TOPIC: How does the TNCs benefit from the process of globalization? Is it a bane or a boon for LDCs?

Bold: crâneur, osé

Contractors: sous traitants (ici)

To lay: reside (ici)

Weightlessness: légèreté

Payroll: registre de paie

Document 3 :

Topic: How is the Smartphone introduced in globalized flows and exchanges? To what extent this

product reflects the process of globalization?

Source 2: Places of production and markets of the IPhone 4S

Topic: To what extent can the TNCs be considered as the leaders of the globalization process?

Outsourcing : sous-traitance

Supplier : fournisseur

Workshop: atelier

Topic: What do the human flows reveal about the process of globalization?

Doc 2: The push and pull factors of migrants

Doc3: Walls and fences in the world

NB: It is estimated that less than 3% of the world population is living in a different country than the one of

his birth

Topic: To what extent does the strong relationship between London and Asia show the

insertion of London in Globalisation ?

A survey: une étude

Upstarts: émergents

Topic: Why is the role of London as a major hub of globalisation so important for the UK ?

High end: de niveau élevé

Topic: To what extent is an interdependency emerging from the process of globalization? Source 1 : Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy, Wiley, 2005, prologue XVIII-XX. « Sherry is one of the largest screen printers of T-shirts in the US. (...) Sherry’s artists design motifs for each tourist market and the designs and locations are printed or embroidered* on shirts in the Miami plant. (...) - Where, exactly, I asked Sandler**, did my shirt come from? Sandler riffled through his address book and pulled out a card. - "Mr. Xu Zhao Min," the card read, "Shanghai Knitwear." (...) "His American customers call him Patrick." (...) - "Come to China," Patrick said during our first meeting in 1999. "I'll show you everything." (...) - Could I go to the farm and see how the cotton is produced? Patrick looked at the T-shirt. - "Well, that might be difficult. I think the cotton is grown very far from Shanghai. Probably in Teksa." - "Teksa? Where is Teksa? How far away?" I asked. There was a globe on my desk and I spun it around to China. Could he show me Teksa on the globe? Patrick laughed. He took the globe and spun it back around the other way. - "Here, I think it is grown here." Patrick was pointing at Texas. » *embroidered: brodé * *The boss of Sherry Manufacturing Company

Source 2: The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy : the map.

Topic: THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE : PROS AND CONS Source 1 : International Monetary Fund Staff, « Globalization : Threat or Opportunity ? », April 12, 2000 (Corrected January 2002) « As globalization has progressed, living conditions (...) have improved significantly in virtually all countries. However, the strongest gains have been made by the advanced countries and only some of the developing countries. (...) But it is wrong to jump to the conclusion that globalization has caused the divergence. To the contrary : low-income countries have not been able to integrate with the global economy as quickly as others, partly because of their chosen policies and partly because of factors outside their control. No country, least of all the poorest, can afford to remain isolated from the world economy. Every country should seek to reduce poverty. The international community should endeavor* — by strengthening the international financial system, through trade, and through aid — to help the poorest countries integrate into the world economy, grow more rapidly, and reduce poverty. That is the way to ensure all people in all countries have access to the benefits of globalization. »

*endeavor: s’efforcer de

Source 2 : Jürgen Tomicek (b. 1957), « Globalisation », cartoon published in

Germany, 2005.

Topic: What are the criticisms addressed by the skeptics upon the current process of globalization? Source 1 : Jeff Danziger, « The World According to Nike », LA Times, June 18, 1996.

Source 2 : « Anti-Nike » poster, Adbusters (Canada), December 2000.

Topic: DOES GLOBALIZATION MEAN AMERICANIZATION OF THE WORLD? Source 1 : Andy Singer (1965-), Invading new markets, 2007.

Source 2: Street in Chinatown, NYC, 2010.

Topic: DOES GLOBALIZATION MEAN AMERICANIZATION OF THE WORLD ? Source 1 : Christmas in a Chinese supermarket.

Source 2 : Andrew Lam, « Without Borders », Asian Week, April 6 - 12, 2001. « A friend, well traveled and educated, recently predicted the evils of globalization in very simple terms. "Everyone will be eating at McDonald's, listening to Madonna and shopping at mega-malls," he prophesied. "It'll be absolutely awful. "What I told him then is that globalization is not the same as Americanization [...] So McDonald's golden arches and mega-malls may be proliferating in every major metropolis across the world, but so are Thai and Vietnamese restaurants! Many other original cultures and languages and traditions continue to thrive*. Think Bombay movies, Buddhist monks in Bangkok, Balinese dancers in Bali — these will not simply wash away because CNN and MTV are accessible now to the peasant in his mud hut. While there's no denying that America is the sole supreme power in this post-Cold War era, America and all things American are not the end point. [...] Koreatown in Los Angeles and Chinatown in San Francisco and the Cuban community in Miami are [...] vibrant and thriving ethnic enclaves. »

*To thrive: être Florissant

Topic: To what extent can the cross-border area between the USA and Mexico be

considered as a showcase of the globalization process?

