topic 9 – transportation and communications
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Topic 9 – Transportation and Communications. A – Transport Networks and Costs B – Transport Systems. A – Transport Networks and Costs. The Function of Transportation Transportation Networks Transportation Costs. 1. Transportation as a Derived Demand. Activity. Working. Vacationing. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
GEOG 135 – Economic GeographyProfessor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & GeographyHofstra University, Department of Global Studies & GeographyHofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography
Topic 9 – Transportation and Communications
A – Transport Networks and CostsB – Transport Systems
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
A – TRANSPORT NETWORKS AND COSTS1. The Function of Transportation2. Transportation Networks3. Transportation Costs
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
1. Transportation as a Derived Demand
Working
Activity
Vacationing
Derived Demand
Manufacturing
CommutingTaxi
Air travelTouring bus
TrucksContainership
Direct
EnergyIndirect Warehousing
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
1. Core Components of Transportation
Modes• Conveyances (vehicles) used to move passengers or freight.• Mobile elements of transportation.
Infrastructures• Physical support of transport modes, such as routes and terminals.• Fixed elements of transportation.
Networks• System of linked locations (nodes).• Functional and spatial organization of transportation.
Flows• Movements of people, freight and information over their network.• Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
1. Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation
Board, get off and transfer without assistance.
Process information and act on it without assistance.
Make choices between transport modes without assistance but often
irrationally.Require travel accommodations
related to comfort and safety.
Must be loaded, unloaded and transferred.
Information must be processed through logistics managers.
Logistics managers meet choices between transport modes rationally.
Require limited travel accommodations.
Passengers Freight
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks
Centrifugal Centripetal
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
3. Distance, Modal Choice and Transport Costs
Distance
Tran
spor
t co
sts
per
unit Road
Rail Maritime
D1 D2
C1 C2
C3
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
3. Freight Transport Costs in Dollars per Ton-Mile
Wa-ter
Rail
Road
Air
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.07
0.25
2.51
4.88
Chart Title
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Average Haul Length, Domestic Freight in the United States, 1960-2003 (in miles)
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
0200400600800
100012001400160018002000 Air carrier
TruckRailCoastal
Mile
s
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Typical Ocean Freight Costs for some Products (Asia – United States or Asia – Europe)
Typical Shelf Price
Shipping Costs Shipping Costs Share
LCD TV Set $700 $4.00 0.5%
Digital Camera (high range)
$450 $0.15 0.03%
Vacuum Cleaner $150 $1.00 0.6%
Scotch Whisky (bottle) $50 $0.15 0.3%
Coffee (1 kg) $15 $0.15 3.3%
Biscuits (Tin) $3 $0.05 1.7%
Beer (Can) $1 $0.01 1.0%
Apple $0.75 $0.04 5.3%
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Household Expenditures on Transport, United States, 2005
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
42
52
6
Transport services
Operation of vehicles
Purchase of vehicles
46
22
15116
Vehicle finance charges
Other vehicle charges
Maintenance and repairs
Vehicle insurance
Gasoline and motor oil
55
43
3
Other vehicles
Car used
Car new
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
B – TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
1. Passenger and Freight Options2. Transport Modes3. Telecommunications
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
1. Main Passenger Modal Options
Air
Scheduled
Charter
Car
Taxi
Van/Bus
Road
Intercity
HSR
SubwayCommu
terLRT
Monorail
Rail Maritime
Ferry
CruiseTransit
Bicycle
Walking
Motorcycle
RoRoHigh
Speed
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
1. Main Freight Modal Options
Air
Package
Heavy
Package
Less than Truckload
(LTL)
Truck
Dry Van
Tank
FlatbedCurtain
sideReefer
HopperOpen Top
Unit Train
Carload
BoxcarTank Car
Flat Car
Reefer
HopperGondol
a
Rail Maritime
Break-bulk
Liquid Bulk
RoRo
Dry Bulk
ISO Contain
erReeferFlatrac
k
Pipeline
PipelineOil
Gas
Water
Tank
Inland / Coastal
Tow
River/sea
Tank bargeDeck bargeHopper barge
Container Contai
ner
Chassis
Intermodal
Freighter
Bellyhold Truckloa
d (TL)
TOFCDomest
ic
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. World Road Network
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Length of the Interstate Highway System and of the Chinese Expressway System, 1959-2012 (in km)
19551960196519701975198019851990199520002005201020150
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000United States (Interstate)
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. World Rail Network and Rail Systems
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1830-2008
1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 20100
25,000
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
250,000
275,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200Rand McNally (1897)ICCAAR/BTS (Class I Only)AAR (All Classes)
Mile
s of
Roa
ds O
wne
d
Num
ber
of C
lass
I Ra
il Ca
rrie
rs
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Domains of Maritime Circulation
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Evolution of Containerships
A
B
C
D
E
Early Containerships (1956-)
Panamax (1980-)
Post Panamax (1988-)
New Panamax (2014-)
Fully Cellular (1970-)
Panamax Max (1985-)
Post Panamax Plus (2000-)
Post New Panamax (2006-)
Triple E (2013-)
500 – 800 TEU
1,000 – 2,500 TEU
3,000 – 3,400 TEU
3,400 – 4,500 TEU
4,000 – 5,000 TEU
6,000 – 8,000 TEU
12,500 TEU
15,000 TEU
18,000 TEU
200x20x9
137x17x9
215x20x10
250x32x12.5
290x32x12.5
285x40x13
300x43x14.5
366x49x15.2
400x59x15.5
397x56x15.5 ; 22–10–8 (not shown)
(LOA – Beam – Draft)
10
8
23
20106
69 1759
1568
1356
13
1045
84
64
A
B
C
D
E
6 containers across4 containers high on deck
4 containers high below deck
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2011
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180Pas-sen-gersFreight
Billi
ons
of p
asse
nger
s-km
Billi
ons
of to
ns-k
m
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. World’s Major Container Ports, 2010
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Latitudinal Intermediacy: COPA Airlines
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
2. Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2010
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
3. Global Submarine Cable Network