Toroparu Ichthyofauna Baseline Report

2014

Guyana, the only English speaking country in South America, has two rainy or wet season: Long wet season (late April to mid-August) and a short wet season (from December to early February). During the short wet season, an Aquatic Biodiversity survey was conducted at the Toroparu Deposit located in Region 7 (Cuyuni-Mazaruni), the Upper Puruni Concession. This survey, which focused on the ETK/Sandspring Resources Tailings Disposal Site, located in the north eastern end of the concession, its access roads, and other water bodies within the target area, recorded a total of thirty eight (38) species from seventeen (17) families.

A reconnaissance walk through the targeted study area identified a total of seven major sampling sites (creeks, streams and ravines), along with twenty five minor sample sites, both lying at different elevations within disturbed and undisturbed areas. Three of the major sample sites were within the Tailings Disposal site (size approximately 20 km2): TDS site 1 UTM 20N 831375E 723548N, TDS site 2 UTM 20N 831725E 722516N and TDS site 3 UTM 21N 170435E 721962N, with the other four sample sites TAR site 1 UTM 20N 829610E 723126N, TAR site 2 UTM 20N 829271E 720855N, TAR site 3 UTM 20N 828937E 717225N and TAR site 4 (Wainamu creek bridge) UTM 20N 826718E 714051N along the Access road (11 km). The Puruni River (UTM 20N 825413E 713375N) which was previous sampled in 2006, 2008 and 2010 (Toroparu Baseline Report), was also sampled. The major sample sites were 450m – 500m in length, while the minor sites were 250m in length, running the length of the creek, stream or ravine sampled. Each sample site was located at different elevations, thus, possess creeks, streams and ravines which were either dried up or consisted of very little water (highly elevated areas), swampy (resulting from blockage in water flow) or had normal or overflowing banks (areas of low elevation).

Sampling of fishes was conducted using a number of different sampling methods dependent on various factors within the study area and water level. The specific methods used to assess the Ichthyofauna diversity at the area of study were tangle seines, cast-nets, fishing rods (hook & line), drag nets and hand nets. The hours of fishing started early in the morning around 5:30 am to noon and then resumed at in the afternoon at 16:00 hrs to 20:00 hrs. Cast net and Tangle seines were only used in creeks along the Access road (TAR site 3 and 4) and in the Puruni River. These areas were within depth range and also had less disturbances within the water (fallen tree, branches, etc.) thus allowing the full use of the equipment to capture fishes. The drag net was used at TAR sites 3 and 4 and TDS site 3 and its surrounding minor sample sites. This was due to some of the areas being too deep or too steep for the drag net to touch the bottom of the creek or ravine to capture bottom dwelling fish species. The remaining methods of collection, fishing rods and hand nets, were effectively used at each sample sites. Bait for the fishing rods were made from fish, mostly Curimatella immaculata, since this species of fish was readily caught. The hand nets were dragged along the sides and corners of the creeks and ravines or to scoop up surface dwellers. It was also used mainly during night surveys to catch sleeping or surface dwelling fishes. In addition to sampling the identified area, temperature, velocity, appearance/turbidity, length and depth were noted for each site. The depth of the sample site was taken with an improvised meter rule; the temperature was measured with the use of the hands being placed in the water for approximately one minute and also noted based

on the weather the survey was conducted in. The velocity of the water was noted by placing a freshly picked leaf into open water at a graduated distance and noting the speed at which the water transported it.

Table 1 shows the Site and Habitat description of the Aquatic Sampling location

Site GPS In-stream feature/Appearance Reach Habitat Description and Anthropogenic disturbances

Temp

(0C)

Velocity (ft/s)

Turbidity/Appearance

(water colour)

Length

Depth

TDS site 1 UTM 20N 831375E 723548N

28 0-0.5 ft/s

Orange (loam) to murky (tan)

> 500m

0.5-4 ft

Undulating freshwater habitat characterized by 85% mixed forest

canopy. Shallow heavily silted water along with leaf littered bottom.

TDS site 1 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 20N 830280E 723558N

30 0-0.5 ft/s

Murky (light tan) > 500m

2-5 ft Natural undulating freshwater habitat interrupted by an access road crossing

a bridge made from fallen trees. Possession of shallow and deep pools with leaf littered, clayey and loamy

bottom.

