TOYNBEEAN APPROACH TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY:

Spanish Regime in the Philippines

Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Successful

Colonization- the enormous cost of the expedition- difficulties in the returning voyage

Pacification- starting point of the expedition: Mexico instead of Spain- Hernan Cortes’ secret in pacification of Mexico: Treat the natives with respect

Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Reconciling Tribute

with Justice How to derive

revenue from the conquered without violating simple idea of justice?

Encomienda System System was extension of

pacification Grant was not property but

of jurisdiction over a definite territory and its inhabitants

The encomenderos had the duty of defending the encomienda; of maintaining peace and order and supporting missionaries

These considerations entitled him with collected of tributes; within the means of the subject

Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Forming A Christian

Civilization Convincing the

natives to be Christians

Dealing with Dispersed and scattered settlement

Building Church -Centered Town Reduccion – barangays

were coaxed and coerced into organized towns around the newly-built church with resident friar

OBJECTIVE: Bring all indios into Christian communities ( Bajo de la Campana)

The new settlement was helpful in collecting proper, complete and accurate tribute.

Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663Transforming A

Feudal Society into a Modern Nation How to develop

the Philippines as a modern nation?

How to unify the Philippines?

Commercial Capitalism and Common Religion Commercialism

was introduced Catholicism and

Centralized Government

Spanish Regime 1571 - 1663

o How to build infrastructure when there is shortage of Spanish manpower

o How to stimulate agricul-tural production

o POLO OR FORCED LABOR

-ships, churches, roads,other forms of infra-structure -pay “falla” (exempted)

o BANDALA-annual quotas to each Province for the sale ofproducts

Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

Effective GovernmentHow to govern the islands effectively?

Centralized Authority The governor-

general: executive, judiciary and legislative

Visita,Residencia, Archbishop and subordinate public officials served as checks and balances

King of Spain

Governor general

Alcalde mayor

corregidores

Governadorcillo

alcaldia

corregidorayuntamiento

barrio

Cabeza de barangay

pueblo

CENTRALIZEDAUTHORITY

The Governor General assumed the highest position in the land. Vested in him the powers of executor and legislator, and at times the judiciary.

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Dutch AggressionThe Dutch

Military attacked the Philippines

Spanish DefenseUsed natives in

attacking and defending the islands

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Economic Rehabilitation after the Dutch WarFinances were

not stable; economy declined

Local ProductionExport of

products: wheat from Laguna and Batangas and mining products from Camarines

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

National ProsperityHow to make the

colony independent from Mexican aid?

Galleon Trade Chinese goods

were sent to Europe through the Manila – Acapulco trade

Few men prospered in the galleon trade

GALLEON TRADE

• During the Spanish era Manila became the leading commercial center in the region

• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade

• Not all could participate in the Galleon trade

• In the 19th century when commercial liberty was adopted as a European policy the Galeon trade decline

• Lasted for 2 ½ centuries until its abolition

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Chinese Economic Domination The Chinese were

dominating the economy

Chinese were known as SANGLEYS which means merchants

Exclusion Laws and Additional TaxationAdditional tax

besides the annual residence tax

immigration be limited

Parian: non-Christian Chinese

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Conflict Between the Regular and Secular Clergy The Spanish regular

clergy were holding the parishes instead of Spanish seculars

Development of a Native Secular Clergy Natives were

permitted to enter priesthood

Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

Moro Raids Muslims frequently

attack islands in the Visayas; killing and pirating goods from the natives

Moro Resistance Establishment of Pilar

Fort in Zamboanga Juramentado in Jolo to

resist the Spaniards in the place

Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Tobacco

Monopoly The government

implemented laws and policy in order for designated lands and places to cultivated the growth of tobacco.

Forcibly asked the natives to work in the fields

Rehabilitation of a Shattered EconomyThe Philippines had

been subsidized by Mexican treasury for decades

Independence of Mexico

TOBACCO MONOPOLY

• Governor General Jose Basco – founder• To improve the economy of the

Philippines• Strict cultivation of tobacco was

enforced in certain areas such as: Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos and Marinduque

• Lasted from 1781 to 1881

Material and Social Advancement

• Rise of Banks– Obras Pias – earliest banks in the

Philippines which gave loan to merchants

– Rodriguez Bank – the first Filipino bank established in Manila by Francisco Rodriguez

– Banco Español- Filipino – first government bank in the Philippines founded by Antonio de Urbiztondo

PHILLIPINE REVOLTS

CAUSES :A) PERSONALLed by datus, maharlikas and babaylan or catalonansLost prestige and power in their communitiesWant to revert to their own culture (babaylans and catalonans wanted to return to native religions)Lakandula, Soliman, Tamblot, Bankaw and Dagohoy

continuation

B) RELIGIOUS MOTIVES/REASONSLed by those who built their own style of syncretic religionsNon-acceptance of Spanish popes, bishops and priestsEmergence of cults Hermano Pule, Francisco Rivera and Tapar

continuation

C) RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONSTaxationForced laborGalleon tradeIndulto de comercioMonopolies (like the tabacco and basi revolts)Magalat, Sumuroy, Palaris and Diego Silang

continuation

D)PEASANT UNRESTFraudelent land surveys which led to land grabbing Excessive cost of land rental feesMaginoos and principalias of Silang, Cavite

