torts and strict liability n tort law –wrongs and money –civil law –professional malpractice,...
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Torts and Strict LiabilityTorts and Strict Liability
Tort Law Tort Law – Wrongs and moneyWrongs and money– Civil lawCivil law– Professional malpractice, assault, Professional malpractice, assault,
battery, false imprisonment, battery, false imprisonment, defamation, trespass, fraud, defamation, trespass, fraud, conversion, negligenceconversion, negligence
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Intentional TortsIntentional Torts
Intend to commit an act which Intend to commit an act which interferes with the person or interferes with the person or business of another in a way not business of another in a way not permitted by lawpermitted by law
No evil intent requirementNo evil intent requirement Tortfeasor knows with substantial Tortfeasor knows with substantial
certainty that certain certainty that certain consequences will occurconsequences will occur
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Assault and BatteryAssault and Battery
An intentional, unexcused act that An intentional, unexcused act that creates in another a reasonable creates in another a reasonable apprehension of immediate apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contactharmful or offensive contact– reasonable person standardreasonable person standard
Completion of the act resulting in Completion of the act resulting in harmharm
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Defenses to Defenses to assault and batteryassault and battery
ConsentConsent Self Defense from real or apparent Self Defense from real or apparent
dangerdanger Defense of othersDefense of others Defense of othersDefense of others
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False ImprisonmentFalse Imprisonment
Intentional confinement or Intentional confinement or restraint of another person’s restraint of another person’s activities without justificationactivities without justification– Physical barriers, restraint, or threats Physical barriers, restraint, or threats
of force. of force. – Not moral pressureNot moral pressure
Defenses: probable causeDefenses: probable cause
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Intentional Infliction of Intentional Infliction of Emotional DistressEmotional Distress
An intentional act that amounts to An intentional act that amounts to extreme and outrageous conduct extreme and outrageous conduct resulting in severe emotional distress resulting in severe emotional distress to anotherto another– Eggshell plaintiff questionsEggshell plaintiff questions– Not indignity or annoyance except Not indignity or annoyance except
w/threatw/threat Collection methods, misplacing Collection methods, misplacing
bodies, phony bad newsbodies, phony bad news
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DefamationDefamation
Libel - writtenLibel - written– Require Publication Require Publication Food Lion v. MeltonFood Lion v. Melton– Damages for disgrace, humiliation, injured Damages for disgrace, humiliation, injured
reputation, emotional distressreputation, emotional distress DefensesDefenses
– TruthTruth– Privileged speechPrivileged speech
absolute or qualifiedabsolute or qualified
– Public figures - actual malicePublic figures - actual malice
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DefamationDefamation
Slander - verbalSlander - verbal– ““Special Damages” proof of actual Special Damages” proof of actual
economic or monetary damageseconomic or monetary damages– Per sePer se
a loathsome communicable diseasea loathsome communicable disease committed improprieties while engaging in a committed improprieties while engaging in a
profession or tradeprofession or trade committed or been imprisoned for a serious committed or been imprisoned for a serious
crimecrime an unmarried woman is unchastean unmarried woman is unchaste
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Invasion of theInvasion of theRight to PrivacyRight to Privacy
Use of person’s name, picture, or Use of person’s name, picture, or other likeness for commercial other likeness for commercial purposes without permissionpurposes without permission
Intrusion on an individual’s affairs Intrusion on an individual’s affairs or seclusionor seclusion
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Invasion of theInvasion of theRight to PrivacyRight to Privacy
Publication of information that Publication of information that places a person in a false lightplaces a person in a false light
Public disclosure of private facts Public disclosure of private facts about an individual that an about an individual that an ordinary person would find ordinary person would find objectionableobjectionable
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Fraudulent Fraudulent MisrepresentationMisrepresentation
Misrepresentation of material factsMisrepresentation of material facts Intent Intent Justifiable relianceJustifiable reliance Damages/injuryDamages/injury Causal connection between Causal connection between
misrepresentation and injurymisrepresentation and injury
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Trespass to LandTrespass to Land
