topic civil resistance in south africa in the...
TRANSCRIPT
TOPIC CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE 1970s AND 1980s
What was the nature of civil-society resistance after 1960?
These slides give all the illustrations from Topic 4 of the Gr 12 History book, and they give them in colour whenever possible. However, the illustrations here are not given in exactly the same order as the illustrations in the book. The illustrations in the slides are ordered so that a teacher can follow a logical lecture format. The illustrations in the book are ordered to make an effective page layout, and often also so that the portraits accompany the first mention of a particular person.
www.theanswer.co.za
By 1969, the SACP had inserted itself within a key organ of South Africa’s
national liberation movement.
See page 131www.theanswer.co.za
The three main organisations within the armed struggle from 1961,
and their armed forces
SACP(non-racial
organisation)
ANC (Blacks-only
organisation)
PAC(African
organisation)
Poqo/APLA (anti-
White)
MK
(non-racial)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 131
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John Vorster, Prime Minister of South Africa (1966–1978)
and State President of South Africa (1978–1979)
NP
www.theanswer.co.za See page 132
A Johannesburg street in 1970
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 132
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While Black people formed the majority of the South African population, the areas allocated
to them as homelands were relatively small.www.theanswer.co.za See page 132
Key figures of the ANC, MK, PAC and SACP:
underground, in prison and in exile between
1964 and 1982
www.theanswer.co.za See page 133
UNDERGROUND
IN PRISON IN EXILE
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Oliver Tambo, President of the ANC
1967–1991
www.theanswer.co.za See page 133
THE CHALLENGE OF BLACKCONSCIOUSNESS TO THE
APARTHEID STATE
www.theanswer.co.za See page 134
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Durban boulevard in 1970
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Steve Biko, President of SASO in 1969
www.theanswer.co.za See page 134
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Onkgopotse Tiro, SRC President at the University of the North (1972), SASO permanent organiser (1972)
and teacher at Morris Isaacson High School (1972)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 135
www.theanswer.co.za See page 137
Police and students in the 1976 Soweto Uprising
Phot
ogra
pher
: Jan
Ham
man
for C
ity P
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4
Key organisations in the Black Consciousness Movement and some of the key figures associated with these organisations
Mamphela RampheleAubrey Mokoena
Black Community Programmes
(BCP)1972
Drake Koka
Black Allied Workers Union
(BAWU)1972
Dumisani KumaloCharles Nqakula
Union of Black Journalists
(UBJ)1973
Winnie Madikizela-MandelaAubrey Mokoena
Black Parents Association
(BPA)1976
Steve BikoBarney Pityana
Onkgopotse TiroMamphela Ramphele
Mosiuoa LekotaMosibudi Mangena
South African Students
Organisation (SASO)1968
Tsietsi MashininiTebello Motapanyane
Seth MazibukoKhehla MthembuMurphy MorobeTokyo Sexwale
South African Students
Movement (SASM)
1971 (established)1973 (affiliated to
the BPC)
Black People’s Convention(BPC)
Mosibudi Mangena Mthuli Shezi Saths CooperWinnie Kgware
Steve Biko Onkgopotse Tiro Aubrey Mokoena Drake Koka Strini Moodley Aubrey Mokoape
www.theanswer.co.za See page 138
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The statue of Tsietsi Mashinini at Morris Isaacson High Schoolwww.theanswer.co.za See page 139
Tokyo Sexwale has been a political prisoner on
Robben Island, the Gauteng Premier,
and the ANC government’s Minister of Human Settlements.
He remains a successful businessman.
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Murphy Morobewas a political prisoner on
Robben Island, helped form the United Democratic Front (UDF),
is Director on the board of Old Mutual South Africa,
and is Chairman of the South African National Parks Board
(SANP).
Sour
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Seth Mazibuko became Chief Operating Officer
of the Moral Regeneration Movement, Business Developer
at MPine Media, and Chancellor of the June 16
Youth Foundation.