Why Philippine Revolts failed

A) INSULAR MAKE-UP OF THE PHILIPPINES-no sense of national unity because of communication gap; many ethn0-linguistic groups with their dialects but no lingua francaB) IDEA OF NATIONALISM CAME ONLY DURING THE 19TH CENTURYC) DIVIDE ET IMPERA-Spaniards used natives to fight other natives-co-optation and collaboration of some datus and maharlikas with the Spaniards

continuation

D) SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGY OF THE SPANIARDS-Mexican horses-better firing projectile weapons (culverins, cannons, muskets, or guns)-network of spiesE) INTERFERENCE OF FRIARS

continuation

F) ABSENCE OF GOOD LEADERS WHO KNEW MILITARY STRATEGYG) “PAPELETAS DE PERMISO” AND “CARTAS DE RADIO”-official travel permits and safe-conduct passes

Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Free Trade

Opening of different ports in the Philippines through the suggestion of Sinibaldo de Mas

Collapsed of Galleon TradeSource of income

and livelihoodProgress after

economic stagnation

Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Censorship

Noli Me Tangere and other propaganda publication were banned by the government

Spread of Liberal IdeasCarlos Maria de la

TorreLiberalism from

Europe

Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Execution of

Gomburza Experience in Mexico Father Burgos

believed in the secualrization

Equality of the Regular and Secular ClergySecularization of

the parishes

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

A) SPREAD OF LIBERALISM-when Spain opened the Philippines to world trade, liberal ideas filtered in-liberal political filtered in from Europe (ideas of Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke and Jefferson)-transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw material market for Europe increased their contact with the intellectual tradition of the west

continuation

B) Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) or Principales-middle class composed of Asian and Eurasian mestizos emerged from the economic boom derived from expanded agriculture and commerce-Spanish opening of the Philippine ports (1834) to free trade, commericialization of agriculture and economic expansion greatly benefited the “principalia” who were able to send their children to schools here and abroad, exposing them to more libertarian ideals.

continuation

C) Sentiments against the principales-masses were dissatisfied with the principales as intermediaries of the Spanish governmentD) Racial Prejudice-Spaniards regarded Filipino natives as belonging to an “inferior race”; called them “indios”-Spanish pre-conceived notion that natives could not rise beyond their “limited intelligence”

continuation

E) Cultural changes-Educational Reforms of 1863 dramatically improved the standards of education in the primary level-Filipinos were able to pursue higher education-young men from prosperous families were able to take up law, medicine and pharmacy-were able to see the repressive colonial policies of Spain -new breed of Filipinos, the “Ilustrados”

continuation

F) Secularization controversy-can be traced back from the year 1567-in 1768, parishes were given to unprepared native seculars (Filipino priests who do not belong to a religious order)-by 1859, parishes were desecularized and were given back to regular priests (Spanish priests belonging to religious orders-Filipino priests opposed Spanish friar abuses and agitated for reforms

continuation

G) Cavite Mutiny of 1872-Sgt. La Madrid led this mutiny due to the suspension of the privileges formerly enjoyed by arsenal workers and engineer corps of the Cavite Naval Shipyard-this mutiny was used by the Spaniards to implicate the liberal critics of the government including Filipino priests who fought for Secularization -the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism

Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897 Non-continuity and

non-implementation of reforms Strict in implementing

laws Intensified attack to

the movement Friars wrote

pamphlets against the propagandist

Propaganda MovementIlustrados

(enlightened young men) called for reform in the government and assimilation of the Philippines to Spain

What was Spain like during the early 1880’s? How important was the environment to the young men of the Philippines who came to the Peninsula?

Spain: 1880 -1890

Filipinos in Spain

• The young Filipinos were acquainted with a world different from the Philippines: freedom of speech against the church, church doctrine and the state; proclamation of liberties and progress.• The environment would become a STIMULUS for CALLING OF CHANGES in the / for the Philippines.• The grave defects of Spanish government in Spain led to the disillussionment of the Filipinos.• Rizal noted in his travels the progress of the places he visited; and recognized their native qualities superior to Spaniards; he believed that Filipinos can handle the affairs of the Philippines

Early Activities of Filipinos in Spain

Filipino nationalists prior to 1880: PEDRO PATERNO and GREGORIO

SANCIANCO

Circulo-Hispano FilipinoTha banquet served as the

foundation of CIRCULO-HISPANO FILIPINO

Rizal wanted to give more substance to it; and to use it as vehicle to unite Filipinos.

Revista del Circulo-Hispano Filipino

Sancianco gave a banquet for Fernando de Leon y Castillo, overseas minister of liberal government in Sagasta. Sancianco publish a book on the abolishment of the Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines. Although helped the conomy of the Philippines, the abuses and negative consequences of the monopoly.