TDS site 2 UTM 20N 831725E 722516N

29 0 ft/s Murky (light tan) > 500m

5 ft Undulating freshwater habitat characterized by heavy siltation

upstream, murky water about 800m downstream, leaf littered bottom,

deforested trees in water reducing siltation, gradually sloping edges, small riparian area and loamy then clay filled

bottom.

TDS site 2 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 21N 169116E 722203N

28 0.5 ft/s Clear > 500m

4 ft Natural undisturbed freshwater habitat lined and canopied 50% by understory

fruit, hard and softwood trees. Very steep eroded edges exposing tree roots that

houses rover predators and bottom feeding fishes. Leaf littered, clayey

bottom. Evidence of fallen trees and

branches protruding water.

TDS site 3 UTM 21N 170435E 721962N

28 1-1.5 ft/s

Murky (light tan) > 500m

3-6 ft Natural disturbed gradually flowing, slightly silted (upstream) freshwater

habitat, thus, slightly leaf littered on the surface to the very steep edges which expose the mixed forest tree roots that line and canopied 60% of the sample

area.

TDS site 3 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 21N 169707E 721498N

28 0 ft/s Orange (loam) > 500m

2 ft Man-made: Cut-off creek resulting in swampy-like area. Heavily littered with

leaf, muddy smell, heavily siltation, mixture of clay and loam bottom. Wide

open, not canopied by trees, but lined by shrubs to one edge and an exposed clay

bank to the other side.

TAR site 1 UTM 20N 829610E 723126N

29 1 ft/s Clear > 500m

5 ft Natural undulating undisturbed freshwater stream lined and canopied

70% of the sample area by hardwood and fruit tree. Slightly still, leaf littered glossy surface with evidence of water striders, snails, spiders on fallen branches and trees protruding water surface. Clayey

loam bottom with sloping and steep water edges exposing tree roots. Leaf

littered, clayey loam bottom.

TAR site 1 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 20N 829338E 722084N

30 0.5 ft/s Light brown > 500m

3-7 ft Natural undisturbed freshwater habitat lined and canopied 85% by mixed forest trees. Leaf littered bottom and surface.

Visibility of small and large lurking fishes along with macro invertebrates (snails.

Spiders, water skimmers, ants) along the

sloping edges of exposed tree roots. Leaf littered, loamy bottom.

TAR site 2 UTM 20N 829271E 720855N

28 1-2 ft/s Murky (tan) > 500m

4 ft Naturally undisturbed undulating freshwater habitat canopied 45% by

hardwood and fruit trees. Riparian zone possessing small fishes and macro

invertebrates. Crossing of access road resulted in cut-off stream and new

passage of water carrying heavy silt into riparian area downstream.

TAR site 2 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 20N 829314E 721614N

28 1 ft/s Orange (loam) to Murky (tan)

> 500m

2 ft Highly disturbed freshwater habitat characterized by undulation through a

densely mixed forest (epiphytes, lianas), silt-filled bottom, pools of tan coloured water and steep eroded edges showing

trees roots.

TAR site 3 UTM 20N 828937E 717225N

29 0-1 ft/s Black and orange (loam) water

> 500m

8 ft Natural, opened freshwater creek at hill base, lined by densely mixed vegetation

of fruit trees and hard wood. Heavy siltation in riparian zone

downstream due crossing of access road. Leaf littered loamy-clay bottom

with fallen tree and branches protruding a smooth and slightly leaf littered water surface. Gradually sloping to very steep

(sudden drop) water edge.

TAR site 3 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 20N 829641E 719199N

28 0 ft/s Black > 500m

1-3 ft Undisturbed riparian zone filled with grasses, shrubs and sapwood (home to

Tapir – sightings of feces). Shallow streams with sudden drop or sloping edges. Gravel filled and leaf littered

bottom with evidence of small fishes (Pyrrhulina sp) and snails.

TAR site 4 UTM 20N 826718E 714051N

29 3-4 ft/s Black > 500m

2-11 ft

Natural, opened, rapidly flowing freshwater creek lined by shrubs in

riparian zone upstream and dense mixed primary forest (shrubs, fruit trees – plum, hardwood) in riparian zone downstream.

