toronto, montreal and taipei introduction 2007/3/1
TRANSCRIPT
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Toronto, Montreal and TaipeiIntroduction 2007/3/1
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Starting Questions City: Definitions
◦ 1. Dictionary Definition (and that of Urban Design)
◦ 2. Cultural Definition◦ 3. In Historical Perspective: Modern City &
Postmodern City ◦ 4. Examples: Toronto, Montreal and Taipei
How do we read a city? A Cultural Example The Course’s Purposes (See Handout) Assignments for Next Week
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What is a city? What makes its cultural productions interesting?
How does a city develop? What are the differences between modern and postmodern cities?
Anything interesting about Toronto, Montreal and Taipei? Any issues they share as postmodern cities?
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1. Dictionary (Physical) Definition & in terms of Urban Design
2. Cultural Definition: Aspects and Contradictions of a City: The visible vs. the invisible, the planned vs. the lived, the physical vs. the mental.
3. In Historical Perspective: ◦ Modern City ◦ Postmodern City
4. Examples: Toronto, Montreal and Taipei
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1. Dictionary (physical) definitions: A large and densely populated urban area;
may include several independent administrative districts;
Population + administrative unit + center of economic and cultural/spiritual activities.
◦ e.g. Athen, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Pergamon (an
ancient Greek city, 16 miles inland from the Aegean Sea) Rome, Teotihuacan (in the present Mexico).
Related Terms: city vs. town, urbanization, city – traditional vs. modern ( 城市、都市 ), metropolis (都會) , megacity, megapolis
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Urban Design -- Two kinds of city development: organic city and planned city. Video e.g. 1. two kinds (LA; cities for imperial leaders), 2. New York
how about Taipei, Montreal and Toronto?
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Taipei – organic city; Harbors market
streets: 八里 新莊 艋岬 基隆
1884 -台北城 1895 - Japanese
control 1967 – 院轄市;
1994 -民選市長 城內(中山南路、中華路、
愛國西路與忠孝西路所圍的)、艋舺、大稻埕 忠孝東路 東區
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Toronto – more a planned city, starting with 10 geometric blocks cleared from the edge of a forest in 1773.
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Main street– Yonge St.
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Croissant shape – its East and West are actually North and South.
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Montreal: an Island city like New York
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"Now the people in the city have something to teach me, but the fields and the trees won't teach me anything." (Plato)
e.g. water transportation system (aqueduct), concrete & architecture, road, urban design, fire engine, toilet flush, etc
Video examples: 1. water, 2. Roman’s toilet habit.
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-- Marc Blanchard: "the city is in the streets, viewed and experienced through the eyes and the gestures of a passer-by" (qut in Zhang xv-xvi) city visions; -- Zhang [following Robert Park]: "This city . . . more than just a physical structure. It is, among other things, a state of mind, an order of morality, a pattern of attitudes and ritualized behavior, a network of human connections, and a body of customs and traditions inscribed in certain practices and discourses" (Zhang 3-4).
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Sociological View: A city succeeds when it balances needs for sacredness, security, and commerce. (Kotkin)
E.g. Understanding Cities 1 ◦ Cities attract people who want a better life; ◦ Cities are the essence of us all; they are the
vortex of all human activities and inventions; ◦ They are unpredictable; they respond to
changes and develop on the basis of their own histories.
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What bring people to a city? For work – the job opportunities provided by
industrialism and technological improvements.
special rhythm and pace, convenience, fast flows of information, capital, commodities and people.
