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G 2006 M> #>KFG >>KE MM>L (G>K) K> >QER K>LIHGLE> HK HNL-G@ LNLR E>@LEMHG, G FHLM H M> 16 LMM>L KNG M>K HPG IKH@KFF>L. G FGR

H M> IKH@KFF>L LNLS> EHGL KHF M> (K>MGLMEM `K >>KNN, LMM>-HPG> GD) K> PM MHGE LMM> LI>LNK>L, NLNEERGM>K>LM KM> K>NL> LNL>L K> OEE> HK LI> GO>LM-F>GML, HK >QFIE> MH LNIIER HNLG@ HK EHP G HNL>HEL G MHL> IKLHG>KL, HF>E>LLI>HIE>, >MGML HG LNLL> P>EEG@L K> NLNEER M E>O>E >EHP M>FKD>M K>GM HK I>KH H 12- 20 R>KL. NKG@ ML I>KH EGEHKL K> HE@> MH E>MM>L> P>EEG@L HGER MH MHL> MK@>M @KHNIL. +M>K LNL>L, LN K>NKL-F>GM H M> >QLMG@ HNLG@ LMHG>K@R LOG@ F>LNK>L HK LE> F>GML K> ELH OEE>, NM M>L> K> GHM >QER OEE> HK K>GM>

HNLG@.

E> LNL>L HK K>GM> HNLG@ K> M LMHKO>E M LHNE GHM > HO>K-EHHD> MM G M> ILM LHG>M> KHF KE> LNIIHKM. L IHE-K> MHPKL M> K>LMKHR> HNLG@ LMHKM> 2G HKE K, G G M> >@GGG@ PL GHM K>EER MK@>M> MH IKM H MH EHP G HNL>HEL G HNL>HEL

56


G F I@

N500,000 N1,000,000

B@K@F@ FJ(N)

FH FJF

@F@ FJ(N)

FH FJF

GE 0 0% 60,000 6%

C 3,500 1% 75,000 8%

I 107,500 22% 264,000 26%

F 129,000 26% 264,000 26%

9 @F@ FJ @ @F I@E: GF@ JE

HNK: +PG KMG MQ N>KG/>KLN>K-K>K/>KL 28, 2011)



57/155

FL HG M> HNLG@ FKD>M, IKMK E>@LEMHG G 2002 (HK GHO>KO>P L>> `G>-B`GG@ 2005 I283-313). AGHM>K FIHKMGM KFG K>NG KLM E H M> 1990L, LNLMGME MQ OGM@>L N>EE>G>P K>GM> HNLG@ KFG >FHINE< NM ELH G P>LM #>KFGR, P MH FLLO> LNIIER LH K>GMEFKD>M.

I+"3"2a) 020"#0 1 1#+a+10

B>L>L M>L> LNIIER L> LNL>L, M> HNLG@ HEL K>ELH LNLS>. HM HGER M>GGML NM ELH HPG>K H >E@E> HK M>L> LN-L>L. HP G HNL>HEL K>O> HNLG@ >G>M (lHG@>Em), PM M> FHNGM

>I>GG@ HG M>K G G M>K HNL>HE LS>. GONEL K>O> LMM>NG>FIEHRF>GM >G>ML HK LH P>EEG@)K> ELH K>.

K @H@@F: K EF@E, @F @FFHE @ K @E

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lJNEMR-L>m MHGE >FG L LL. GER HK MLK>LHG, GM HK> HNLG@ >FG G #>KFGR >K P>ER.A@GLM ML P MH M@M LML, IKHIHLEL HK G>P MQGGMO>L HK HNLG@ GO>LMF>GM h IKMK MQ >NIK> GHM >>G LN


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>EM> MH M> IKHE>F H M> JNEMMO>ER FG HK K>GM> HNLG@ K>K>@HGE >K>GL G M> PR M> HNLG@ FKD>M L >O>EHIG@. M L P>ER >QI> MM KNKE K>@HGL PEE > FN > R IHINEMHG LKGD@> MG NKGK>L. L K@NF>GM L EK@>ER NGKLE, NM HIGHGL LMKHG@ER O>K@> HG M>JN>LMHG H P>M>K LN-NKGLF h M>KMH FHK M>G>G FHEMR IMM>KGLH FER HNL>HEL h PEE > K>IE R G>P NKGLF L >E>KER HNL>HEL L>>D>MM>K INE< G F> L. L LER LI>,L >QLMG@ LMMLMO>G L LGM >LLHGE L P>EE L FM>NK GO>LMHKL G M> K>GME FKD>M.