Silted, leaf littered bottom with small gravels in riparian zone. Evidence of

small densely shrub-filled islands with creek and a large bridge leading into a

mixed forest area.

TAR site 4 Opportunisti

c Sample sites

UTM 20N 827398E 715127N

30 0 ft Black to murky (tan) > 500m

2-4 ft Large shallow pool of still water. Disturbed freshwater habitat with

crossing of access road and deforested area (fallen burnt trees

and branches). Clay filled bottom. Evidence of young plant growth within

water.

Puruni River UTM 20N825413E 713375N

29 0.5-1 ft/s

Murky (tan) > 1000m

9 ft A gently flowing, natural, slightly undulating freshwater habitat with very

steep edges, over flowing banks, riparian area at interval, lined with epiphytes and mixed forest trees (hardwood, softwood, fruit trees) and log-filled at weak banks.

Table 2 shows the comparison for the species of fishes recorded from different surveys conducted at Toroparu Mining Area

Family Scientific name Common name

February 2014 Survey

Survey 2006

Survey2007-2008

Survey 2010 IUCN/CITESJuly

(open minin

November

(expand

g pits) ed project footprint area)

Acestrorhynchidae

Acestrorhynchus falcatus

Fox fish X

According to the IUCN Red List, these taxa have not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List, but are in the Catalogue of Life.

Acestrorhynchidae

Acestrorhynchus microlepis

Fox fish/Dogfish X X

Anostomidae Leporinus arcus Daray XAnostomidae Leporinus friderici Three-spot

leporinusX X

Anostomidae Leporinus sp Daray XAnostomidae Leporinus maculatus Spotted

leporinusX

Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus inermis Dawalu X XAuchenipteridae Auchenipterichthys

punctatusDriftwood Catfish

X

Auchenipteridae Trachycorystes obscurus

Boots X

Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus brevifilis Dawalu XAuchenipteridae Ageneiosus sp Dawalu XAuchenipteridae Trachycorystes sp. Imiri XCharacidae Roeboides

descalvadensisScale eater X

Characidae Hemigrammus sp Glow light tetra XCharacidae Brachychalcinus

orbicularisDiscus tetra X X

Characidae Charax gibbosus Glass head stander

X X X

Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra XCharacidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra XCharacidae Astyanax

bimaculatusBig-eye Seriba X X

Characidae Moenkhausia oligolepis

Glass tetra X X

Characidae Tetragonopterus chalceus

X

Characidae Astyanax fasciatus Banded astyanax

X X

Out of the seventy two (72) species of fishes recorded from surveys conducted within the Toroparu Mining Area (mentioned within this table), none of them are documented within the sixteen (16) species of fishes listed in Appendix I and the eighty seven (87) species of fishes listed in Appendix II of the CITES Appendices.

Characidae Roeboides guatemalensis

Headstander X

Characidae Tetragonopterus sp. Glass headstander

X

Cichlidae Guianacara dacrya Patwa XCichlidae Guianacara sp. Patwa XCichlidae Biotodoma cupido Cupid cichlid X XCichlidae Aequidens

potaroensisPatwa X

Cichlidae Crenicichla lugubris Red pike X XCichlidae Crenicichla alta Sun fish X XCichlidae Crenicichla

multispinosaPike X X

Cichlidae Cichlasoma bimaculatum

Common patwa X X

Cichlidae Crenicichla sp Sunfish X XCichlidae Guianacara

sphenozonaSandspringer patwa

X X X

Cichlidae Aequidens geayi Sandgrinder patwa

X

Cichlidae Aequidens sp Sandgrinder patwa

X

Cichlidae Aequidens sp Sandgrinder patwa

X

Curimatidae Curimatella immaculata

Cuticuri X

Curimatidae Cyphocharax spilurus

Cuticuri X

Doradidae Platydoras costatus Raphael catfish X XDoradidae Acanthodoras

cataphractusSpiny catfish X

Erythrinidae Hoplias aimara Haimara X XErythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus Huri X X X X XErythrinidae Hoplias