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ce: h
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 139
www.theanswer.co.za See page 139
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Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (previously Winnie Mandela)
has been President of the ANC Women’s League and the
ANC government’s Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture,
Science and Technology. She remains a member
of parliament.
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Barney Pityanabecame a human-rights lawyer and a Christian
minister. He was Chairman of the South African Human
Rights Commission and Vice-Chancellor of the
University of South Africa (UNISA).
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Cyril Ramaphosabecame a lawyer, worked
for CUSA, founded NUM, was Secretary General of COSATU, and became a
successful businessman with Shanduka, Bidvest, MTN, Lonmin,
Standard Bank and Mondi. Now, as part of the ANC, he is
Deputy President of South Africa.
Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma(previously Nkosazana Dlamini) has held a number of positions
in the ANC government: Minister of Health,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Home Affairs. She is now the Chairperson of the African Union Commission.
Sour
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Itumeleng Mosala became President
of AZAPO, Principal of Technikon
North West and Member of
Parliament for the ANC.
Dumisani Kumalo went into exile in the USA, becoming Project Director
of the American Committee on Africa.
On his return he entered South Africa’s Department of
Foreign Affairs and then became South
Africa’s Permanent Representative to the
United Nations.
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 139
Dr Mamphela Ramphele became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape
Town (UCT),Managing Director of the
World Bank, and also founded the
political party Agang South Africa.
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Khehla Mthembubecame President of AZAPO, Chief Executive Officer of Old Mutual (SA) Gauteng, Chief
Executive Officer of New Age Beverages (Pepsi) South Africa, and Chairman of
Sun International.
Mosiuoa Lekotahas been a political prisoner
on Robben Island, a part of the leadership of
the United Democratic Front (UDF), and the ANC
government’s Minister of Defence. He is now the
leader of the political party Congress of the People
(COPE).
Sour
ce: R
. D. W
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 139
CRISIS OF APARTHEID IN THE 1980s
www.theanswer.co.za See page 140
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P.W. Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa
(1978–1984) and State President of South Africa
(1984–1989)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 140
A memory tool showing which race was represented by which house in the Tricameral Parliament
BLACK‘homeland
citizens’
REPRESENTATIVES
C O L O U E D
of
ASSEMBLY
W H I T
of
DELEGATES
I N I A Nof
www.theanswer.co.za See page 142
The structure of the government established by the 1983 ‘Tricameral Constitution’
Ministers of state departments (appointed by the state
president) as well as other ministers (also appointed
by the state president)
(chooses who and how many people make up the rest
of the cabinet)
(elects 1)
Chairman Chairman Chairman
Ministers’ Councilfor Coloured Affairs
Ministers’ Councilfor White Affairs
Ministers’ Councilfor Indian Affairs
(elects 25) Tricameral parliament
(elects 50)
(elects 13)
State Security Council
CABINET
Houseof
Assembly
(178 White ministers)
Houseof
Representatives
(85 Coloured ministers)
Houseof
Delegates
(45 Indian ministers)
Statepresident
Electoral college
(88 members)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 143
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President PW Botha and the chief of the SADF, General Constand Viljoen, inspecting the guard of honour
www.theanswer.co.za See page 143
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A police Casspir used to protect security forces in urban areas
www.theanswer.co.za See page 144
The way in which PW Botha restructured apartheid in an attempt to make it survive
LIMITED REFORMS AND CONTINUED REPRESSION
More money
spent on Black
schools
Black ‘Com-munity
Councils’ in Black urban areas
Tricameral system
More money spent on the
military
Power centralised
in state president
States of
Emergency
Racia
l cla
ssifi
catio
n
Blac
ks h
ave
to v
ote
in ‘h
omel
ands
’
Com
mun
ism b
anne
d
Stat
e sc
hool
s seg
rega
ted
Resid
entia
l are
as se
greg
ated
1980sAPARTHEID
www.theanswer.co.za See page 145
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Ebrahim Rasool, a leader of the Call of Islam, who later became the ANC
premier for the Western Cape (2004–2008)
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Desmond Tutu, Bishop of Lesotho
(1976–1978), General Secretary of the South
African Council of Churches (1978–1984),
Bishop of Johannesburg (1985–1986),
Archbishop of Cape Town (1986–1996)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 146
UDF
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Trevor Manuel, a member of the UDF’s
National Executive Council, a member of the
ANC from 1994, and later South Africa’s
Minister of Finance (1996–2009)
Sour
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Reverend Allan Boesakof the Dutch Reformed
Church was President of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches
(1982–1991).