A NKM>K FHK G@> HK IKH>LLHGE G FM>NK EGEHKL L >G>K@R LOG@

K>NKLF>GM H M> HNLG@ LMH HE@> MH GHKF G>P M>GGMLHNM M> >G>K@R NEG@, G ML L GLG@ER > >E>F>GM G M> K>GM> FKD>M. AL >L HO>, M> L HK K>GMGL>L M>K K>NKLF>GM L HM>G EFM> N> MH MK>-H PM GHKFE K>GMGL>L.

AGHM>K IHM>GME IKHE>F FR > R M> G>P GDG@ K>@NEMHGL G M>KF>PHKD H M> BLE> AKER MH >GM>ER KP @NEMHG H M> GDG@ L>M IKMQI> GGLMMHGLIKHS>LL> F HGNG@L>LMG h NGM>K >LHG>K>K B>K`KF>M>K. HKLG >M 129, BHGG

BB (2010) HDNL GG>GLMM. ALI>DM> GG>KLMWMLK B>O_ED>KNG@L>GMPK DHFIDM 11/2010

BB (2011) G>E FM HGNG@LIHKMHEHL P>M>K N G>K@>F O>N. BB-B>K DHF-IDM 3/2011

BB (2011) NK` MM H>K: #M >L >G> G>N> AMMKDMOMWM >K MWM>? BB-B>KDHFIDM 2/2011

BHK@EH, . & >LM>K>>, ., (2010) HMNKG HG GO>LMF>GM H NMNE NIIHKM BL>HNLG@ KH>GME HK HF (HKML)

BKKNG@h#M >L >G> l>GLLG >K MWM>m G B>G-`KMM>F>K@? G: MMLMLL HGML>M B>G-`KMM>F>K@ 11/2008, I 5-13

58




59/155

>FKR, ., #GL, . >G@, , EMG, A., H@MEWG>K, . & >LM>K>>, . (2009)KMLG. > FFHE>GFWKDM> NL @>LFMPKMLKLI>DMO>, KL@.:

>NMLK >KG `K HGNG@LP>L>G MWM>N NG NFHKGNG@ >../#>L>EELGPKMLMLG_DHGHF>, I>2009, B>KEG

, (2010) >>LWMS> >NMLK MWM> `>K 50.000 GPHG>K 2010MMI://PPP.D.>/IK>LL>/F>ENG@>G/F>ENG@012636 (NG> 30, 2011)

#, (2008): HGNG@LPKMLG NG K>GL 2008. FNK@. FFHG

K_G, ., K, . & >LM>K>>, ., (2011) GGS>KNG@LLMKM>@>G PH-GNG@LPKMLNK> NGM>K O>KWG>KM>G F>G>G@NG@>G N >GGGS>KNG@LFWKDM>G. BB +GEG> NEKNKR 2011PPP.LK.NG.>/KH>>GMEG/BB/+GEG>/2011/+042011.MFE (NG> 30, 2011)

`G>-B`GG@, .(>.),(2005) #KNGE@>G >K HGNG@L- NG FFHE>GPKMLMSD>, . (>.), (2008) MWM> F >FH@KLG G>E. >L>GME MKNDMNK>G NG K>GL>L >FH@KLG G>EL G >G MWM>G >NMLKE>G SNKB>O_ED>KNG@LPLL>GLL>G

_MSL L 2030: G> >L GLM>@>G>G K>GL K@>GLL> >KNLEMLOHKNL>K>K >@HG MNMM@KM. G MMLMLL HGML>M B>G-`KMM>F>K@ 11/2008, I 29-31

MMLMLL BNG>LFM (2009) NL- NG #KNG>LMS LHP> HGO>KWEMGLL> IKOM>KNLEM> 2008. K> 15 HG>K>M 1. >L>GMMLMLL BNG>LFM (2009) NNL> G >NMLK NLEM>. ANL@> 2009. >L>G