macropthalmusHuri X X X

Erythrinidae Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus

Yarrow X X X X

Gasteropelicidae

Gasteropelecus sternicla

Hatchet fish X

Gymnotidae Gymnotus sp. Knife fish XGymnotidae Electrophorus

electricusElectric eel X X

Hemiodontidae Hemiodopsis thayeria

X

Heptapteridae Pimelodella cristata Kassi XHeptapteridae Pimelodella sp XHeptapteridae Rhamdia quelen Kassi X XHeptapteridae Rhamdia holomelas Kassi X XLebiasinidae Pyrrhulina beni Pencil fish XLebiasinidae Pyrrhulina

filamentosaPencil fish X

Loricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar XLoricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar XLoricariidae Peckoltia sabaji Hassar XLoricariidae Hypostomus sp. Hassar XLoricariidae Lasiancistrus

schomburgkiiRock hassar X

Loricariidae Sturisoma monopelte

Whiptail catfish X

Pimelodidae Pimelodus blochii Four-lined Pim/ Catfish

X

Pimelodidae Pimelodus ornatus Ornate Pim / Catfish

X

Pimelodidae Hypophthalmus edentatus

Highwaterman Catfish

X

Pimelodidae Pimelodus sp. Pim/ Catfish X XPoeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy XSerrasalmidae Serrasalmus

rhombeusPiranha X X

Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus eigenmanni

Piranha X

Serrasalmidae Metynnis argenteus Silver dollar XSerrasalmidae Serrasalmus sp Piranha X XSternopygidae Sternopygus

macrurusGlass knife fish X

Sternopygidae Eigenmannia limbata

Glass knife fish X

Sternopygidae Eigenmannia macrops

Glass Knife fish X

Triportheidae Triportheus rotundatus

Elongated hatchet fish

X X X

Table 2 shows the species of fishes identified at different sample sites from within the Toroparu Mining area during the short wet season (February 2014)

Family Scientific name Common name TDS 1

TDS 2

TDS 3

TAR 1

TAR 2

TAR 3

TAR 4

Puruni

river

Total

Acestrorhynchidae

Acestrorhynchus falcatus Fox fish 2 2

Anostomidae Leporinus arcus Daray 1 6 13 20Auchenipteridae Ageneiosus inermis Dawalu 2 2 4Characidae Roeboides

descalvadensisScale eater 1 1 2

Characidae Hemigrammus sp Glow light tetra 3 2 6 1 4 4 7 27Characidae Brachychalcinus

orbicularisDiscus tetra 1 2 2 2 3 10

Characidae Charax gibbosus Glass head stander

2 2 4

Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra 3 2 11 1 6 5 7 35Characidae Hyphessobrycon sp. Tetra 5 3 4 2 7 3 24Characidae Astyanax bimaculatus Big-eye Seriba 1 2 3 2 2 3 13Cichlidae Guianacara dacrya Patwa 4 2 2 23 3 34Cichlidae Guianacara sp. Patwa 2 2 3 7Cichlidae Biotodoma cupido Cupid cichlid 1 1Cichlidae Aequidens potaroensis Patwa 3 4 5 2 14Cichlidae Crenicichla lugubris Red pike 1 2 3Cichlidae Crenicichla alta Sun fish 1 1 2Curimatidae Curimatella immaculata Cuticuri 3 5 9 1 8 11 7 44Erythrinidae Hoplias aimara Haimara 1 1 3 2 4 11Erythrinidae Hoplias malabaricus Huri 2 5 1 1 2 11Erythrinidae Hoplias macropthalmus Huri 2 2 4

Erythrinidae Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus

Yarrow 1 3 8 1 1 3 17

Gasteropelicidae Gasteropelecus sternicla Hatchet fish 1 4 5 1 11Gymnotidae Gymnotus sp. Knife fish 1 1 2Heptapteridae Pimelodella cristata Kassi 1 2 5 8Heptapteridae Rhamdia quelen Kassi 1 1 1 1 4Lebiasinidae Pyrrhulina beni Pencil fish 1 1 5 7Lebiasinidae Pyrrhulina filamentosa Pencil fish 4 9 2 15Loricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar 1 2 1 4Loricariidae Peckoltia sp. Hassar 1 1 2Loricariidae Hypostomus sp. Hassar 1 3 4Pimelodidae Pimelodus blochii Four-lined Pim 1 1Pimelodidae Pimelodus ornatus Ornate Pim 1 1Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy 5 2 3 7 2 19Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus rhombeus Piranha 12 7 19Serrasalmidae Serrasalmus eigenmanni Piranha 4 2 6Sternopygidae Sternopygus macrurus Glass knife fish 1 1 1 3Sternopygidae Eigenmannia limbata Glass knife fish 1 1Triportheidae Triportheus rotundatus Catalina tetra 2 5 4 3 1 4 1 3 23

