radk; fhyzpf;Fs; nry;Yjy; 5. Nguhrphpah; t|Pl;ilj; Njb miyjy; 6. Mrphpahpd; ftiy 7. mde;j radk; fhyzp 8. Bf;filf;fhuh; 9. V> gp njUf;fspy; Mrphpah; 10. `PnuhN`hz;lh jk;gjpfs; 11. Mq;fpy ehspjo; gbf;Fk; xUth; 12. v];. Nf. rq;fh; I.V.v]; (Xa;T) 13. fpothpd; re;jpg;G 14. KbTiu

1. mde;j radk; fhyzpapy; Mrphpah; kPuhd; 2. fle;jfhy epfo;r;rpfis epidT $Wjy; 3. fbjk; vOjpapUf;f $lhjh? 4. nghWq;fs; ghh;f;fyhk; 5. Nguhrphpahpd; kidtp $w;W 6. ek;gpf;ifAld; ehb te;j ez;gh; 7. ,lk; fhypahf tha;g;G tUk; 8. njhiyNgrp kzp xypj;jJ 9. nly;ypapy; Ntiy 10. cq;fs; ek;gpf;if tPzhftpy;iy 11. cq;fs; kfDf;F rPl; cWjp


































1. “fiuAk; cUtq;fs;” vd;Dk; fijapd; fUg;nghUSk; RitAk; Fd;whky; RUf;fp vOJf.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

2. rq;fud; ghj;jpuj;ij Ma;f. Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

3. “fiuAk; cUtq;fs;” vd;Dk; fijapd; Mrphpah;> gbj;Jtpl;L Ntiyapy;yhky; ,Ug;gthpd; kdepiyiag;

glk;gpbj;J fhl;bAs;s ghq;fpid tpsf;Ff.

Fwpg;Gr;rl;lfk;

jahupg;G jpU. j. nry;Nte;jpud; KJfiy gl;ljhup Mrpupau;muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> %thD}u;> jpUr;rp

jahupg;gpy; cjtp

jpUkjp. eh. Njtpfh RNu\; MA., B.Ed., P.G.D.C.A., ntw;wpf;F top Mrpupau; FO

1. Kd;Diu 2. fijkhe;jh; 3. rq;fhpd; kdepiy 4. mg;ghtpd; Mjq;fKk;> mf;fhtpd; md;Gk; 5. gbg;Gkpy;iy NtiyAkpy;iy! 6. fiuAk; cUtq;fs; 7. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. Mrphpah; Fwpg;G 3. rq;fud; 4. ,utpy; tPL jpUk;Gjy; 5. nrUg;G mWe;jJ 6. tPl;il miljy; 7. czT rhg;gpl kWj;jy; 8. CQ;ry; epidT 9. Ntiyf;F miyjy; 10. mf;fhtpd; mwpTiu 11. fiuAk; cUtq;fs; 12. KbTiu

1. Kd;Diu 2. rq;fud; 3. ,iria urpf;f Kbahj epiy 4. nrUg;G mWe;jJ 5. tPl;bDs; Eioa $r;rk; 6. cz;z kWj;jy; 7. mf;fhtpd; mwpTiu 8. Ntiy NjLjy; 9. Nuhrf;fhu rq;fud; 7. KbTiu


































45. ghlYf;fhd Mrphpah; Fwpg;G> jpuz;l fUj;J> ikaf;fUj;J vOJjy;

vOJk; Kiw 1. Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ftpijapy; ve;j Mrphpahpd; ftpij nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd Kjypy; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngUk;ghYk; ghujpahh;> ghujpjhrd;> ehkf;fy; ftpQh;> ftpkzp Nghd;Nwhhpd; ftpijfNs ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vdNt xt;nthU Mrphpahpd; tho;f;iff; Fwpg;ig mwpe;J itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. jpuz;l fUj;J:

nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghlypd; xt;nthU thpf;Fk; cs;s nghUisj; jdpj;jdp thf;fpaq;fshf mikj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;. vOjpa thf;fpaq;fis xd;W> ,uz;L vd gj;jpfspy; vOj Ntz;Lk;. jpuz;l fUj;J nghJthf ciueilapy; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fUj;ij vOjj; njhlq;Fk; Kd;> “thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!” vd;gJ Nghd;w KfTiuia nfhLj;J vOJjy; eyk;.

3. ikaf;fUj;J:

nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghly; ve;jf; fUj;ij ikakhf itj;J ghlg;gl;lJ vdf; fz;lwpe;J ikaf; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. fUj;ij vOjj; njhlq;Fk; Kd;> “tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak;! ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!” vd;gJ Nghd;w KfTiuia nfhLj;J vOJjy; eyk;.

gapw;rp : 1

jhnad md;G nra;J je;ijNghy; ghpe;J> nrhe;j Nrnad mizj;Jg; Ngrp

nrt;tpa mwpT $wp

J}aed; dlj;ij fw;fj; Jiznad ele;J fhl;Lk; Maew; FzKs; NshNd

Mrhndd; wiof;fj; jf;Nfhd; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

ngau; : ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh; Cu; : ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; NkhfD}u; ngw;Nwhh; : ntq;fl;uhkd; - mk;kzp mk;khs; gzp : jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQh;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; gilg;Gfs; : mtDk; mtSk;> kiyf;fs;sd;> rq;nfhyp> vd; fij> ftpjhQ;ryp fhyk; : 19-10-1888 – 24-08-1972 rpwg;G : jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tUf;F eLtzuR

gj;kG+\z; tpUJ toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,tu; fhe;jpaf;ftpQu; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwhh;.

jpuz;l fUj;J:

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! Mrphpah; jhiaNghy md;G fhl;Lgth;. je;ij Nghy; ek;kplj; ghrkhf Ngrp rpwe;j mwpTiufis $Wgth;. ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fis fw;Wf;nfhLj;J jhDk; mJNghy; tho;e;J fhl;Lgth;. ,t;thW gy ey;y FzKs;s MrphpaNu Mrhd; vd;W miog;gjw;F chpath; Mthh;. ikaf;fUj;J:

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! ,f;ftpijapy; Mrphpahpd; Nkd;ik gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfpy; jha;> je;ij> ez;gdhf ,Ue;J top elj;Jgth; Mrphpah; xUtNu vd;gJ ,g;ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;J MFk;.


































gapw;rp : 2 nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy – ,d;gj;

Njd; te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy – vq;fs; je;ijah; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy – xU

rf;jp gpwf;FJ %r;rpdpNy fhtpup njd;ngz;iz ghyhW – jkpo;f;

fz;lNjhu; itia nghUiz ejp – vd Nktpa ahW gyNthlj; – jpU

Nkdp nropj;j jkpo;ehL – kfhftp ghujpahh;

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: gpwg;G : J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;laGuk; ngw;Nwhh; : rpd;dr;rhkp ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; ,aw;ngah; : Rg;gpukzpad; gzp : kJiu NrJgjp cah;epiyg;gs;spapy; jkpohrphpah; gilg;Gfs; : fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; rpwg;G : ,sikapNyNa ftp ghLk; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jhh;. fhyk; : 19-10-1888 – 24-08-1972

jpuz;l fUj;J :