59

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60




61/155

4. HF @F EF @ F

F@E

Marietta E.A. Haffner

G@F EF@ HF @F GE@

> HNLG@ LMH >M>KEGL PL HFGM> R M> K>GM> L>G HF>HPG>KLI K> FKD>M LK> H FHK> MG 50% (@NK> 1). > IK-OM> K>GM> L>>G LJN>>S> >MP>>G HF>HPG>KLI G LHGMG@(BH>EHNP>K & G >K >>G 1992; G>K >M E 2009). > L> KHF1.3 FEEHG P>EEG@L G 1947 MH HNM 650,000 P>EEG@L G 2010 (L>> ME> 1). L> ER > >QIEG> R M> LNL>L @O>G HK LHGMG@ G HPG>K-HLMF>GM R K>GM>P>EEG@L K>O> M> LF> LNL>L L LH > >O>E-HI> NKG@ M> K>NEG@ M>K M> 2G HKE K MM: jPMmL LN HK M> @HHL>L LN HK M> @G>K.k > K>LNEM PL MM IKOM> GONE EGEHKL @HM HNM H M>FKD>M. >K 54% LK> H M> HNLG@ LMH M> LK> H GO>LMF>GM LMR> LME> KHNG 6% H LMH >EG HG K>GMG@ HNM HNLG@ MH GG HE @> PEE ELH O> MH M>GONE EGEHKL E>OG@ ML FKD>M.

> M>KF IKOM> K>GM> L>L G M> HEEHPG@ @HK>L H M>GGGMG@ KHF G HK@GSMHG (I>GLHG NG, GLNKG LMHK, >LMM>c@>GM)

K>GMG@ KHF IKOM> I>KLHGc

K>GMG@ KHF FERc

K>GMG@ KHF HM>KL.c

61



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62


!G 1 @G EFGF@ @ F F@E, 1947-2009

HNK: MMLMM>KEGL, +, IM> R >EM/+B

1 #GE@ EF K F@G @ F F@E E@ 1981

I@GF@ (%)

@F(%)

HF @F(%)

F (000E)

1981 42 39 19 4,957

1990 45 39 15 5,802

2000 53 36 12 6,590

2010 59 32 9 7,172

HNK: AB >L>K>F PHGG@OHHKK (RLPHO); 1981: L>> @NK> 1



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>K> K> MPH LMGGME NGML HPG> R HK@GLMHGL - @>G>KEER HPG> R IKOM> GONEL, FE>L HK HM>KL.c

KOM> K>GM> P>EEG@L K> EE L>E NGML MM H GHM LK> L. >RK> FGER EH G M> EK@>K FNGL.

D4#))+% !a/a!1#/01!0

G M>KFL H P>EEG@ GM> HF>L K> K>GM> NGNK-GL> - MH 99% G M> LHGM> L> 8% K> E>M L>F-NK-

GL> PM E>M L NEER NKGL> P>EEG@L. GM>KFL H HM>K P>EEG@ >MNK>L M> IKOM> K>GM> L> LFEK MH M> LHGM> L>K-HGML G M> LHGM-> L> IKOM> K>GM> L>KFL H P>EEG@ LS> IK-OM>ER K>GM> HF>L M>G MH > LFEE>K (NI MH MK>> KHHFL) KM>K MG EK@>KP>EEG@L. G M>KFL H LI, M L M> HM>K PR KHNG: M>K> L LFEE>K IKHIHKMHGH IKOM>ER K>GM> HF>L PM G K> >EHP 100 LJF MH LHGM>HF>L. > IKOM> K>GM> L>O>K, EMO>ER HE>K P>EEG@L: HG>G MK>> P>EEG@L PL NEM >HK> 1945, PE> G M> LHGM> L> IKHIHK-MHG L 11%. >O>KM>E>LL, M> IKHIHKMHG H P>EEG@L G M> IKOM> K>GM> L>Q lHM>Km @HKR) PM @>K l>K>@NEM> K>GMm I>K FHGM (L>> >-GMHG >EHP) L @>K MG HK M> LHG OHHK> E>>HF@>OG@ >G GKLMKN I>K GM H IKOM> K>GM> P>EEG@LO> K>GM H HO>K n878 I>K FHGM MH E>LL MG HG> I>K GM H LHGM-> P>EEG@L.

