topographic effects the physical environment organisms function within the set limits of physical...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Topographic Effects
![Page 4: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Physical Environment
Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws.
![Page 10: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Properties of Water• liquid at ambient temperature
• solid state less dense than liquid- max density @ 4o C
• specific heat- absorbs heat; stabilizing temperatures within geographic regions
• thermal conductivity• heat of vaporization• transparent- absorbs IR & UV• polar solvent
![Page 11: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Statistics for Earth's Water
• water covers >70% of the earth's surface
Oceans 97.61% Polar Ice & Glaciers 2.08 Groundwater 0.29 Freshwater lakes 0.009 Saline Lakes 0.008 Soil Moisture 0.005 Rivers 0.00009 Atmosphere 0.0009
![Page 12: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 13: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hydrologic Principles• The amount of water that soil holds,
and its availability to plants, varies with the physical properties of the soil.
• Capillary Action and Surface Tension
• Soil Water Potential and Field Capacity• As soil water decreases, the remainder is held
by increasingly stronger forces.
![Page 14: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Temperature• life processes occur within the
range at which water is a liquid (0-100 o C)
• few plants and animals can survive body temperatures above 45 o C
• the freezing point of water may be lowered by dissolved substances
• tissues of most animals freeze at a higher temperature than that of sea water
![Page 15: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Inorganic Nutrients
nitrogen phosphorus
sulfur potassium
calcium magnesium
iron
![Page 16: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Major Nutrients and Functions
• Nitrogen (N): component of proteins
and nucleic acids
• Phosphorus (P): component of nucleic
acids, phospholipids, and bone
• Sulfur (S): component of many
proteins
• Calcium (Ca): bone; regulator of cell
permeability
![Page 17: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Major Nutrients and Functions
• Magnesium (Mg): component of chlorophyll; involved in enzyme function
• Iron (Fe): component of hemoglobin and many enzymes
• Sodium (Na): major solute in extracellular fluid of animals
![Page 18: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hydrology and Drainage Basin Morphology
![Page 19: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Water Balance EquationInputs-Outputs + Storage = 0
or
P=RO+ET+ Swhere:
P= precipitationRO= runoffET= evapotranspirationS= storage
![Page 20: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Processes in the Hydrologic Cycle
precipitation (P)- liquid or solid state
evapotranspiration (ET)-
evaporation- conversion of solid or liquid water to gaseous water; can take place from open water, soil, or vegetative surfaces
transpiration- water taken up by plants is released in the gaseous phase
![Page 21: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
runoff (RO)-that part of precipitation that flows out of a watershed.
– 1. overland flow- flow occurs on impermeable surfaces or when the infiltration capacity of the soil is exceeded.
– 2. subsurface flow- lateral movement of water through the soil
– 3. groundwater flow- slow discharge of water from an aquifer into a stream
– 4. stream flow
• storage (S)
![Page 22: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Geomorphology
![Page 29: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Lake Formation• graben- downfaulted trough; e.g. Lake Tahoe
• caldera- subsidence of magma chamber; e.g. Crater Lake, OR
• Landslides
• glacial activity- e.g. scour, morain dams, & ice melt
• solution- CaCO3 (limestone)
• Oxbow
• wind- playa lakes
• humans & beaver
![Page 30: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Oxbow Lake
![Page 31: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Drainage Basin
![Page 33: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Stream Type
1. ephemeral- channels not well defined; flow during and shortly after precipitation events
2. intermittent- generally flow only during the wet season
3. perennial- year round
![Page 34: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
spatial scale in lotic ecosystems
World
Continent
Drainage
Watershed
Stream
![Page 35: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sedimentation & Channel Patterns
• erosion- chemical and mechanical processes by which stream channels are formed
![Page 38: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Deposition
process where particles that have been entrained and transported are deposited.
![Page 39: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
factors effecting deposition
1. stream gradient
2. flow volume
3. particle size
4. impoundments
![Page 40: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
results of deposition
• delta- results when flowing water meets standing water
• alluvial fan- sediments are deposited on land after eroding from higher elevation
• alluvial flood plain-
![Page 41: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Delta
![Page 42: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Alluvial Fan
![Page 43: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Alluvial Floodplain
![Page 45: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Flood Plain
![Page 46: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Global Climatic Patterns
Global climatic patterns result from differential heating and cooling of the earth’s surface.
Winds and ocean currents redistribute energy over the earth.
![Page 48: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Global Precipitation
![Page 50: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Global Ocean Currents
![Page 51: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Topographic Effects & Local Variation
riparian zones
xeric
mesic
outcrops
endemics
![Page 52: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Riparian Zone
![Page 53: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Xeric
![Page 54: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mesic
![Page 55: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Rocky Outcrops
![Page 56: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Soils
Four factors generally determine the characteristics of soils:
parent material climate
vegetation topography
![Page 57: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Soil Horizons
O (litter)
A1 (humus-partially decomposed organics)
A2 (region of extensive leaching)
B (chemically resembles underlying rock)
C (slightly altered parent material)
![Page 58: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Soil Horizons
![Page 59: Topographic Effects The Physical Environment Organisms function within the set limits of physical laws](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e715503460f94b6ed2e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Weathering
• “the physical and chemical alteration of rock material near the earth’s surface”
freezing
thawing
dissolution
oxidation