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ,g;ghlypy; kfhftp ghujpahH jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUikfisg; giwrhw;WfpwhH. nre;jkpo;ehL vd;w nrhy; Njd; cz;lijg; Nghy; nrtpfSf;F ,d;gk; jUfpd;wJ. ,J vq;fs; je;ijaH ehnld;W NgRk;NghJ vq;fs; %r;rpdpy; rf;jp gpwf;fpwJ. fhtpup> njd;ngz;iz> ghyhW> jkpo; tsHj;j kJiuapy; ghAk; itif> nghjpif kiyapy; Njhd;Wk; jhkpuguzp Mfpa ejpfs; gha;e;J jkpo;ehL nropf;fpwJ vd;W jkpo;ehl;bd; ngUikfisf; $WfpwhH ghujpahH.

ikaf;fUj;J:

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! ,g;ghlypy; ghujpahh; jkpo;ehl;bd; rpwg;Gfis giwrhw;Wfpwhh;. NkYk; jkpo;ehl;bd; nropg;igAk; tdg;GfisAk; gw;wp Gfo;e;J $Wfpwhh;.

gapw;rp : 3

kdpjnuy;yhk; md;Gnewp fhz;g jw;Fk; kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tpupt ile;J

jdpkdpjj; jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg; Nghf;fpr; rfkf;fs; xd;nwd;g JzHt jw;Fk;

,dpjpdpjha; vOe;jcaH vz;z nky;yhk; ,yFtJ GytHjU Rtbr; rhiy

GdpjKw;W kf;fs;GJ tho;T Ntz;by; Gj;jfrh iyNtz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk;.

- ghujpjhrd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

gpwg;G : GJit ngw;Nwhh; : fdf rig ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; ,aw;ngah; : fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; rpwg;G : ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l md;ghy; jk; ngaiu ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. gilg;Gfs; : FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> ghz;bad; ghpR> gprpuhe;ijahh; fhyk; : 29-04-1891 – 21-04-1964


































jpuz;l fUj;J :

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ,g;ghly; Gul;rpf;ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; Gj;jfrhiy vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

E}y; epiyaq;fspd; mtrpaj;ij ,g;ghly; %yk; typAWj;;JfpwhH. kdpjH vy;yhUk; md;Gtopapy; elg;gjw;Fk; thidg;Nghy; tpupe;j rpe;jidfs; cUthtjw;Fk; Raeyk; vd;Dk; ,Uisg; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; kdpjH midtUk; rkk; vd kjpj;J elg;gjw;Fk; Njitahd ,dpikahd caHe;j rpe;jidfnsy;yhk;; GytHfs; jUk; Gj;jq;fspy; cs;sd. kf;fs; J}a;ikahd GJ tho;T tho ehL KOtJk; E}y; epiyaq;fs; Ntz;Lk;.

ikaf;fUj;J : tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!!

kdpj kdq;fisr; nrJf;fp tho;thq;F thoitg;git E}y;fs;. kf;fs; J}a;ikahd GJtho;T tho ehL KOtJk; E}y; epiyaq;fs; Ntz;Lk;.

gapw;rp : 4 p : 3

ghiytdk; Nrhiytd khf Ntz;Lk; gRq;fpspfs; mq;fpUe;J ghl Ntz;Lk; rhiyfspy; gy njhopYk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;

rigfspNy jkpnoOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk; rPiycil fjUilaha;j; jpfo Ntz;Lk;

Njrg;gf;jp nropj;Njhq;fp tsu Ntz;Lk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; xopa Ntz;Lk;

ntw;wpapd; Nky; ntw;wp ckf;nfa;j Ntz;Lk; - ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is

Mrphpah; Fwpg;G: gpwg;G : fd;dpahf;Fkhp khtl;lk; Nj&h; ngw;Nwhh; : rptjhZg;gps;is – Mjpnyl;Rkp gilg;Gfs; : kyUk; khiyAk;> Mrpa N[hjp> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ftpkzpapd; ciukzpfs; gzp : jpUtde;jGuk; murh; fiyf;fy;Y}hpapy; jkpo;g;Nguhrphpah; rpwg;Gg; ngah; : ehQ;rpy; ehl;Lf; ftpQd; fhyk; : 27-08-1876 – 26-09-1954

jpuz;l fUj;J :

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ,g;ghlypy; ftpkzp mtHfs;> ehl;by; tptrhak; ngUfp ghiytdq;fs; Nrhiyahf khw

Ntz;Lk; vdTk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gy njhopYk; ngUfpl Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> jkpo;nkhop Ml;rpnkhopahf mjpfhuk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> midtUk; RNjrp cilahd fjUil cLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdTk; mjd; %yk; Njrgf;jp tsu Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; xopa Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $WfpwhH. ikaf;fUj;J:

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! kf;fs; tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw;wkila Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,g;ghlypd; ikaf;fUj;jhFk;.


































gapw;rp : 5 ve;jf; flTis vth; njhOjhYk;

vj;jid Ntw;Wik ekf;fpUe; jhYk; ,e;jpah;f; nfy;yhk; nghJthk; nja;tk;

,e;jf; nfhbNa ,jpnyd;d Iak; fhw;nwhL ngUkio fye;jbj; jhYk; fLj;jth; ,Ue;njby; gilnaLj;jhYk;

Nghw;wp,f; nfhbia capnudf; fhg;Nghk; G+jyk; tpae;jpLk; GfnohL G+g;Nghk;

VioAk; nry;tDk; vdnjd njd;Nw vy;nyh Uk;njho eLtpdpy; epd;Nw

thopa itafk; tho;e;jpl Ntz;b thopa nfhbNa tho;fgy; yhz;L

- ehkf;fy; ftpQh; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

ngau; : ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fdhh; Cu; : ehkf;fy; khtl;lk; NkhfD}u; ngw;Nwhh; : ntq;fl;uhkd; - mk;kzp mk;khs; gzp : jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQh;> rl;l Nkyit cWg;gpdh; gilg;Gfs; : mtDk; mtSk;> kiyf;fs;sd;> rq;nfhyp> vd; fij> ftpjhQ;ryp fhyk; : 19-10-1888 – 24-08-1972 rpwg;G : jkpof murpd; Kjy; muritf; ftpQuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tUf;F eLtzuR

gj;kG+\z; tpUJ toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,tu; fhe;jpaf;ftpQu; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwhh;.

jpuz;l fUj;J:

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ekf;Fs; gy Ntw;Wikfs; ,Ue;jhYk; midtUf;Fk; nghJthd nja;tkhf ,Ug;gJ ek;

Njrpaf; nfhbNa. fhw;W> kio Nghd;w ,aw;if rPw;wq;fshYk;> ek; gifth; ek;kPJ gilnaLj;jhYk; ek; nfhbia ehk; capnudf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vio> nry;te;jh; vd;w ghugl;rkpd;wp midtUk; nfhbia Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cyfk; ed;whf tho ,f;nfhb gy Mz;L fhyk; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W ftpQh; $Wfpwhh;. ikaf;fUj;J:

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! ,e;jpahtpy; kjq;fs; gy ,Ue;jhYk; Njrpaf;nfhbNa ek; nja;tk;. ve;epiyapYk; ek; nfhbia

capnud kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; ikaf;fUj;jhFk;. gapw;rp : 6

cyfpaypd; mlq;fYf;Fk; JiwNjhWk; E}w;fs; xUj;ju;jia ,y;yhky; CuwpAk; jkpopy;

ryrnyd vt;tplj;Jk; gha;r;rptpl Ntz;Lk; jkpnohspia kjq;fspNy rha;f;fhik Ntz;Lk;

,ytrE}w; fofq;fs; vt;tplj;Jk; Ntz;Lk; vq;fs; jkpo; caHntd;W ehk;nrhy;ypr; nrhy;ypj;

jiyKiwfs; gyfopj;Njhk; Fiwfise;Njh kpy;iy jfj;jfhaj; jkpioj; jhgpg;Nghk; thhPh;.

- ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrd;


































Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

gpwg;G : GJit ngw;Nwhh; : fdf rig - ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; ,aw;ngah; : fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; gzp : jdJ 16tJ tajpy; GJit murpdh; fiyf;fy;Y}hpapy; Nguhrphpah; gzp gilg;Gfs; : FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> ghz;bad; ghpR> gprpuhe;ijahh; rpwg;G : ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l md;ghy; jk; ngaiu ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. fhyk; : 29-04-1891 – 21-04-1964

jpuz;l fUj;J:

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ,g;ghly;> ghNte;jh; ghujpjhrdpd; ~jkpo;tsu;r;rp| vd;Dk; ftpijapy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpo;nkhopapid tsu;f;Fk; Kiwapid ,g;ghly; %yk; typAWj;Jfpwhh;. gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fk; jkpo;nkhopapy; E}y;fis cUthf;f Ntz;;Lk;. mit gpwu; cjtpapd;wpj; jhNk gbj;J mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vspa jkpo;eilapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jkpo; mwpit kjq;fSf;Fs;Ns mlf;fhik Ntz;Lk;. Cu;fs; NjhWk; ,ytr E}y; epiyaq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpopd; gok;ngUikfisf; $wpf;nfhz;Nl fhyj;ijf; fopf;fhky; Fiwfis ePf;fpg; GJikfisg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;topfisg; gpd;gw;wp cyfpd; xspkpf;f nkhopahfj; jkpio tsu;f;fyhk;. ikaf; fUj;J :

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! kdpj kdq;fspy; jkpo;nkhopapidf; Fwpj;j GJikfis Vw;gLj;j Cu;fs; NjhWk; ,ytrE}y;

epiyaq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjq;fSf;Fs;Ns jkpio mlf;fhky; cyfpd; xspkpf;f nkhopahfj; jkpio tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

gapw;rp : 7 fpisapdpw; ghk;G njhq;f tpOnjd;W Fuq;F njhl;L

tpsf;fpidj; njhl;l gps;is ntLf;nfdf; Fjpj;jijg; Nghy fpisNjhWk; Fjpj;Jj; jhtpf; fPOs;s tpOij nay;yhk;

xspg; ghk;gha; vz;zp naz;zp cr;rpNgha;j; jd;thy; ghu;f;Fk;.

- ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd; Mrphpah; Fwpg;G:

gpwg;G : GJit ngw;Nwhh; : fdf rig - ,yf;Fkp mk;ikahh; ,aw;ngah; : fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; gilg;Gfs; : FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> ghz;bad; ghpR> gprpuhe;ijahh; rpwg;G : ghujpahh; kPJ nfhz;l md;ghy; jk; ngaiu ghujpjhrd; vd;W khw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;. fhyk; : 29-04-1891 – 21-04-1964 jpuz;l fUj;J :

thiof;F moF FUj;J! ghl;Lf;F moF fUj;J!! ,g;ghly; ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrdhupd; “mofpd; rpupg;G” vd;Dk; ftpijj; njhFg;gpypUe;J

vLf;fg;gl;l ftpij MFk;. ,g;ghly; ghNte;jupd; fw;gid eaj;jpw;F kpfr;rpwe;j rhd;W MFk;. tpOjpidg; ghk;ghf vz;zp mr;rKWk; Fuq;fpidAk; mjd; nray;fisAk; eifr;Rit czHTld; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwhH. MytpOjpidg; ghk;ngd;W vz;zp mr;rKw;w Fuq;F Nkw;fpisapy; jhtpf;Fjpj;jJ. mq;NfAk; tpOJ njhq;f mijAk; ghk;ngd;W vz;zpj; jhTfpwJ. ,t;thW fpisfs; NjhWk; jhtpf;Fjpj;J kuj;jpd; cr;rpf;Nf nrd;W tpl;lJ. mr;rk; mfd;W epk;kjpAld; ,Ue;j Fuq;F nky;y jpUk;gpg; ghHj;j NghJ jd;thypidg; ghHj;Jtpl;lJ. mjidAk; ghk;ngd;W vz;zpg; gak; nfhs;fpwJ.


































ikaf;fUj;J:

tl;lj;jpw;F Gs;sp ikak!; ghl;bw;Ff; fUj;J ikak;!! “muz;ltd; fz;zpw;F ,Uz;lnjy;yhk; Nga;” vd;Dk; gonkhopia epidT nfhs;Sk; gbahf ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

45. gh eak; ghuhl;Ljy;

,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lk;NghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;bait:

tpdhj;jhspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghliy ,uz;L %d;W Kiw nghUs; tpsq;Fk; tiu gbj;Jg; ghh;f;fNtz;Lk;.

fbdkhd nrhw;fis mbf;Nfhbl;L nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nrhy;Yf;Fr; nrhy; nghUs; ghh;f;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. Kjypy; ghlypd; jpuz;l fUj;ij Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ghly; ve;jr; R+oypy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpioapd;wp vOj Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ghpahj nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. ePz;l thf;fpaq;fspy; vOJtij jtph;f;fyhk;.

njhileak;:

njhilaw;w ghl;L> eilaw;Wg; NghFk;!! vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif> Nkhid> Kuz;> ,iaG Nghd;w njhileaq;fs; rpwg;Gw

mike;Js;sd.

Nkhid eak; :

“ghl;Lf;F tPiz ftpijf;F Nkhid”

vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mz;zd; Rl;l Njhir

md;G epiwe;j Njhir

vJif eak; :

“,aw;iff;F moF ngha;if

ghl;bw;F moF vJif”

vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : tPl;by; G+id tsh;f;f epidj;Njd;

ghl;by; mjid tbj;J epd;Nwd; ,iaG eak;:

“,iagw;w ghl;L njha;Tw;Wg; NghFk;”

vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gs;sp Kbe;J nrd;NwhNk

ghh;j;J ehKk; epd;NwhNk


































Kuz; eak;:

“gilf;F muz; ghl;bw;F Kuz;”

vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; Kuz; njhil rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : xU ghlypy; vjph;r;nrhw;fs; mike;jpUg;gpd; mjid Kuz;njhil vd;gh;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ey;y x nfl;l

re;j eak;:

“re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;” vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.

tpsf;fk; : re;jk; vd;gJ xypiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. (,jpy; Xir> gh tif ,lk; ngWk;) Fwpg;G : m) xt;nthU ghlypYk; - vd;w Fwp ,lk; ngw;why; mJ rpe;Jg;gh tif. XirahdJ

nrg;gNyhir MFk;. M) xU thpapy; vj;jid rPh;fs; cs;sdNth mij fzf;fpy; nfhz;L vd;d

tifahd Mrphpag;gh vdf; fzf;fplyhk;. ,) xU thpapy; MW rPh;fs; ,lk; ngw;why; mJ mWrPh;f; fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;. <) xU thpapy; VO rPh;fs; ,lk; ngw;why; mJ vOrPh;f; fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;. c) xU thpapy; vl;L rPh;fs; ,lk; ngw;why; mJ vz;rPh;f; fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;.