G @>G>KE M> JNEMR H M> HNLG@ L HD. > IK>-PK (1945) LMH PHKLMLI> IKOM> K>GM> L>G 2006).

GME M> >KER 1980L, GLMMNMHGE GO>LMHKL NEM K>EMO>ER EK@> GNF>K H FGERLNLS> K>GM> P>EEG@L - L M> LF> LNL>L P>K> OEE> HK LH K>GM> HNLG@. > KM> H G M> KL > E>LL MMK G P>K> >O>GMNEER IL> HNM (ME> 2; L>> ELH>EHP). HK> K>GMER, M>K> L >>G G NIMNKG G M> GM>P>EEG@L L K>LNEM H LM@GMHG G >FG KHF HPG>K-HLI>K2002 (G>K >M E 2009).

63

The Ne%he#lad$



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64


@F EF(@G I@E)

@F EFE % @I@EFGF@

HF @FEF(@G I@E)

HF @FEF E % @EFGF@ @@F EF

1985 54,795 55.8 17,642 18.0

1990 39,396 38.4 7,434 7.6

2000 15,210 21.5 5,081 7.2

2001 14,095 19.3 4,630 6.3

2002 12,654 19.0 4,403 6.6

2003 12,974 21.8 4,377 7.3

2004 14,140 21.6 4,982 7.6

2005 16,900 25.2 5,876 8.8

2006 20,216 27.9 7,561 10.4

2007 22,764 28.4 8,735 10.9

2008 23,781 30.1 9,171 11.6

2009 25,464 30.7 10,231 12.3

2 C@EFGF@ I@E K @F EF, 1985-2009

HNK: AB >L>K>F PHGG@OHHKK (RLPHO).



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I@E @ @@@

> IKOM> K>GM> L> GMH MPH L>FNL 1998; G>K >M E2009); IKOM> GONEL HK L HPG 44% H IKOM> K>GM> P>EEG@L PE> HK@G-SMHGL HPG 37% H M> P>EEG@L (ME> 3). + M> EMM>K @KHNI, M> FHKMR HP>EEG@L (133,000) K> HPG> R M> 31 F>F>KL H M> B, M> ALLHKMR GO>LMHKL G M> >M>KEGL (PPP.OG.GE; >G H 2008).

> IKHI>KM>L MM IKOM> EGEHK HK@GSMHGL M>G MH HPG P>K> FGER NEM M>K1970 (62%) G K> @@>K. >K P>EEG@L K> MNL K>EMO>ER G>P G @>G>KEER H @>K JNEMR -- 54% O> HNK KHHFL HK FHK>. 58% H HF>L K>GM> R IKOM> G-ONEL O> NI MH MK>> KHHFL. AHNM E H M> P>EEG@L HPG> R LFEE-L EG-EHKL P>K> NEM >HK> 1945 (49%). >L> MPH L> ELH LMG@NL> R ->KG@ K>GM E>O>EL. > K>GML HG IKHI>KM>L HPG> R GONE EGEHKL M>G MH >EHP>K; HG O>K@> M>R K> n539 I>K FHGM MH n604 HK MHL> HPG> RHK@GSMHGL. >L> O>K@>L K> M E>LM n120 @>K MG M> O>K@> FHGMER K>GMG M> LHGM> L>


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GHKFMHG HG M> GGMNKGL KHF K>GME P>EEG@L HNG G M> +/>M>KEGL AGGNE KHI>KMR G>Q (B 2010). +/ IKM

K>MNKG HG K>L>GME GO>LMF>GM H 3.6% G 2008. L @NK> PL K>EMO>ER LM-E> >MP>>G 2006-2008. > GK>MNKG ( G ), HP>O>K, >EEKHF 5.7% G 2007 MH FGNL 0.8% HK 2008. > >L> G HNL> IKL LG EM>2008 PL M> K>LNEM H M> @EHE GG >M>KEGL (G>K & > K>L 2010). > HO>KEE K>MNKG KHF K>L>GMEGO>LMF>GM H 2.8% PL M> EHP>LM K>MNKG LG 1995.