Number of individuals 25 45 81 22 47 81 83 35 1Number of species 10 18 23 9 16 19 24 13 38

Based on previous surveys conducted during the long wet seasons of 2007 – 2008, thirteen (13) and eleven (11) fish species respectively were documented. During the short wet season five additional species, not previously recorded in the area, were recorded namely Astyanax fasciatus, Crenicichla, Moenkhausia oligolepis, Rhamdia quelen and Triportheus rotundatus. The most abundant species collected during that survey were Aequidens tetramerus, Rhamdia holomelas and Astyanax fasciatus. During the previous long wet season 22 individuals of fishes within eight genera were documented at the Bush camp and subsidiary sites.

In 2010, a total of nine families and fourteen species were documented during the surveys conducted. It was stated that the most common families Loricariidae and Cichlidae were represented by three species each. The total number of individuals collected from the Puruni River and Wainamu Creek was 40. Hoplias malabaricus, Crenicichla sp, Pimelodus sp and Guianacara were documented in both wet season surveys. Ten additional species of fish were recorded during another 2010 survey in an expanded project foot print area.

This study area, Toroparu Tailings Disposal Site was previously sampled as an Expanded Project Footprint in November of 2010. Its Access road to the Wainamu creek bridge was not previously sampled. Based on the results of the sampled sites within this area, it is evident that there is a moderate diversity of species of fishes. Sampling of this area resulted in the documentation of new species of fishes not recorded elsewhere in the Toroparu. These species of fishes are the Hyphessobrycon sp, Hemigrammus sp, Aequidens potaroensis, Gasteropelecus sternicla, Eigenmannia limbata, Sternopygus macrurus, Serrasalmus eigenmanni, Gymnotus sp, Pyrrhulina beni and P. filamentosa. Based on the survey conducted in the 2010 at the expanded footprint area, seven of those species of fishes were again recorded. These are Ageneiosus inermis, Brachychalcinus orbicularis, Hoplias malabaricus, Hoplias aimara, Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus, Charax gibbosus and Triportheus rotundatus.

The most abundant species recorded of the four hundred and nineteen (419) individuals were Cuticuri (Curimatella immaculata) with forty four (44) individuals. The species of fish with the lowest number of individuals recorded were the Glass knife fish (Eigenmannia limbata), Cupid cichlid (Biotodoma cupido), Ornate Pim (Pimelodus ornatus) and Four-lined Pim (Pimelodus blochii), each with one (1) individual being recorded in the area of interest. Each of the seven aquatic sample sites sampled had their own species abundance and richness. TAR site 3 had the highest species richness (twenty four species of fishes recorded from this area) while TAR site 1 had the lowest species richness (nine species of fishes recorded from this area). The most abundant fish species recorded within an aquatic sample site was Guianacara dacrya, a total of twenty three (23) in TAR site 3 while the least abundant fish species recorded within an aquatic sample site was Hyphessobrycon sp and Poecilia reticulata, each recording five individuals in TDS site 1.

Based on the various methods employed to sample the Ichthyofauna Biodiversity of the study area, it was noted that the fishing rods caught a total of twenty three (23) species from which eight were only caught with the fishing rod (Erythrinidae, Pimelodidae, Rhamdia quelen, Eigenmannia limbata). The hand net was second in line with fourteen (14) species which mainly caught the surface dwellers out of which five individuals species were caught (Hemigrammus sp, Hyphessobrycon sp, Pyrrhulina filamentosa, Pyrrhulina beni and Poecilia reticulata). The tangle seines collected a total of eleven (11) species from which three

species (Acestrorhynchus falcatus, Charax gibbosus and Roeboides descalvadensis) were only collected by the tangle seine. The cast net and the drag net collected the lowest species of fish, seven (7) and two (2) respectively, with the cast net collecting one (1) species (Biotodoma cupido) respectively.