C) Mrphpa tpUj;jk; vd;W te;jhy; mJ mftNyhir MFk;. mzp eak;:

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;

kzpaw;w NfhapYk; xd;Nw”

vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,g;ghlypy; mzp eak; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk;: ctik mzp : ghlypy; Nghy> Giua> md;d> Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,Ue;jhy; ctik mzp. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp: xNu nrhy; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g te;J xNu nghUisj; je;jhy; nrhw;nghUs;

gpd;tUepiyazp cah;T etpw;rp mzp : jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah vdg; ngUikkpF nrhw;fs; te;jhy; cah;Tetpw;rp mzp. ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp : ,ay;ghf nrb> nfhb> ,aw;if vd te;jhy; ,ay;G etpw;rp mzp gapw;rp : 1

ePyj; jpiufly; Xuj;jpNy – epd;W epj;jk; jtQ;nra; Fkhpvy;iy tl

khytd; Fd;wk; ,tw;wpilNa – Gfo; kz;bf; fplf;Fk; jkpo;ehL

fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL – Gfo;f; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL – ey;y

gytpj khapd rhj;jpuj;jpd; - kdk; ghnuq;Fk; tPRe; jkpo;ehL

- ghujpahh; vJif eak; :

“,aw;iff;F moF ngha;if ghl;bw;F moF vJif”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif.

vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ePyj;> khytd;> fy;tp> gytpj - y thpir epd;W> Fd;wk;> kdk; - d thpir epj;jk;> rhj;jpuj;jpd; - j thpir jtQ;nra;> ,tw;wpilNa- t thpir Fkhp vy;iy> jkpo;ehL> fk;gd; - k thpir rpwe;j gpwe;j - w thpir


































Nkhid eak; : “ghl;Lf;F tPiz

ftpijf;F Nkhid” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.

tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : epd;W - epj;jk;> Fkhp - Fd;wk;> fy;tp - fk;gd;

,iaG eak; : “,iagw;w ghl;L

njha;Tw;Wg; NghFk;” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; ,iaG rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ghlypy; ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : jkpo;ehL jkpo;ehL

re;j eak;: re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;!

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. Xir : nrg;gNyhir gh tif : rpe;Jg;gh mzp eak;:

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;

kzpaw;w NfhapYk; xd;Nw” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; mzp eak; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.

mzp : cah;T etpw;rpazp (my;yJ) nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp

gapw;rp : 2 rhjpr;rz;il nay;yhk; - Xa;e;J

jzpa Ntz;Lkg;gh! ePjpeh nlq;Fk; - epiyj;J

epw;f Ntz;Lkg;gh! cyf kf;fnsy;yhk; - md;Ngh nlhUjha; kf;fisg; Nghy; fyfkpd;wp thOk; - fhyk;

fhz Ntz;Lkg;gh! - ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is

vJif eak;: “,aw;iff;F moF ngha;if


vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : kf;fnsy;yhk; - kf;fisg;> cyf - fyfkpd;wp

Nkhid eak; : “ghl;Lf;F tPiz

ftpijf;F Nkhid” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.

tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : epiyj;J - epw;f> fhyk;-fhz


































,iaG eak; : “,iagw;w ghl;L

njha;Tw;Wg; NghFk;”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; ,iaG rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ghlypy; ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ntz;Lkg;gh! Ntz;Lkg;gh!

re;j eak;:

“re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. Xir : nrg;gNyhir ghtif : rpe;Jg;gh

mzp eak;:

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;


mzp : ctikazp

gapw;rp : 3

gpwehl;L ey;ywpQH rhj;jpuq;fs; jkpo;nkhopapw; ngaHj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,wthj GfOila GJE}y;fs; jkpo;nkhopapy; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

kiwthf ekf;Fs;Ns goq;fijfs; nrhy;tjpNyhH kfpik ,y;iy

jpwkhdGyiknadpy; ntspehl;lhH mij tzf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

vJif eak; :



vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : gpwehl;L> ,wthj> kiwthf> jpwkhd

Nkhid eak; :

“ghl;Lf;F tPiz

ftpijf;F Nkhid”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : GfOila> GJE}y;fs; - (G) ,iaG eak; :


vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; ,iaG rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ghlypy; ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ntz;Lk; Ntz;Lk;


































re;j eak;: “re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. Xir : mftNyhir ghtif : mWrPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;

mzpeak; :

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;


mzp : nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp / ,ay;Getpw;rp mzp

gapw;rp : 4

ghiytdk; Nrhiytd khf Ntz;Lk;

gRq;fpspfs; mq;fpUe;J ghl Ntz;Lk;

rhiyfspy; gy njhopYk; ngUf Ntz;Lk;

rigfspNy jkpnoOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk;

rPiycil fjUilaha;j; jpfo Ntz;Lk;

Njrg;gf;jp nropj;Njhq;fp tsu Ntz;Lk;

Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; xopa Ntz;Lk;

ntw;wpapd; Nky; ntw;wp ckf;nfa;j Ntz;Lk;

- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is vJif eak; :



vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ghiytdk;> rPiy cil> rhiyfspw;> Ntiyapy;yhj

Nkhid eak; :

“ghl;Lf;F tPiz

ftpijf;F Nkhid”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ghiytdk;;> ghl> rhiyfspy;> rigfspy;> rPiycil>nropj;Njhq;fp

,iaG eak; :


vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; ,iaG rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ghlypy; ,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Ntz;Lk; Ntz;Lk;


































re;j eak;: “re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. Xir : mftNyhir ghtif : vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk; mzpeak; :

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;


mzp : cah;T etpw;rp mzp / nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp

gapw;rp : 5 fpisapdpw; ghk;G njhq;f

tpOnjd;W Fuq;F njhl;L tpsf;fpidj; njhl;l gps;is

ntLf;nfdf; Fjpj;jijg; Nghy fpisNjhWk; Fjpj;Jj; jhtpf; fPOs;s tpOij nay;yhk; xspg; ghk;gha; vz;zp naz;zp

cr;rpNgha;j; jd;thy; ghu;f;Fk;. - ghNte;ju; ghujpjhrd;

vJif eak; :



vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; vJif rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : fpisapdpw; - tpsf;fpidj; (s> is)> fpisNjhWk; - xspg;ghk;gha; (is> sp) Nkhid eak; :

“ghl;Lf;F tPiz

ftpijf;F Nkhid”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; Nkhid rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. tpsf;fk; : KjnyOj;J xd;wp tuj;njhLg;gJ Nkhid vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L : tpsf;fpidj; - ntLf;nfd (tp> nt)> fpisNjhWk; - fPOs;s (fp> fP) re;j eak;:

“re;jk; ghl;bw;Fr; nrhe;jk;”

vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; re;jk; rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ. Xir : mftNyhir ghtif : vz;rPh;f;fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jk;

mzpeak; :

“mzpaw;w ghl;Lk;

kzpaw;w NfhapYk; xd;Nw” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,g;ghlypy; mzp rpwg;Gw mike;Js;sJ.

mzp : ctik mzp


































46. gonkhop - tho;f;if epfo;tpy; mikj;J vOJjy;