> O>K@> HO>KEE K>MNKG HK K>L>GME GO>LMF>GM HK M> I>KH 1995-2002 HK+/ IKM 16% & NELD>K (2002). >L>K>MNKGL P>K> FNK MG M> MHME K>MNKGL >HK> G MQ MM M>L> NMHKL

>LMFM> HK >K>GM MRI>L H EGEHKL NLG@ >K>GM LLNFIMHGL G M HNMLMH G EH> >EHP): MHME K>MNKGL P>K> >LMFM> >MP>>G 7% G 9%.

@@F E

E> 4 LHPL M> HEL EOG@ G M> IKOM> K>GM> L>L M> >K>GL >MP>>G M> MPH L> IKOM> K>GM> FKD>M.>GGML K>GMG@ KHF G HK@GSMHG @>K O>K@> LIHLE> HNL>HEG MG M>GGML K>GMG@ KHF G GONE EGEHK. NKM>KFHK>, M>GGML K>GMG@KHF G GONE EGEHK M>G MH > RHNG@>K - >EHP 30 - G 56% H HNL>HEL

K> LG@E>, GER EK@> LMN>GM IHINEMHG. > HO>K65L K> FHK> LMKHG@ER K>IK>L>GM> G M> HK@GSMHG EGEHK L> LG@E>LPM 51% K> ELH HO>KK>IK>L>GM> G ML L> IKOM> K>GM> FKD>M. G M>KFLH >MGGGML K> NM HK@GSMHG EGEHK L>K@> HK EE NMHEL, PE> M> IKHIHKMHG H NM-HEL G M> GONE EGEHKL L>K M 87%.

M ML @ O>K@> I>KH H H HO>K 11 R>KL PM GONE EGEHKL - M> IKOM> K>GM> L> FHE> L> LHGM> L> L>EMO>ER EHP HNL>HE FHEMR, M> O>K@> I>KH H H LMHKR H M> IKOM> K>GM> FKD>M, M> HK@GSMHG EGEHK L>OMER M>G> MH > HFGM> R >E>KER I>HIE>. > P>EEG@L @>G>KEER P>K>NEM M MF> P>G M PL GHKFE HK HNL>HEL MH K>GM G GHM MH FHO> GMH HPG>K-H


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' @ GFK I, FJE @ EGEE

> K>@NEMHKR KF>PHKD GHPRL K> K>EMO>ER lG>NMKEm, FIERG@GH LI>L HK >M>K K>GME M>GNK>: M> KNE>L HK K>GM-GNK>G HNLG@ EEHPGL K> M> LF> HK IKOM> K>GMG@ G LHGMG@. L LELH M> P>G G MQ L K>: LH HK@GS-MHG EGEHKL HM IR G MQ. HK IKOM> GONE EGEHKL M>K> LELH GH LI>KLHGE G MQ MK>MF>GM HK K>GME G G K KGM>KIKL> L HK HM>K I>KLHGE P>EM. >G HM>K MQ>LLNK MQ, OEN> > MQ G EHKMR MQ, K> , M>K> LGH >K>GM MK>MF>GM HK EGEHKL G IKOM> K>GMG@ MG HK GR HM>K IKHI>KMRHPG>K.

R#+1 !+1/) a+" 0#!2/16 $ 1#+2/#

> >M>KEGL L LMKGM K>@NEMHG LRLM>F MM KL HM LH K>GMG@ G L GHM K>EM> MH HPG>KLI H M> P>EEG@ (G>K >M E 2009;H>DLMK 2010). B>EHP KMG K>GM MK>LHE K>GM K>@NEMHGL IIER. I NGME NER1LM, 2011, M> M> P>G M> K>@NEM> K>GML H LMMG@ M>GGML K> GL> >K, M> LH- lE>KESMHG K>GM E>O>Em PL n652.52 I>K FHGM. >@KE>LL HPH HPGL M> P>EEG@, K>GM NI MH HK >JNOE>GM MH M> lE>KESMHGm K>GM E>O>E L K>@-NEM>, G M> K>GM HO> MM E>O>E L K> >K>@NEM> HK lE>KES>m K>GM.