Source 1 : A cross-border area between the USA and Mexico, Magnard, Terminale

Euro.

Source 2 : Patrick Chappatte, « US Borders », NZZ am Sonntag (Zurich), May 22,

2006.

Source 3: Cam Cardow, « Mexican Wall », The Ottawa Citizen, 2006.

WHAT MAKES NEW YORK A WORLD CITY ? Source 1: New York, a global city.

Source 2: A touristic map of NY.

Topic: to what extent is a cultural globalization likely to emerge from the process of globalization?

Source 1: examples of MacDonald’s hamburgers.

Source 2: A cartoon by Wuerker about cultural globalisation. 2006

Source 3: More linguistic uniformity? Internet World Statistics, 2008

Topic: How can coffee be considered a globalised product?

Source 1: Coffee Market, a challenge between TNCs:

The coffee-producing countries earn very little from the sale and export of their produce.

Green coffee beans, a minimally processed product, accounts for approximately 95% of

coffee exports. A large share of the profits in the coffee supply chain go to the middlemen and

the large roasters. […] Five large companies control this trade: Neumann and Volcafé (both

based in Germany), Cargill, Decotrade (trading arm of Sara Lee/Douwe Egberts) and Taloca

(owned by Philip Morris/Kraft), both based in Switzerland. […]

Roasters

Coffee roasters process green coffee beans into a variety of end-products, including filter

coffee, instant coffee, and the new ‘coffee pads’. Almost 45% of the green coffee imports is

purchased by the five largest roasters, that mainly sell their processed coffees in the European,

American and Japanese markets. Nestlé and Philip Morris/Kraft each process 13%, while

Tchibo purchases 4% for the German market. Proctor & Gamble sells most of its share (4%)

in the United States. Sara Lee/Douwe Egberts roasts 10%, which is sold mainly in the

European and Brazilian markets. Nestlé dominates the soluble coffee market with a market

share of over 50%. These multinationals make good profits from roasting coffee.

Certified coffee

Thanks to the success of the Fairtrade movement in questioning the current coffee trading

system, it is no longer possible for the world’s largest multinational roasters to deny the

problems at the beginning of the coffee chain. Over the last few years, the major roasters have

started to take an interest in coffee production standards and to adopt credible codes of

conduct. […] Source: TCC (TropicalCommunity Coalition for a sustainbale Tea Coffee Cocoa) website, 2013

Middlemen: intermediaries

coffe pads: dosettes de café

Roaster: torréfacteur

Source 2: The global coffee market

Based on ICO’s data1, 2011.

1 CIO is the Coffee International Organisation. It’s the main intergovernmental organisation which works on the

question related to coffee. It groups countries that export and import coffee. Its members represent 97 % of the

production and more than 80 % of the world consumption of coffee.

Topic: What do the human flows reveal about the process of globalization?

Source 1: map of international migrations.

Source 2: Pushing at the border, cartoon by Ote, 2005.

NB: It is estimated that less than 3% of the world population is living in a different country than the one of

his birth

Topic: GLOBALISATION AND GLOBAL CITIES: WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITY?

Source 1 : The 2008 Global Cities Index, OCTOBER 15, 2008

«The world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational

dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their

countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions. In many ways, the story of

globalization is the story of urbanization. (…) But what makes a "global city"? The term means

power, sophistication, wealth, and influence. (…) More than anything, the cities that rise to the top

of the list are those that continue to forge global links despite intensely complex economic

environments. They are the ones making urbanization work to their advantage by providing the vast

opportunities of global integration to their people; measuring cities' international presence captures

the most accurate picture of the way the world works. »

Source 2: The Pudong CBD in Shanghai

Source 3: Inside the New York Stock Exchange

Globalization: What are the pros and cons? Doc.1 : Globalization is good With globalization, there is a global market for companies to trade their products and a wider range of options for people, to choose from among the products of different nations. Developing countries benefit a lot from globalization, as there is a sound flow of money and thus, a decrease in the currency difference.To meet the increasing demands that follow globalization, there is an increase in the production sector. This gives loads of options to the manufacturers as well. Competition keeps prices relatively low, and as a result, inflation is less likely to occur. The focus is diverted and segregated among all the nations. No country remains the single power head; instead there are compartmentalized power sectors. The decisions at higher levels are meant for the people at large. Communication among the countries is on the rise, which allows for better understanding and broader vision.As communication increases amongst two countries, there is interchange of cultures as well. We get to know more about the other's cultural preferences. As we feed to each other's financial needs, the ecological imbalance is also meted out. Governments of countries show concern about each other. Source : iloveindia.com Doc.2 : A humorous vision of Free Trade and Globalization

What are the means and flows of the globalization process?

Doc1: Why have containers boosted trade so much? May 21st 2013, 23:50 by E.H.