Fwpg;G: gonkhop> gonkhop tpsf;fk;> tho;f;if epfo;T> ePjp vd;w tbtpy; tpil mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

1. Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; gonkhop : Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; gonkhop tpsf;fk; : xt;nthUtUk; tho;tpy; Kaw;rp nra;jhy; fl;lhak; ntw;wp ngwyhk;. tho;f;if epfo;T :

ehDk; vd; jk;gpAk; xNu gs;spapy; gapd;W te;Njhk;. vd;idtpl xU tFg;G kl;LNk Fiwthf vd; jk;gp gapd;W te;jhd;. Mdhy; vd;idtpl mofhfTk; vspikahfTk; Mq;fpyk; NgrTk; vOjTk; nra;jhd;. vdJ Mq;fpy nkhop gw;wpa gaj;ij vg;gb Nghf;FtJ vd ehd; kpfTk; tUj;jKw;Nwd;. vdJ jk;gp Mq;fpy nkhop kpf vspikahd nkhop. gaj;ijg; Nghf;fp Kad;why; ePAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgrTk; vOjTk; nra;ayhk; vd;W vdf;F ek;gpf;ifA+l;bdhd;.

vd; je;ijaplk; $wp Mq;fpy gj;jphpf;iffs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; mfuhjp Mfpatw;iw thq;fpNdhk;. jpdKk; xU kzpNeuk; Mq;fpyk; gapy vdf;F vd; jk;gp gapw;rp mspj;jhd;. ,g;nghOJ ehd; gakpd;wp Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgrTk; vOjTk; nra;fpNwd;. Kaw;rpAk; gapw;rpAk; ,Ue;jhy; cyfpy; fbdkhd nray; vd vJTk; ,y;iy “Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;” vd;gij ehd; vd; jk;gpapd; thapyhf mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;.

ePjp : Kaw;rp nra;jhy; KbahjJ vJTkpy;iy.

2. $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik gonkhop : $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik gonkhop tpsf;fk; : midtUk; xw;WikNahL tho;e;jhy; gyNfhb ed;ikfisg; ngwyhk;. tho;f;if epfo;T :

vq;fs; Chpy; xU tajhd je;ijf;F ehd;F kfd;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. mtu;fs; vg;NghJk; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mjdhy; kdk; tUe;jpa je;ij mtu;fis vg;gbahtJ jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpdhh;.

xUehs; ehd;F kfd;fisAk; mioj;J> jd; mUfpy; mkur;nra;jhh;. midtUk; je;ijapdplj;jpy; mku;e;jhh;fs;. gpwF> mth; ehd;F kfd;fsplj;jpYk; xw;Wikahf ,Uf;Fk; gb mwpTiu $wpdhh;. gps;isfNsh> xUth; kPJ xUth; Fiw $wpf;nfhz;ldh;. je;ij kpfTk; tUj;jg;gl;L> ,tu;fis vg;gbahtJ jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; vd Nahrpj;J xU KbTf;F te;jhh;.

kWehs;> jd; gps;isfis mioj;J ehd;F kfd;fspd; iffspYk; xU Fr;rpapidf; nfhLj;J mjid cilf;Fk; gbahff; fl;lisapl;lhh;. ehd;F gps;isfSk; Rygkhf cilj;njwpe;jdh;. kWgbAk; ,uz;Lf; Fr;rpfisf; nfhLj;J cilf;Fk; gbahff; fl;lisapl;lJk; Rygkhf cilj;jdh;. ,NjNghd;W %d;W Fr;rpfs;> ehd;F> MW> gd;dpuz;L> ,Ugj;J ehd;F vd $Ljyhf;fpf; nfhz;Nl nry;yr; rpukj;jpw;Fs;shapdH. filrpahf xU fl;lhf mtu;fspd; Kd;G itj;J mjidAk; cilf;Fk;gbahff; $wpdhh;. ehd;F kfd;fSk; cilf;f Kad;W Kbahky; jq;fspd; iffisf; fhag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. jq;fshy; cilf;f Kbatpy;iy vd xg;Gf;nfhz;ldh;. je;ij rpupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl>“ePq;fSk; ,NjNghy; jdpj;jdpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ giftu;fs; cq;fisr; Rygkhf ntd;W tpLthu;fs;. mt;thwpy;yhky; ePq;fs; ehy;tUk; xw;Wikahf ,Ue;jhy; ahuhYk; mirf;f Kbahj gyk; cq;fSf;Fs; tUk;. cq;fis vjpu;g;gth;fNsh fhag;gl;Lr; nry;thu;fs;” vdf; $wpdhh;. “xUth; nra;Ak; Fw;wq;fis kw;wtu;fs; nghWj;;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;” vd mwpTiufisf; $wpdhh;. ehd;F gps;isfSk; jq;fspd; jtWfis czu;e;J> je;ijapdplj;jpy; kd;dpg;G Nfl;L vg;nghOJk; xw;WikahfNt fhzg;gl;ldh;. je;ij kpfTk; kfpo;r;rpaile;jhH.

ePjp : midtUk; xw;WikNahL tho Ntz;Lk;.


































3. rpW JUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk; gonkhop : rpW JUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk; gonkhop tpsf;fk; : rpwpa JUk;G $l jf;f Neuj;jpy; cjt Nehplyhk;. tho;f;if epfo;T:

nrd;w tUlk; Fy nja;t topghl;bw;fhf vd; FLk;gj;jhh; midtUk; NfhtpYf;F nrd;Nwhk;. ehDk; vd; je;ij ,UtUk; ,U rf;fu thfdj;jpy; gazpj;Njhk;. topapy; vdf;Fj; jhfk; vLj;jJ. vd; je;ijaplk; jz;zPh; thq;fpj; jUkhW Nfl;Nld;. vd; je;ijAk; xU ePh;g;Gl;b thq;fpf;nfhLj;jhh;. ePiuf; Fbj;Jtpl;L ePh;g;Gl;bia J}f;fpnawpa Kw;gl;Nld;. vd; je;ij jLj;jhh;. fhyp ePh;g;Gl;bia it vjw;fhtJ gad;gLk; vd;whh;. fhyp ePh;g;Gl;b vjw;F gad;gl NghfpwJ vd ehd; Nahrpj;Njd;.

Nfhapypy; G+ir Kbe;jJ. G+irf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mgpN\fg;ghiy tPl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W vd; mk;kh $wpdhh;. mg;NghJ vg;gb vLj;Jr; nry;tJ vd;W Nahrpj;J epd;Nwhk;. mg;nghOJ vd; je;ij ePh;g;Gl;bia vd; mk;khtplk; nfhLj;jhh;. mk;kh kdk; kfpo;e;J ghiyg; Gl;bapy; gpbj;jhh;. mg;nghOJ> “rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;” vd;W mwpe;J nfhz;lhah vd;W mg;gh vd;dplk; Nfl;lhh;.

ePjp: ahiuAk; vijAk; myl;rpag;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;.