www.theanswer.co.za See page 146
Civics, trade unions, and student and youth protest organisations supported each other during the 1980s.
supported
(through consumer boycotts)
supported supported
(through calls for better
education and facilities)
(through consumer
boycotts and pressure against ‘scab labour’)
supported supported
(through help with civic projects)
(through rent boycotts and the transferral of
organisational skills)
supported
(through calls for co-ordinated stayaways)
CivicsStudent and youth protest organisations
Trade unions
www.theanswer.co.za See page 147
An anti-apartheid protest during the 1980s
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 148
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Beyers Naudé was a reverend in the Dutch Reformed Church
and then a reverend of the Reformed Church in Africa,
the leader of the Christian Institute of Southern Africa
(1963–1977), the General Secretary of the South
African Council of Churches (1984–1986)
and a member of the UDF.
Frank Chicane, a reverend of the Apostolic Faith Mission,
General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches
(1987–1994) and a member of the UDF
Sour
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Chh
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from
Joh
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www.theanswer.co.za See page 148
COSATU incorporating NUM
Jay Naidoo, General-Secretary of the Council of South African
Trade Unions (1985–1993),
Minister of Parliament for Communications
(1994–1999), Chairperson of the Development
Bank of Southern Africa (2000–2010),
and currently Chairperson of the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition
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COSATU
There were 33 trade unions that founded COSATU. The five most important are shown as parts of this drill:
● National Union of Mineworkers (NUM)
● Sweet Food and Allied Workers Union (SFAWU)
● Food and Canning Workers Union (FCWU)
● Metal and Allied Workers Union (MAWU)
● South African Railways and Harbour Workers
Union (SARHWU).
www.theanswer.co.za See page 149
COSATU (represented by the drill) demanded better conditions and wages for workers, and a democratic South Africa
CA
PITA
LIST
OPP
RESS
ION APARTHEID
REPRESSION
There were 33 trade unions that
founded COSATU.
These five are the most
important.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 149
The United Democratic Front (UDF)
UDF(1983 )
Some women’s
organisations such asFEDSAW
Some religious
organisations such as
SACC
Some youth
organisations such asSAYCO
Some student
organisations such asCOSAS
Some civic
organisations such as
Vaal Civic Association
Some issue-specific organisations
such as ECC
Some labour
organisations such asCUSA
Some racially based organisations
within the Congress
Movement such as
NIC & TIC
www.theanswer.co.za See page 151
W R SY C I L R
UDF (1983 )
COSATU incorporating
NUM
Some women’s
organisations such as
FEDSAW
Some religious
organisationssuch asSACC
Some youth
organisations such asSAYCO
Some student
organisationssuch asCOSAS
Some civic
organisationssuch as.
