toyota and co2 policy - transport & environment and co 2 policy colin hensley ... ipcc95 annual...
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Toyota Motor EuropeToyota Motor Europe
Toyota and CO2 Policy
Colin HensleyResearch & Development
Toyota Motor Europe
Contents
• Toyota’s principle and vision
• Context of the environmental challenge
• Toyota’s response
• Role of the policy makers
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Toyota’s principleand vision
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Toyota’s Principle
Pro-activityPrevention not reaction
Today for tomorrow
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Toyota’s Principle
Pollution Global Warming
• Recognise the desire and need for mobility
• Transport of goods brings economic growth
• Action to address the environment is essential
• Must not compromise future generations’ needs
That is Sustainable Mobility!
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Toyota’s Vision
Zeronise & Maximise
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The Environmental challenge
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Environmental challenges
Source: Toyota Motor Corporation
EnergySupply/Demand Oil, Nuclear,
Natural gas, CoalRenewable energy
2010 20202000
AmbientAir Quality
ClimateChange
Expansion to developing countries
Emissions increasing(NOx, CO, HC)
Standard of living
Energy mix required
CO2 increasing
Emission standard
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1. Energy supply/demand
Source: NEDO
2000 21002080206020402020
Prod
uctio
n vo
lum
e of
prim
ary
ener
gy in
crud
e oi
l equ
ival
ent t
ons
(mill
ions
)
1000
2000
3000
0
Year
Natural gas
Crude oilCoal
Hydraulic Geothermal
InnovativeTechnologies
Nuclear powerBiomass
Wind PowerPhotovoltaic
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2. Climate change
0
Year
200018001600140012001000800 2100
400
300
500
600
CO
2de
nsity
(ppm
v)
700
280
370
700 - 800
Reducing CO2 is essential for our sustainable growth IPCClimit550
Source: IPCC95 annual report
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3. Ambient air: NOx impacts the environment in many ways
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Toyota’s response
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Toyota
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System configuration
Diesel Throttle
EGR Valve
Exhaust Port
Injector
Intake Air
Exhaust Gas
EGR Cooler
Air Fuel Ratio Sensor
Pressure DifferenceSensor
Gas TemperatureSensor
New Common Rail System
DPNR Catalyst
Oxidation Catalytic Converter
NSR Catalyst
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Toyota D-CAT target
NOx (g/km)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.60
5
PM (mg/km) US EPA Tier-I (199419’97)60
20
30
40
50
0.03/0.006US Tier-II Bin5 (2007)
0.28/0.052Japan (2000)
0.14/0.013Japan (2005)
0.50/0.050EURO III (2000)
0.25/0.025EURO IV (2005)
Toyota D-CAT target (2010)
10
Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive
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What is hybrid?
Mild hybrid Strong hybrid
EV Drive
Enginestop
Enginestop
Enginestop
Enginestop
Regenerative braking
Regenerative braking
Regenerative braking
Motor-assist Motor-assist
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Battery
Inverter
Motor
Generator
Gasoline Engine
Power Split Device(Planetary Gear)
HSD Characteristics
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Hybrid sales
Coaster hybrid (bus)
Crown with mild hybrid system
Estima/AlphardHybrid
Prius
1997
306,000
November2004
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Toyota Prius
• Over 95,000 units in 1 year in US and Japan• In Europe, 8153 units in 2004• 104g/km CO2 for a D-segment car (4.3l/100km)
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Relative emission levels260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Weight class kg
CO
2g/
km
140g/km 2008/9
GasolineDiesel
Prius 2 - 104 g/kmPrius 1
Source: Toyota
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Fuel Cell Hybrid
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Toyota’s Hybrid TechnologyPrius: gasoline FINE-S: hydrogen
Engine Fuel Cell
Secondarybattery
Motor
Power control unit
Power control unitSecondary
battery
Motor
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Toyota Fine-S
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Forecast for FC Vehicle Market Introduction
Stage of technologycompetition
Stage of cost and product competitionInfrastructure preparation is required
Fleet test/Limited introduction
Demonstration test
Widespread introduction
’20~30’10’05’01
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Toyota vision
Source: Toyota Motor Corporation
Well to Wheel (%)0 10 20 30
Well to Tank(%)
Tank to Wheel(%)
88 16
581
502
88 37
70 60
40
382
(1) Natural gas base(2) Measurement from the electric current
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline Hybrid
FCHV (Target)
Fuel cell
Fuel cell hybrid 29%
42%Japanese 10-15 Mode Toyota’s estimation
New Prius
91 20 18%
14%
32%
22% With HV control
3xGasoline, 1.5xHV
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Role of the Policy Makers
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Stimulation of initial demandD
eman
d
Yoursupport
Inno-vators
Early adopters
Early majority
LaggardsLate majority
Time
Potential
Source: More, Geoffrey, Crossing the Chasm, Harper Collins, 1991
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Approaches to stimulate demand
CO2 based taxation/incentive (vehicle excise duty, company car tax)
Engine capacity based taxation system
Exhaust emissions incentives (e.g. Euro IV)
Lead by example (green fleets)
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The Ultimate ECO-Car
Electricity
FCHV
EV
HSD
Gasoline
THS
D4
Lean-burn
VVT-i
Diesel
HV
Toyota D-CAT
Common-rail
Alternative fuel
CNG
Hybrid TechnologyHybrid Technology
Routes to the Vision
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Thank you for your attention