4. jd; ifNa jdf;F cjtp (m) jd;dk;gpf;if

gonkhop : jd; ifNa jdf;F cjtp (m) jd;dk;gpf;if gonkhop tpsf;fk; : ahiuAk; vjph;ghh;f;fhky; jdf;Fj;jhNd jhNd ve;j NtiyAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;if epfo;T: ehDk; vd; ez;gd; FkuDk; gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; gbj;J tUfpNwhk;. tpLKiwapy; mtd; tPl;by; ehd; ,Ue;j nghOJ> xUehs; mtDila mk;kh goq;fs; thq;fp tUkhW filf;Fg; Nghfr; nrhd;dhh;. mtd; filf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy;> Xuplj;jpy; mjpfkhd kf;fs; $bapUe;jhh;fs;. Fkud; mq;Nf vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;gij njupe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mu;tj;Jld; mUfpy; nrd;whd;. mq;Nf jhaj;J tpw;fpwtd; ifapy; gy tz;z fapWfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;l jhaj;Jfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L “thq;Nfh rhkp> thq;Nfh…”vd mioj;jhd;. goq;fs; thq;Ftjw;fhff; filf;F te;j Fkud; jd;id kwe;J mjidf; Nfl;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,ij thq;fp fl;bf;fpl;lh cq;fSf;F ,Uf;ff;$ba Njitfs; vy;yhk; G+u;j;jpahFk; vdf;$wpa gpd;G> filrpahf gbf;fpw gps;isfs; ,jid thq;fpf;fl;bf;nfhz;lhy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngWthh;fs;”vdf; $wpdhh;. FkuDf;F me;j thu;j;ij kl;Lk; fhjpy; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ. clNd Fkud;> mk;kh gok; thq;ff; nfhLj;j gzj;jpw;nfy;yhk; jhaj;J thq;fpdhd;. mk;khtplk; nrhd;dhy; jd;id jpl;Lths; vd gae;J gzk; njhiye;J tpl;ljhfg; ngha; $wpdhd;. FkuDf;Fj; NjHT neUq;fpaJ. Mdhy; rpwpJk; ftiyapd;wp ,Ue;jhd;. fhuzk;> ek;kplk; jhd; jhaj;J ,Uf;fpwNj vd;d gak; vd;w fu;tj;NjhL gbf;fhky; ,Ue;jhd;. Mdhy; ehd;> “Nla;> ,njy;yhk; ek;ghNj. eP gbj;jhy; jhd; kjpg;ngz; ngwKbAk;” vd mwpTiu $wpNdd;. “Nghlh vdf;F njupAk; eP Kjy;y gh]; gz;wpahd;D ghf;fyhk;” vdf; Fkud; $wpaJk;> “vdf;F vd;Nky; mjpfkhd ek;gpf;if ,Uf;fpwJ. ehd; fz;bg;ghf ntw;wp ngWNtd;” vdf; $wpNdd;. md;W Nju;Tehs;. rpwpJk; gakpd;wpj; Nju;T vOjpdhd;. Nju;Tk; Kbtile;jJ. Nju;T KbTf;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhd;. jhaj;jpd; gyd;> Fkud; gj;jhk; tFg;Gj; Nju;tpy; Njhy;tpiaj; je;jJ. Fkudpd; jha; mtdplk; fhuzk; Nfl;lhs;. mtd; ele;jijnay;yhk; $wpdhd;. Nfhgkile;j jha; mtid Mj;jpuk; jPUksTk; mbj;Jtpl;L jhDk; mOjhs;. “,dpAk; ey;y tha;g;G cs;sJ. cldbj; NjHTf;F tpz;zg;gpj;Jtpl;L jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; gb. epr;rakhf mjpf kjpg;ngz;fSld; ntw;wp ngWtha;” vd;W $wpNdd;. FkuDk; cldbj; NjHTf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jhd;. kWgbAk; ,uTgfyhf gbj;Jj; Nju;T vOjpdhd;. ,g;NghJ ey;y kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngw;whd;.

ePjp: ahiuAk; vjph;ghh;f;fhky; jd; Ntiyiaj; jhNd nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


































5. kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y gonkhop : kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y gonkhop tpsf;fk; : Gfo; ngWtd vy;yhk; nka;ahdit my;y. NghypfSk; cz;L. tho;f;if epfo;T :

vq;fs; Ch; Nrhiyg;gl;bapy; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,uhkd; vd;gth; jdpahh; Nrkpg;G tq;fp xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdhh;. Njrpa tq;fpfs; toq;Ftijtpl mjpf tl;btPjk; jUNthk; vd;W Cnuq;Fk; tpsk;guk; nra;jhh;. vq;fs; Ch; kf;fs; tptrhaj;jpy; cioj;J Nrh;j;j gzj;ij me;jj; jdpahh; tq;fpapy; KjyPL nra;jdh;. NkYk; Njrpa tq;fpfis Nghy xd;W> ,uz;L NgUf;F fld; $l nfhLj;jhh; ,uhkd;. ,jdhy; vk;%h; kf;fs; ek;gp mjpy; Vuhskhd gzj;ij KjyPL nra;jdh;.

xUehs; ,uhkd; FLk;gk; Ciutpl;L nrd;W tpl;lJ. gzk; Nghl;bUe;j kf;fs; $l;lk; fhty; epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W Kd;G epd;W> fjwp mOj NghJ “kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y” vd;W ek; Kd;Ndhh; $wpaijAk; mwpahky; mg;gb Vkhe;J tpl;Bh;fNs! ehd; jFe;j eltbf;if vLf;fpNwd; vd;W $wp fhty;Jiw Ma;thsh; kf;fis mikjpg;gLj;jpdhh;.

ePjp: vijAk; Muhahky; xU nraypy; <Lgl Ntz;lhk;.

6. fhyj;Nj flikiar; nra;

gonkhop : fhyj;Nj flikiar; nra; gonkhop tpsf;fk; : Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; jd; flikiar; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tho;f;if epfo;T:

kWehs; fhiyapy; NjHT njhlq;FfpwJ. NjHTf;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd; ghHj;jpgd;. ,uT gj;J kzpia neUq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mg;NghJ mtd; vjpHghuhj tpjkhf mtd; je;ijf;F neQ;Rtyp Vw;gl;lJ. mtH typahy; Jbj;jhH. cldbahf 108 mtru Cu;jp Nritf;F njhiyg;Ngrpapy; miog;G tpLj;jdH. xU rpy epkplq;fspy;; 108 mtru Cu;jp te;Jtpl;lJ mg;ghit tz;bapy; Vw;wpdhHfs;. $lNt mk;khTk; ghHj;jpgDk; nrd;whHfs;. mUfpypUe;j muRg; nghJ kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;whHfs;. kUj;Jtg; gupNrhjidf;Fg; gpd;dH gag;gLk;gbahf xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W kUj;JtHfs; $wpdhHfs;. CrpNghl;L xU rpy khj;jpiufisf; nfhLj;jDg;gpdH. xUkzp Neuj;jpw;Fs; mg;gh ,ay;G epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpaJld; tPl;bw;Fk; jpUk;gptpl;ldH. mf;fk; gf;fj;jpdUk; jfty; mwpe;J te;J eyk; tprhupj;jdH. vdf;F xd;Wk; Mftpy;iy. Mdhy; ghHj;jpgd; ehisj; NjHTf;Fg; gbf;f ,Ue;jhd;. mtidj;jhd; gbf;ftplhky; nra;Jtpl;Nld; vd;whH. “mnjy;yhk; gag;glhjPq;f> mtd; ey;yhg; gbf;fpw gps;isjhNd” vd;W mk;kh $wpdhH. ghHj;jpgDk; “Mkhg;gh> ehd; md;wd;iwa ghlq;fis md;wd;Nw gbj;JtpLNtd;. mJ cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk;jhNd? mg;Gwk; Vdg;gh gak;? %d;W jpUg;Gjy; NjHTfs; vOjp ey;y kjpg;ngz; vLj;jpUf;fpNwd;. ed;whfg; gapw;rpAk; ngw;Wtpl;Nld;. epr;rakhf ey;ykjpg;ngz; ngWNtd;. ePq;fs; ed;whf Xa;ntLq;fs;. fhiyapy; NjHT vOj Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; ehDk; ed;whfj; J}q;fg;NghfpNwd;” vd;W $wptpl;L ghHj;jpgd; epk;kjpahfj; J}q;fpdhd;.