G M> IKOM> K>GM> L>EEG@L O> K>@NEM> K>GM; @>K IKHIHK-MHG H IKOM> GONE EGEHKLm IKHI>KM>L (77%) G EHP>K IKHIHKMHG HK HK@G-SMHG EGEHKLm (59%).2

P>EEG@L PM K>@NEM> K>GM K> LN>EEG@ OENMHG LRLM>F; P>EEG@LK> @O>G IHGML HG M> LL H M>K JNEMR G L (MG>KEER MM EHGM>L K> NG>KOEN> GML LF. BL> HG M> GNF>K H IHGML, FQFNF K>GM L >M>KFG>.L M> K>GM MM M> EGEHK L>ML HK G>P E>L>, NM M> EGEHK H>L GHMO> MH L>M M> FQFNF K>GM. >GML G M> IKOM> K>GM> L> HG O>K@> 84%

H M> FQFNF K>GM (@H 2010). C>GMKE @HO>KGF>GM GGNEER L>ML FQFNF K>GMGL> HK P>EEG@L PM K>@NEM> K>GM. G 2007 M> @HO>KGF>GM LGL> K>GML R M> KM> H GEMHG (G>K >M E 2009).

>GML HG IKOM> K>GM> P>EEG@L PM FHK> MG 143 JNEMR IHGML G K>GM HO>M> lE>KESMHGm K>GM E>O>E (H>DLMK 2010) K> GHM K>@NEM>; M> GME K>GM GHK M>GGNE K>GM GL> L .

68




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A M>GG>F>GM G M> IKOM> K>GM> L>GM> I>KH(ELG@ >M E 2007; G>K >M E 2010). M F>GL M> P>EEG@ L LHE M> M>GG-

. > M>GGM L MH @O> HG> FHGMmL GHM MH E>O>. HF> E>L>L,HP>O>K, K>JNK> M> M>GGM MH K>GM M> P>EEG@ HK M E>LM HG> R>K. A EGEHK KFGM> GM M>GG>F>GM NG>K LI>>> NK@>GMER HK L HPG NL>.

S20"#0

AL >QIEG> HO>, NGME M> 1980L, M>K> P>K> LFEK LNLR KKG@>F>GML OE-E> MH HM LH EGEHKL (ELG@ >M E 2007; H>DLMK 2010). >L>LNL>L MH M> KNGGG@ P>EEG@L G P>K> I HNM GGNE-

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

PO> HNLG@ EEHPG. L L K>GHK R M> HKFNE HK HK-EMR F>KL PJNK>L MM @KHLL HNL>HEGL I>K FHGM LHNE > M E>LM HNK MF>L M> K>GM E>O>E I>K FHGM (>G OHHK> E>>HF@>OG@ >G GKLMKN


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G 2006 M> O>K@> FHGMER K>GM >HK> M> >NGM EEHPGL FHNGM>MH n469 G M> IKOM> K>GM> L> LHGM> L>RE>G &G>K 2009). AL EK@>K IKHIHKMHG H LHGGML P>K> G K>IM H HNLG@EEHPGL, M>L> EEHPGL FHNGM> MH >NGM H n53 G M> LHGM> L>N IKOM> K>GM> L> >K->G >MP>>G M> O>K@> K>GML I R HNL>HEL G M> MPH L>K@> n344 I>K FHGM G IKOM> M>GGML I HG n446 I>KFHGM. AO>K@> FHGMER LIHLE> G I>K HNL>HE FHNGM> MH n1,720.

E> 5 LHPL MPH PRL H F>LNKG@ M> HKEMR H K>GME HNLG@. +G> MH L MH IKHIHKMHG H LIHLE> HNL>HE G LI>GM HG K>GMM>K HNLG@ EEHPGL. M L FHK> MG 30%, M> K>GM L K> NGHKE> -G 2006 IKOM> K>GMG@ PL E>LL HKE> MG LHGMG@. AEFHLM 30% H IKOM>M>GGML KMH HO> 30%, PE> 19% H LHGGML >Q>> MM E>O>E.