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What bring people to a city? For work, security and a better life? A city is
filled with contradictions: order chaos (crimes, the
unpredictable); civilization barbarous crimesthe organized & systematized the
unpredictable & irregular
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Traditional City Industrial City Modern City (Metropolis) Postmodern (Postcolonial) City
1. Industrialism Rapid urbanization: ◦ e.g. 1850 – 2 "million cities“’; 1990 -- 286
"million cities.“ (source)
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1) Population – over 100,000 2) Average distribution rate of the
year 2000 (%) Urban RuralChina 32 68 Hong Kong 100 0 Japan 79 21Rwanda 6 94 USA 77 23 Canada 77 23
台灣
1985 年 -- 78.6%
台北 -- 2001/8 -- 2,626,811
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人口 ( 百萬
人 )人口密度( 人 / 平方公里 )
都市人口比率 (o/o)
1. 新 加 坡 3.3 6054.8 100
2. 奧 地 利 8.1 96.8 91
3. 澳大利亞 19.4 2.5 91
4. 英 國 60 242.6 90
5. 荷 蘭 16 392.8 90
6. 阿 根 廷 37.5 13.6 88
7. 德 國 82.4 230.5 88
8. 紐 西 蘭 3.9 14.3 86
9. 南 韓 47.7 476.9 83
10. 瑞 典 8.9 19.8 83
11. 巴 西 172.1 20.4 82
12. 日 本 218.5 341.4 79
13. 加 拿 大 31 3.2 79
14. 中華民國 22.3 620.5 78
15. 西 班 牙 40.1 79.4 78
16. 美國 286.1 30.4 77
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The City in three phases since the 19 century:
1st – emergence of industrial city --> serious social problems and environmental problems. (e.g. Dickens’ and Blake’s London)
2nd – Modern city: utopian city, or a split between the spectacular metropolitan centers, declining downtown and spreading suburbs (2 Brasilia)
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3rd – Postmodern city: 1. globalization( 全球化 ), (globalizing capital)
-- increasing fragmentation and assimilation by global culture; Mega city and Inner City (Merger vs. demerger)
2. gentrification( 土地增值 ; East Area in Taipei), ghettoization( 陋巷區隔 ) discrepancy between the rich and the poor,
3. Pluralism (1) diversification of regions and their functions, manufacturing sites reinvented as tourist destinations (e.g. Taipei?)
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Pluralism (2): spectacular and multi-functional sites of consumption, architectural pastiche & restoration (e.g. Berlin’s parliament building;)
Pluralism (3): The new underclasses (immigrants) in the urban centers
The future of cities? Part of service industries move to the outskirts; a mega mall (cultural, entertainment and shopping center) (ref. Kotkin)◦ Ref. Panoramic view of Berlin from the Parliament
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Renaissance-Style Exterior, with a new dome and modern-style interior
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Similarities: Experience colonization; issue of national identity; subway;
Differences: density of population; different types of plurality, …
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Nation/City
面積sq.km
人口( 百萬人 )
人口密度( 人 / 平方公里 )
都市人口比率 %
中華民國 22.3 620.5 78
加拿大 31 3.2 79
台北 271 2.6 96792007
(source)
多倫多(Greater Toronto Area )
632 2.4/5 in GTA
39392001
(source)
蒙特婁 /(Metropolitan Montreal Community)
185 1/3.6 in MMC
55902001
(source)
Source: http://www.moi.gov.tw/W3/stat/home.asp 內政部統計資訊網
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As Global Cities: (12 points: London, New York, Paris, Tokyo)
Toronto – 9 points Taipei – 6 points Montreal – 5 points
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During the Wars -- [ 小鎮 ](Toronto the Good and the Grey) -- 平靜整齊
Modern period -- 1950’s 至 60’s 年間,多倫多快速成長為加拿大第一個城市,居民遽增一倍(由 125 萬到將近300 萬),城市建築規劃採現代模式(規律、國際式、反歷史),並建造大型公寓區(如 St. Jamestown, Regent Park 和 Alexandra Park )將都市郊區化( Caulfield 5-60; Callaghan Introd. )。同一時期,加勒比海移民有限度移入,以女僕和學生為主,出現在 Bloor 、 Bathust等街和多倫多大學校區。
Postmodern period-- 1970’s 至 1980’s 間,多倫多在城市改革者( urban reformists )、投資者、中產階級居民以及一些邊緣團體(如藝術家、同性戀團體和華裔團體)影響下,發展為一個多元的後現代大都會。
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1.經濟上,去工業化,由服務業和商店取代 ﹔2 · 建築上,保留並維修古老建築(包括舊市街如 Yonge街、華埠、羅馬式建築的Richardsonian Romanesque舊市政府及許多維多利亞式的住屋)﹔新型建築物仿古(如許多購物中心仿傳統市場或維多利亞式建築),或與古蹟在形式和建材上銜接(如Eaton Center 與 Church of Holy Trinity﹔Caulfield 97-123 ) ﹔3 · 在人口上,大量中產階級由郊區住回市區(或稱 gentrification)。 (e.g. College St.—a very colorful area)
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mais une metropole qui a une personnalite bien a elle 每個大都會都有自己的獨特個性… c’est rome la ville eternelle, 羅馬,永恆的城市 , alger la blanche 阿爾及爾,白色城市 , paris la ville lumineuse, 巴黎,閃耀的城市 ,
newyork et ses gratte-ciel, 紐約,摩天樓 et montreal, c’est la ville aux 2 visages 蒙特婁,雙面城市 la cite parle 整座城市說著話 la cite travaille et s’amuse 整座城市工作,娛樂 la cite s’allume et s’eteint en 2 langues 整座城市以兩種語言活躍或是沈寂
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1759 -- the battle of Quebec 1774 -- 英國為了勸誘法語區不要加入美國獨立革
命,賦與英屬法語區若干民政權及宗教權。 1840 -- 境內百分之六十為法語人口,但加拿大聯邦以英語為唯一官方語言。
1960 -- Quiet Revolution 1967 – World Expo 1988 -- 178 Act 強制境內商業招牌一律使用法文
(to ride over a Supreme Court ruling) Referendum: (since 1980 40% yes) recently
in 1993; 1995 –(51% no and 49% yes)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
1990s
Canada
Toronto
Montreal
Vancouver
Miami
New York
statistics
加拿大
多倫多 蒙
邁阿密
溫哥華 紐
約
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In 1996 immigrants represented 17.4% of Canada’s population. Across the Toronto CMA (Census Metropolitan Area), immigrants comprised 42% of the population, while in the amagamated City of Toronto 47.6% were foreign-born.