ePjp: xU nraiyr; nra;a Ntz;ba Neuj;jpy; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

7. gjwpa fhhpak; rpjwpg;NghFk; gonkhop : gjwpa fhhpak; rpjwpg;NghFk gonkhop tpsf;fk; : ve;j xU fhhpaKk; gjl;lg;gl;lhy;> me;jf; fhhpak; eilngwhJ. tho;f;if epfo;T:

,e;j tUlk; vq;fs; Ch;j;jpUtpohtpy; Foe;ijfSf;fhd tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; eilngw;wd. vd; jq;if rpy Nghl;bfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhs;. Kjypy; Njf;fuz;bapy; vYkpr;ir gok; itj;J tpohky; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nghl;bapy; Njhw;W tpl;lhs;. mOJnfhz;Nl te;jtis “vd;dthapw;W?” vd tpdtpNdd;. vdf;F gjw;wkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W $wpdhs;.

mLj;jg; Nghl;bapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F Kd; gjw;wj;ij Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;. fz;bg;ghf ntw;wp ngwyhk; vd;W $wpNdd;. mNj Nghy mts; gjw;wj;ij Fiwj;Jf;nfhz;L thspapy; ePh; epug;Gk; Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;whs;. kfpo;r;;rpNahL vd;dplk; te;J> “gjwpa nray; rpjwpg;NghFk;” vd;gij czh;e;J nfhz;Nld;. gjw;wg;glhky; ,g;Nghl;bapy; gq;Nfw;wjhy; ,g;Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;Nwd; vd;W ed;wp $wpdhs;.

ePjp: gjl;lg;glhky; epjhdkhf ve;j xU nraiyAk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


































46. kuG / GJf;ftpij vOJjy;

1. ,aw;if thdk; ,aw;if tdq;fs; ,aw;if fhw;Wk; ,aw;if fly;fs; ,aw;if kioAk; ,aw;if kiyfs; ,aw;if QhapWk; ,aw;if jpq;fSk; ,aw;if ntapYk; ,aw;if gdpAk; ,aw;if

fhHKfpy; ,aw;if fLq;FspH ,aw;if ,ize;J tho;e;jhy; ,je;jUk; ,aw;if vjpHj;J epd;why; NguplHjUk; ,aw;if

2. kdpj Neak; kiwe;jNj kdpjNeak; kz;zpNy ,d;W! kwe;jNj ,r;nrhy;Yk; kdjpNy ,d;W!

Nghplh; epfo;e;jhy; jhd; XbtUk; epiyapq;F! ngUk;ghd;ik Neuq;fspy; xJq;fpNa ,Ug;gjpq;F! mgpkhdk; vd;gJkpd;W me;epa nrhy;yhdNj! kdpjNd kdpjdpd;W kjpg;gJk; ,y;iyNa!

czh;e;jpLtPh; cyNfhNu khw;wpLtPh; cs;sj;ij ciuj;jpLtPh; cyfpw;Fk; kwthjPh; nrayhw;w!

3. njd;wy;

kuq;fisj; jOTfpwha; thilaha;..

kdq;fis tULfpwha; [hilaha;… msNthL tPrpdhy; eP njd;wy;! mjpfkha; Ngrpdhy; eP Gay;!

mikjpaha; cwq;fpdhy; eP GOf;fk;! ifjp nra;a Kbah fhw;Nw!

cd; kq;if gUtk; jhd; njd;wNyh!

4. kuk; tsh;g;Nghk;

kz;Zf;F kiojUk; kuk; kz;Zf;F tsk;jUk; kuk; kuk; tsHj;jhy; mKjkio

kwe;J Nghdhy; mkpykio fhptsp Fiwj;jpLk; kuk; capHtsp ngUf;fpLk; kuk; capHfspd; Rthrk; kuk; cyFf;F tuNk kuk;


































5. el;G md;gpd; rpfuk; el;G ,d;g Cw;whk; el;G Jd;gk; fistJ el;G Jahpdpy; MWjy; el;G

tsHr;rpapy; JiztUk; el;G jsHr;rpapy; Njhs;jUk; el;G capUf;F capuhdJ el;G cdf;fha; capHjUk; el;G

6. Kaw;rp mZitg; gpse;jJk; Kaw;rpahNy Mfhaj;jpy; gwg;gJk; Kaw;rpahNy rf;fuk; fz;lJk; Kaw;rpahNy re;jpuDf;Fr; nrd;wJk; Kaw;rpahNy

Kad;why;; KbahjJ vJTKz;Nlh Kayhky; nty;tJ VJKz;Nlh Kad;WghH thdk;cd; tpuy;Edpapy;

RoYk; itak;cd; fhybapy;.

7. gs;sp fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jpLk; gs;sp

fiygyTk; je;jpLk; gs;sp;

nghd;idg; Glkply; NghNy

vd;idg; GlkpLk; gs;sp gs;sp ekf;nfhU Nfhtpy;

ey;yhrhd; njhOjpLk; nja;tk;

fy;tpjhd; ekf;F Ntjk;

tho;e;jpl mJNt NghJk;

8. kiy kiyj;jplr; nra;jpLk; kiy njhiytpYk; Njhd;wpLk; kiy epiyapy; Fiyahj kiy - ek; caHTf;Fr; rhd;whFk; kiy thd;Nkfk; jLj;jpLk; kiy thd;kio je;jpLk; kiy ehl;Lf;F muzhFk; kiy - vd; ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUshFk; kiy


































9. jhad;G

mwpNt ePak;kh! md;Ng ePak;kh!! rpwNf jhak;kh! rpe;jid ePak;kh!!

mk;kh cd; kbak;kh! mJ vd; cyfk;kh!! mk;kh cd; Njhsk;kh! mJ vd; E}y; mk;kh!!

capuhf ehdk;kh! CDdJ jhdk;kh!! jkpo;jhNd nkhopak;kh! jha;jhNd topak;kh!!

10. tpz;kPd;

tUl tUlkha; thdpy; tyk; tUk; trjpapy;yh tof;Ffs;!

epytpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitapy; epw;f…!! tisak; xd;wpy; trpak; nra;ag;gl;L kpd;kpdp Nghy Xh; xsp

$z;by; epd;wJ gy nehb…….!!

11. thdtpy;

tise;J epw;Fk; thdtpy;Yf;F tho;f;if rpy nehbj;Jspfs;! tz;zk; rpy nehbapy; fiye;jhYk; thdj;jpy; epd;w ngUik cz;L! tise;j vopy; thdtpy; nehb tho;Tjhd; tz;zk; rpy nehbapy; fiye;jpl;lhYk; thd;epy; ngUik cdf;F!