> HKEMR LNE G, >G> L M>LIHLE> G E>M MH HNL>HE M>K HNLG@ >QI>GL>L O> >>G >N.E> 5 LHPL M> I>KGM@> H HNL>HEL MM H GHM O> >GHN@ K>LNE GMH > E> MH HK FH>LM NM >JNM> E>LMRE> (M L ELH IHLLE> MH L> M HK L< E>LMRE>). +G ML GMG@ PLFHK> HKE> MG LHGMG@, EMHN@ M> >K>G >MP>>G M> M>GNK>L PL

70


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F @F F EEGE @ > 30% < -@EF GF

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LFEE. AEFHLM 20% H IKOM> L>GGML E>LL K>LNE G MG K>JNK> HK FH>LM E>LMRE> MH 22% FHG@ LHGM> M>GGML. > HFGGM

>O>EHIF>GM G HKEMR HP>O>K L MM M> O>K@> @I G G >MP>>G M>G-GML G HPG>K-H>G GLG@ LG 1986. G MM R>K, M> >K>G>MP>>G HM M>GNK>L PL 40%, PE> G 2009 M> O>K@> G H HF>HPG>KLPL EFHLM HNE> M> O>K@> G H M>GGML (BE> 2010). L F>GL MM M>HO>KEE K>GM> L>G@ FK@GES> G M>KFL H GL (G>K &BHNF>>LM>K 2010).

@ FJF@

> G MQ I R IKOM> EGEHKL >KL H EGEHK

(G>K >M E 2009). >K> K> HNK FG MRI>L H MQ>L HG G KHF IKOM> K>GM-> P>EEG@L, MPH HK HK@GSMHG EGEHKL G MPH HK IKOM> GONE EGEHKLPM LHF> OKMHGL.

+K@GSMHG EGEHKL G IKG IR G MQ. >L> IKH>LLHGEEGEHKL (L) K> LN> MM FHNGM (2011;MMI://PPP.>ELMG@>GLM.GE/SD>ED/O>GGHHMLELMG@/O>[email protected]). L MQ K>@F> ELH IIE>L MH LHK>OG GGO>GN>L (GN. >IK>O>K EFM>. PH DGL HHK@GSMHGL K> >Q>FIM KHF G MQ: I>GLHG NGL G GLMMNMHGL,PQER GO>LM G K>E >LMM> (LN M>RIR O>G MH M>K LK>HE>KL (ELG@ >M E 2007; H>DLMK 2010). G M>>M>KEGL, M>L> HK@GLMHGL K> LLMF>GM GLMMNMHGL (B) P LFEK GO>LMF>GM O>L MH >E LMM> GO>LMF>GM KNLML (L).

HK IKOM> GONE EGEHKL M>K> K> MPH FG G MQ HIMHGL HK M>K K>GMEL: M>R FR > MQ> L FHK> HK E>LL IKH>LLHGE >GMK>IK>G>NK, HK L GGO>LMHK.3 G IK MQ GLI>L PL. G M> KLM LMNMHG M>

EGEHK L MK>M> L KNGGG@ NLG>LL G L MH IR I>KLHGE G MQ ED> GRHM>K NLG>LL PKLHGE G MQ. A KM> (52% >G@ M> @>LM KM>).HL> >>F> MH > lK>E IKH>LLHGELm PH K> >EHP 65, P>G M> I>KH LMKML,G LI>G M E>LM 1,225 HNKL R>K HG M> NLG>LL GMK>IK>-G>NKmL >N IKH>LLHGE PH PHKDL >P>K HNKL HG M> NLG>LL


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MD> OGM@> H LNNG> & NELD>K (2002) O> lK>E IKH>LLHGEm O>L MHME 0.2% @>K K>MNKG MG M> EMM>K M>K MQ.

KOM> GONE EGEHKL PH K> >>F> MH > GO>LMHKL K> LN> G KHF M>K IKHI>KM>L

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