The Vancouver CMA -- 35% are immigrants Montreal CMA -- 18% immigrants in the States
◦ Miami 33.6% ◦ New York 19.7% (Siemiatycki 75)
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1977 -- Twelve Major Constructions started. 1984 -- the investment of MacDonald's 1987 -- the lifting of Martial Law (7/15) 1994 -- 年恢復市長民選 West-Gate – a mixture of Local, American
and Japanese cultures.
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Taiwan: 92/3 年統計,外僑人數56246; 全國 91 年取得國籍 1533
2002, 12.5% newborn babies were by foreign brides.
Taipei (2003—1728 brides), the third highest no. of foreign brides.
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Cultural representation of cities (films, photographies, songs, literature);
Documentaries on one of the world cities;(e.g.《城市的遠見》 , City Cabs, Six Degrees, Chasing Time in a City, etc.)
The social phenomena of a region we observe(e.g. of youngsters’ consumption habits at West-Gate; changes of the East Area of Taipei)
The signs of an urban space. (e.g. The elements of a city: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks + people + architecture and spatial decorations)
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No overall design
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Ambiguous gender
identities
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Mutual Gaze of the Controlled and Controlling
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1. (In analyzing urban planning and a cultural representation of a city or urban spaces) -- what does "the producer" try to say and 'how'? Is there a way to disobey authorities’ orders without being punished?
-- Do cultural representations change the cities’ “realities”?
2. (In analyzing less organized texts such as what we observed and the documentaries)
-- What are the characteristics of your chosen city? How is it different from Taipei? (Do not just generalize; give concrete examples.)
-- What types of city dwellers have you seen? Do you expect to meet the same people here in Taipei?
-- What are the major factors of the environment which shape the life styles of the city dwellers you have seen/observed: history, power relations, capitalism, etc.?
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History -- Read how it is influenced by history or oblivious of history (e.g. 超級大國民 )
Concept City vs. Lived City Postmodern features: -- globalization, ghetto-ization, gentrification; -- electronic network and flows (e.g. Polygraph
1, 2, 16 Happy Together 1, 2); -- commodification of space; chance
encounters and interconnectedness (example: next page)
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Gender difference Chance encounter and accidents The pig’s responses:
◦ Sympathize by trying to imagine the chicken’s history;
◦ Escape; ◦ Re-connected with society How are we connected in a city?
Recurrent images:cells, eating, lemon, lines (veins, water pipes, drainage, electric wires, subway tunnels, radio/TV antenna, hole) , darkness and brightness.
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Watch 2 videos – “Taipei, Taipei” “The Canvas of Time”
Read – “Urbanism as a Way of Life”
ref. those by 詹宏志“ Toronto: The Meeting Place” “Between the Solitudes”
Leave a message about either ‘The Taipei I know,’ “The Montreal I know’ or “The Toronto I know.’
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Discovery Programs: Understanding Cities; City Life
Zhang, Yingjin. The City in Modern Chinese Literature and Film. Standord, CA: Standford UP, 1996.
"Toronto Key Facts." http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/ourcity/keyfacts.htm
"T`ai-pei t`u-ti jen-k`ou kai-k`uang [The Land and Population of Taipei: General Introduction]." http://www.dbas.taipei.gov.tw/stat/express/
《城市的歷史》. 喬爾 . 克特金 (Joel Kotkin) . 謝佩妏譯 台北 : 左岸文化, 2006.