12. thd;kio

kz;zpd; kdk; kfpo;r;rpapy; ,sfp ,NyrhFk;… kz;zpd; kzNkh ehrpj;Jthuq;fis CLUTk;!

kz; jhq;f Nth; ,wq;Fk;… Nth; Jsph;f;f jsph;fs; vy;yhk; jioj;J te;J jiy Jtl;Lk;….

fhw;wpd; ryryg;gpy; ,iyf; Filf;Fs;spUe;J…

vl;bg;ghh;j;J kiwe;jgb G+ nkhl;Lfs;……

fz;zh%r;rp tpisahLk; kioj;JspfNshL……..

13. tpopg;G

NjhoNd Japy; vO! epidg;igtpl;L ep[j;jpy; thO!

ntw;wpiaj; njhl;L epyj;jpy; tPO! nghWg;gpd; Rikfis G[j;jpy; J}f;F! Gfopd; kkijia Gwj;jpy; NghL!


































14. Foe;ij nghf;ifr; rphpg;gpdpy; g+f;fs; kyUk; FoWk; nkhopapy; FoYk; Njhw;Fk; mise;j $Noh mkpo;jpDk; ,dpf;Fk;! jsHe;j eilapy; jq;fujk; Njhd;Wk; Fd;nwdr; nry;tk; nfhl;b itj;jhYk; Foe;ijr; nry;tNk caHe;J epw;Fk; jiyKiw jiog;gJk; jj;jk; Foe;ijahNy!

47. jkpohf;fk; jUjy;

gonkhopfs; - jkpohf;fk; 1. A little stream will drive a light mill. rpWJUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;. 2. An artist lives everywhere. fiyQh; vt;tplj;jpYk; gpioj;Jf; nfhs;thh;. 3. Think before you leap. vz;zpg; NgR / NgRk; Kd; Nahrp

4. Health is wealth Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk; 5. As is the king so are his subjects. murd; vt;top> Fbkf;fs; mt;top 6. Pen is mightier than sword. fj;jp Kidia tpl Ngdh KidNa typikahdJ. 7. Strike while the sun shines. fhw;Ws;s NghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs; 8. Money makes many things. gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;. 9. Prevention is better than cure. tUKd; fhg;gNj rpwe;jJ / nts;sk; tUKd;

mizNghl Ntz;Lk;. 10. Birds of the same feather flock together. ,dk; ,dj;NjhL NrUk;. 11. Too much of anything is good for nothing. msTf;F kPwpdhy; mKjKk; eQ;R. 12. No pain no gain. ciog;gpd;wp Cjpakpy;iy. 13. Haste makes waste. gjwpa fhhpak; rpjWk;. 14. Knowledge is power. mwpNt Mw;wy; 15. Charity begins at home. jdf;F kpQ;rpNa jhdKk; jh;kKk;. 16. Covet all lose all Nguhir ngU e\;lk; 17. Diamonds cut diamonds Ks;is Ks;shy; vL. 18. East or west, home is the best. vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis Ntz;Lk;. 19. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. Fiw Flk; $j;jhLk;. 20. Eagles never catch flies Gyp grpj;jhYk; Gy;iyj; jpd;dhJ. 21. Old is gold goikNa gRk;nghd; 22. Slow and steady wins the race. epjhdNk gpujhdk; 23. Many drops make a shower. rpW Jsp ngU nts;sk;. 24. Union is strength xw;WikNa gyk; 25. First deserve, then desire. Kltd; nfhk;Gj; NjDf;F Mirg;glyhkh? 26. Little strokes fell great oaks mbNky; mb mbj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;. 27. Every cock will crow upon his own dunghill. tPl;by; vyp ntspapy; Gyp. 28. Art is long but life is short. fy;tp fiuapy> fw;gtH ehs; rpy. 29. Familiarity breeds contempt gofg;gofg; ghYk; Gspf;Fk;. 30. Hearty laugh dispels disease. tha;tpl;Lr; rpupj;jhy; Neha;tpl;Lg; NghFk;. 31. Take time by the forelock gUtj;Nj gaph; nra; / fhyj;Nj flikiar; nra;. 32. Even a pin is good for something. rpW JUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk;. 33. Live and let live tho;@ tho tpL. 34. Small rudders guide great ships. rpW JUk;Gk; gy; Fj;j cjTk;. 35. Distance lends enchantment to the view. ,f;fiuf;F mf;fiu gr;ir. 36. Misfortunes never come single gl;lfhypNy gLk;> nfl;lf; FbNa nfLk;.


































37. Do well what you have to do nra;td jpUe;jr; nra;. 38. A friend in need is a friend indeed Mgj;jpy; cjTgtNd mUik ez;gd;.

thf;fpaq;fs; - jkpohf;fk;

Education should develop and promote good

values.

fy;tpahdJ ed;kjpg;Gfis cUthf;fp Cf;Ftpg;gjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

Please confirm your exam result by your cell

phone.

Njh;T KbTfis cq;fs; nry;yplg;Ngrp %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.

Students want to join computer courses. khzth;fs; fzpdp gbg;Gfspy; Nru Ntz;Lk;. The Government announced some schemes. murhq;fk; rpy jpl;lq;fis mwptpj;jJ. To good people world appears good. ey;y kf;fs; cs;s cyfk; ey;yjhfNt Njhd;Wk;. Madurai is known as city of temples. kJiu Nfhtpy; efuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. We should not eat often. ehk; mbf;fb rhg;gpl $lhJ. Experience will make a person efficient. mDgtNk rpwe;j Mrhd;. King Soloman was known for his sharp

intelligence.

Ez;zwpTf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; jpfo;gth; murh; rhykd;.

Rural life is healthier than urban life. efu tho;f;ifia fhl;bYk; fpuhk tho;f;ifNa MNuhf;fpakhdJ.

Gandhiji loved and respected truth more than

anything else.

fhe;jpabfs; kw;nwy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl mjpfkhf cz;ikia Nerpj;J kjpj;jhH.

This is the age of computers. jw;fhyk; fzpdpAfk; MFk;. Keep off the grass Gy;ypd; Nky; elf;fhNj Behave courteously khpahijAld; ele;Jnfhs; A black hen lays a white egg. ntSj;jJ vy;yhk; ghy; my;y. Even a demon will pity a woman. ngz; vd;why; NgAk; ,uq;Fk;. Take enough water after meals. cz;l gpd; jz;zPh; Fb. Library is a place for reading. E}yfq;fs; Gj;jfq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhd ,lk; Food is essential for all living beings. capUs;sit midj;jpw;Fk; czT

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. The television is one of the wonders of modern

India.

njhiyf;fhl;rp etPd ,e;jpahtpd; mw;Gjq;fSs; xd;whFk;.

Trees are very useful to us. kuq;fs; ekf;F kpfTk; gaDs;sit. Letters are a form of conversation fbjq;fs; ciuahly; tbtpdjhFk;.

jahupg;G jpU. j. nry;Nte;jpud; KJfiy gl;ljhup Mrpupau;

muR Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> %thD}u;> jpUr;rp

jahupg;gpy; cjtp jpUkjp. eh. Njtpfh RNu\; MA., B.Ed., P.G.D.C.A.,

ntw;wpf;F top Mrpupau; FO
































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