Entering onto/above, or below Entering onto/above, or below another’s land without permissionanother’s land without permission
Actual harm to land not requiredActual harm to land not required ““Center of the earth to the Center of the earth to the
heavens”heavens”
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Trespass to LandTrespass to Land
RequirementsRequirements– Post signs, not needed in some casesPost signs, not needed in some cases– Liability for injuries of a trespasserLiability for injuries of a trespasser– Liability for damage to landLiability for damage to land– Reasonable duty rulesReasonable duty rules– Attractive nuisance doctrineAttractive nuisance doctrine– Defenses: rescues, faulty ownershipDefenses: rescues, faulty ownership
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Trespass to Personal Trespass to Personal PropertyProperty
Conversion = Depriving an owner Conversion = Depriving an owner of their property without of their property without permission and without just cause permission and without just cause and place the property in the and place the property in the service of the trespasser or service of the trespasser or anotheranother
Mistake is no defense, necessity isMistake is no defense, necessity is
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NegligenceNegligence
Tortfeasor does not have to intend Tortfeasor does not have to intend the act or its consequences, simply the act or its consequences, simply create a foreseeable riskcreate a foreseeable risk– Duty of careDuty of care– BreachBreach– InjuryInjury– CausationCausation
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NegligenceNegligence
Duty of careDuty of care– Reasonable person standardReasonable person standard
careful, conscientious, prudent, even careful, conscientious, prudent, even tempered, honesttempered, honest
– Duty of landowners to guests, Duty of landowners to guests, trespassers, business inviteestrespassers, business invitees
obvious risks obvious risks Bray v. KateBray v. Kate
– Duty of ProfessionalsDuty of Professionals– No duty to rescueNo duty to rescue
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NegligenceNegligence
InjuryInjury– Compensatory damagesCompensatory damages– Punitive damagesPunitive damages
Gross negligence = an intentional failure Gross negligence = an intentional failure to perform a manifest duty in reckless to perform a manifest duty in reckless disregard of the consequences of such a disregard of the consequences of such a failure for the life or property of another failure for the life or property of another
BMW v. GoreBMW v. Gore
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NegligenceNegligence
CausationCausation
– Causation in fact - but for?Causation in fact - but for?
– Proximate cause - How tenuous is the Proximate cause - How tenuous is the connection between the act and the connection between the act and the injuryinjury
ForseeabilityForseeability Palsfraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.Palsfraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.
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NegligenceNegligence
DefensesDefenses– Assumption of riskAssumption of risk
auto racing, bungee jumpingauto racing, bungee jumping knowledge of risk + voluntary assumptionknowledge of risk + voluntary assumption
– Superseding intervening causeSuperseding intervening cause breaks the chain of causationbreaks the chain of causation
– Contributory negligenceContributory negligence last clear chancelast clear chance
– Comparative negligence - 50% or PureComparative negligence - 50% or Pure
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NegligenceNegligence
Res Ipsa LoquiturRes Ipsa Loquitur– shifting the burden of proofshifting the burden of proof
Negligence per seNegligence per se– Violation of a statuteViolation of a statute
statute sets out the standard of expected statute sets out the standard of expected conductconduct
in the class protectedin the class protected statute designed to prevent the type of statute designed to prevent the type of
injury that occurredinjury that occurred
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NegligenceNegligence
Danger Invites RescueDanger Invites Rescue– Liability for the rescuers injuriesLiability for the rescuers injuries
Special Negligence statutesSpecial Negligence statutes– Good Samaritan statutesGood Samaritan statutes– Dram shop actsDram shop acts
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Strict LiabilityStrict Liability
Liability is imposed for reasons other Liability is imposed for reasons other than faultthan fault– Abnormally dangerous activities create Abnormally dangerous activities create
extraordinary risksextraordinary risks Involve a potential harm of a serious nature to Involve a potential harm of a serious nature to
persons or propertypersons or property Involve a high degree of risk that cannot be Involve a high degree of risk that cannot be
completely guarded against by the exercise of completely guarded against by the exercise of reasonable carereasonable care
Not commonly performed in the community or Not commonly performed in the community or areaarea
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