Fewer species of fishes were recorded in the Tailings Disposal Site as compared to the Access road, but more species of fishes were recorded combined as compared to the other areas such as the Puruni River and Wainamu creek previously sampled in other surveys. Anthropogenic disturbances mainly heavy siltation of streams and creeks due to building of access road altered the natural freshwater habitat that was present there, thus, resulting in migration of fish species. In addition, species such as Serrasalmus rhombeus, Charax gibbosus, Roeboides descalvadensis, Gasteropelecus sternicla, Pimelodus blochii and Pimelodus ornatus seem to be endemic to low elevations or large body of water since they were not found in the Tailings site. It was further noted that species of the families Erythrinidae, certain species of Characidae and Cichlidae such as Aequidens sp, Guianacara sp, Hemigrammus sp, Curimatella immaculata and Brachychalcinus orbicularis are migratory species since they were found in 80% of the sampled sites.

In addition it was noted that several species previously collected were not recorded. These were Moenkhausia oligolepis, Tetagonopterus chalceus, Hypophthalmus edentatus, Aunchenipterichthys punctatus, Trachycorystes obcurus, Cyphocharax spilurus, Astyanax fasciatus, Acestrorhynchus microlepis, Crenicichla multispinosa, Eigenmannia macrops, Cichlasoma bimaculatum, Rhamdia holomelas, Metynnis argenteus, Leporinus friderici, Electrophorus electricus, and Ageneiosus brevifilis.

When conducting the surveys, questions were asked about fish caught in the area by workers and it was noted that several fish species recorded in the footprint area have economic and social values. These include Haimara (Hoplias aimara), Huri (Hoplias malabaricus), Daray (Leporinus arcus) and Yarrow (Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus) which are used as important food sources.

According to the IUCN Red list, the species of fishes identified from this aquatic survey at Toroparu during the short wet season are not evaluated. In addition, none of these species of fishes are present or emphasized within the CITES Appendices.

Map 1 showing the various sampling sites sampled for fishes during the short wet season at Toroparu, Upper Puruni Concession.

Square black line – Tailings Disposal SiteBlue – major sample sites within the Tailings Disposal SiteGreen – major sample sites on the Access roadBlack circle – minor or opportunistic sample sitesPurple dot – Sample site on Puruni River Turquoise – Camp

Aequidens potaroensis Ageneiosus inermis

Astyanax bimaculatus Eigenmannia limbata

Pyrrhulina beni Poecilia reticulata (male)

Biotodoma cupido Serrasalmus rhombeus

Hoplias aimara Hypostomus sp

Pimelodella cristata Pimelodus blochii

Serrasalmus eigenmanni Crenicichla alta

Gasteropelecus sternicla Roeboides descalvadensis

Picture 1 shows the result of creeks flowing across the road – murky water being pushed away by clean freshwater

Picture 2 showing a filled up mining pit that turned into a creek and surrounded by dense vegetation

Picture 3 showing a creek flowing through an undisturbed mixed forest in the Tailings Disposal Site (TDS)

Picture 4 showing a log-filled creek sampled 300m from the Tailings Access Road (TAR)

Picture 5 showing a creek flowing across a road (TDS) with the use of trees as a passageway for the water to flowing

Picture 6 shows heavily silted murky water which is the result of shallow creeks or streams flowing across the road in TDS

References

Axelrod, Glen S.; Pronek, Neal; Burgess, Warren E. and Axelrod, Herbert R. 2007 Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of Freshwater Aquarium Fishes 11th edition TFH Publications pg. 215 - 577

Gardiner, Stephen L. (bulletin Editor), Collette, Bruce B. (review Editor), 10 September 2009 Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of the Guiana Shield Number 17 The Custodian of Publications Washington D.C.

Holland, W. H. (editor) 1912 Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum Volume 5 Serial No. 67 Eigenmann: The Freshwater Fishes of British Guiana Carnegie Institute Pittsburgh