AT FIRST glance they may just appear to be humble metal boxes. But containers—uniform

boxes that can be easily moved between lorry, train and ship—have reshaped global trade

over the past few decades. Why have containers boosted trade so much?

Uniform metal containers were invented by Malcom McLean, an American trucking magnate,

in 1956. Before then goods were shipped as they had been for centuries. (…) Loose cargo

(…) would be loaded and unloaded by vast crews of dockworkers. The process was unwieldy,

unreliable and so slow that ships often spent longer docked than they did at sea. Theft of

transported goods was rampant: as an old joke put it, dock workers used to earn “$20 a day

and all the Scotch you could carry home.”

Containers changed this in several ways. The price of everything fell, starting with the cost of

loading and unloading. When Mr McLean looked at the costs of his first container ship, he

found that it cost $0.16 per tonne to load compared with $5.83 per tonne for loose cargo. (…)

Because containers were packed and sealed at the factory, losses to theft plummeted, which in

turn drastically reduced insurance costs. More could also be loaded: in 1965 dock labour

could move only 1.7 tonnes per hour onto a cargo ship; five years later they could load 30

tonnes in an hour. As a consequence, ships could get bigger and more efficient while still

spending less time in port. As containers made inland distribution by train and lorry easier,

ports became bigger (…).

(…) Looking at 22 industrialised countries, it finds that containerisation is associated with a

320% increase in bilateral trade over the first five years and 790% over 20 years. A bilateral

free-trade agreement, by contrast, boosts trade by 45% over 20 years, and membership of

GATT raises it by 285%. In other words, containers have boosted globalisation more than all

trade agreements in the past 50 years put together. Not bad for a simple box. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/05/economist-explains-14

Doc2: World flows of containers http://policytensor.com/2012/10/

To what extent is Singapore’s economic boost based on globalisation?

Globalisation index ranks Singapore second

http://www.econs.com.sg/essay-writing/globalisation-impact-singapore/

By Anna Teo, The Business Times, Thursday, Jan 24, 2013

First, globalisation has helped Singapore economic growth through increased international trade.

Singapore has relied heavily on exports for economic growth. In fact, net exports make up the largest

component of Singapore’s GDP. Increasing actual growth also helps Singapore achieve full

employment, or alternatively low unemployment.

Second, large amounts of foreign direct investment (FDI) have helped Singapore achieve potential

economic growth. Transfers of physical capital, human capital, and technology from Multi-National

Corporations (MNCs) have helped increase the Singapore economy’s productive capacity, increasing

her potential economic growth.

Finally, Singapore is able to have a positive net-export position by importing cheaper raw materials

from abroad and exporting high value-added products. For example, Singapore imports crude oil

from abroad, refines the oil, and then exports it to different countries.

Yet, despite all its apparent benefits, globalisation has some downsides which could possibly derail

Singapore’s macroeconomic aims.

First, Singapore’s dependence on exports makes her vulnerable to negative economic conditions in

other countries. If one of Singapore’s trading partners were to experience a recession, demand for

her exports would fall.

Second, while globalisation gives Singapore a bigger market for her exports, it also means that she

could face more competition. Developing countries, like China, are catching up quickly.

Over the years, Singapore has had to move up to higher value-added goods and services like

biomedical or financial services in order to remain competitive.

Third, increases in Singapore’s productive capacity brought about by globalisation might not be

permanent because she is highly reliant on MNCs which are by nature internationally mobile. They

could shift operations to a lower-cost location, taking capital with them.

FDI (foreign direct investment (FDI), in dollars, heading to Singapore

To what extent does Nutella reflect the globalization process?

by Lena Ariño

Nutella is a product known by everyone, sold

around the world. The international success of

this product is so huge that the OECD

(Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development) decided to use it to illustrate the

functioning of global value chains. (…)

It is made by Ferrero International S.A (Italy).

The first jar of Nutella was made in a factory

located in Alba in Italy. Currently this delicious

product is marketed in 75 countries. There is a

250,000 tons of Nutella produced within nine factories located around the world.

This nut and cocoa cream have become an example of how the factories work, in this new age

of globalization and how companies organize production´s chains for raw materials around

the world and how they built factories near the major consumer markets. Its production is

internationally fragmented. And its fragmentation allows brands to become more powerful,

efficient and achieve greater international competitiveness .The packaging plastic and skin

milk are the only materials which are obtained locally at each factory. The other ingredients

are supplied globally: hazelnuts come from Turkey, the Malaysian palm oil, cocoa from

Nigeria, sugar from Brazil or Europe and French vanilla flavoring. The production of

hazelnut cream, is strategically located close to end markets where there is a high demand for

Nutella. For example, today there is no factory in Asia because there is not much demand in

that region.

This means that more than six countries are needed to develop a jar of Nutella. It mean that if

I buy this product in my city (Zaragoza), this jar of Nutella have travelled around 250.000

kilometers. The effect that this kind of “Globalization product” produce on the environment is

obvious.

https://worldwideweber2014.wordpress.com/2014/05/25/nutellas-globalization/