Vaal Civic Association
Some issue-specific organisations
such asECC
Some labour
organisationssuch asCUSA
Some racially based organisationswithin the Congress
Movement such as
NIC & TIC
W R SY C I L R
MDM (1989 )
www.theanswer.co.za
The Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)
See page 151
The Liberation Movement against the National Party
Liberation
Members of the armed struggle
MDM(1989 )
ANC / SACP alliance
UDF(1983 )
Some religious organisations
such as SACC
Some racially based organisations
within the Congress
Movement such as
NIC & TIC
Some labour
organisations such as CUSA
Some issue-specific organisations
such asECC
Some civic
organisations such as
Vaal Civic Association
Some student
organisations such as .COSAS
Some youth
organisations such asSAYCO
Some women’s
organisations such as
FEDSAW
COSATU incorporating
NUM
SACPPAC incorporating
APLA
ANCincorporating
MK
W R SY C I L R
www.theanswer.co.za See page 151
16 key anti-apartheid organisations of the 1980s
www.theanswer.co.za See page 151
Opposition to apartheid
Liberation
Members of the armed struggle
MDM(1989 )
Independent non-
governmental organisation
Opposition within
Tricameral parliament
Opposition within
‘homeland’ system
Key church that
changed its position
ANC / SACP alliance
UDF(1983 )
Some religious
organisations such asSACC
Dutch Reformed
Church
Some pro-democracy ‘homeland’
administrations such asTranskei
PFPSome racially based organisations
within the Congress
Movement such as
NIC & TIC
Some labour
organisations such asCUSA
Some issue-specific organisations
such asECC
Some civic
organisations such as
Vaal Civic Association
Some student
organisations such asCOSAS
Some youth
organisations such asSAYCO
Some women’s organisations
such asFEDSAW
COSATU incorporating
NUM
SACP Black Sash
PAC incorporating
APLA
ANCincorporating
MK
W R SY C I L R
16 key anti-apartheid organisations of the 1980s
When trying to remember what kinds of civil-protest organisation belonged to the UDF, remember the acronym ‘WRY SCILR’.
www.theanswer.co.za See page 151
Opposition to apartheid
Liberation
Members of the armed struggle
MDM(1989 )
Independent non-
governmental organisation
Opposition within
Tricameral parliament
Opposition within
‘homeland’ system
Key church that
changed its position
ANC / SACP alliance
UDF(1983 )
Some religious
organisations such asSACC
Dutch Reformed
Church
Some pro-democracy ‘homeland’
administrations such as Transkei
PFPSome labour
organisations such asCUSA
Some issue-specific organisations
such asECC
Some civic
organisations such as
Vaal Civic Association
Some student
organisations such asCOSAS
Some youth
organisations such asSAYCO
Some women’s
organisations such as
FEDSAW
COSATU incorporating
NUM
SACP Black Sash
PAC incorporating
APLA
ANCincorporating
MK
W R SY C I L R
Some racially based organisations
within the Congress
Movement such as
NIC & TIC
www.theanswer.co.za See page 152
Sour
ce: D
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A statue of Moses Kotane
in Moscow
Sour
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Kader Asmal, a law lecturer at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, and a South African member of
parliament (1994–2008)
www.theanswer.co.za See page 153
Sour
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Father Trevor Huddleston in Tanzania
Sour
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An anti-apartheid protest in London, the capital city of the UK
www.theanswer.co.za See page 153
www.theanswer.co.za See page 154
How the international community targeted apartheid by targeting South Africa's ties with Western governments
UN's 1962 request that no arms be sold to South Africa
South African rugby team isolated from 1985
ARMS
UN's 1977 mandatory arms embargo
UK's limited economic sanctions from 1988
ECONOMYUSA's banning of investment into South Africa from 1986
Equity's cultural boycott in the 1980s
AAM marches & rallies, which reached up to 250 000 peoplein 1988
South Africa denied entry to the Olympics from 1964
SPORT
CULTURE
UK USA
West Germany Israel
APARTHEIDSOUTH AFRICA
TOPIC 4 QUESTIONS
www.theanswer.co.za See page 155
[From: Biko: The Quest for A True Humanity by the Ministry of Education]
www.theanswer.co.za See page 155
NUSAS
[From: Through My Lens: A Photographic Memoir by A. Kumalo]
AFRIKAANS MUST BE ABOLISHED!
www.theanswer.co.za See page 156