Topic 5.3 Pollution ManagmentTopic 5.3 Pollution Managment

Topic 5.3 Approaches to Topic 5.3 Approaches to Pollution ManagementsPollution Managements

RegulationRegulation– Setting/imposing standardsSetting/imposing standards

EPAEPAMinistry of Environmental Protection (china)Ministry of Environmental Protection (china)

– Extraction techniquesExtraction techniques““clean coal”clean coal”SequestrationSequestrationCatalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter

Restore (most expensive)Restore (most expensive)– Extracting Pollutants from ecosystemsExtracting Pollutants from ecosystems– US SuperfundUS Superfund– Chernobyl, UkraineChernobyl, Ukraine– Replanting/restocking ecosystemReplanting/restocking ecosystem

Oysters in ChesapeakeOysters in Chesapeake

5.3.2 Human Factors5.3.2 Human Factors

EconomicEconomic– Production required raw materialsProduction required raw materials

CulturalCultural– People unwilling to changePeople unwilling to change– May not know how to changeMay not know how to change

PoliticalPolitical– Jobs vs. EnvironmentJobs vs. Environment

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Plasmodium

5.3.3 DDT and WHO5.3.3 DDT and WHO DichlordiphenyltrichloroethaneDichlordiphenyltrichloroethane Used during WWII to control lice Used during WWII to control lice

and mosquitosand mosquitos Insecticide in agricultureInsecticide in agriculture 1955- WHO began program to 1955- WHO began program to

eradicate malaria (with DDT)eradicate malaria (with DDT)– Resistance evolved after yearsResistance evolved after years

Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Turkey, central Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Turkey, central America, America,

– 40,00 tons used world wide each year 40,00 tons used world wide each year (1950-1980)(1950-1980)

4-5000 tons produced each years4-5000 tons produced each years– India China, North KoreaIndia China, North Korea– India largest consumerIndia largest consumer– Applied to inside of homesApplied to inside of homes

Inside, Residual SprayingInside, Residual SprayingCheap, Persistent, and works wellCheap, Persistent, and works well

Malaria kills 2.7 million people/yearMalaria kills 2.7 million people/year– Mostly children under 5Mostly children under 5– Infects 300-500 million/yearInfects 300-500 million/year– Disease of the “poor”Disease of the “poor”

DDT ChangesDDT Changes Silent SpringSilent Spring

– 1962- Rachel Carson- American Biologist1962- Rachel Carson- American Biologist– Widespread spraying killing wildlifeWidespread spraying killing wildlife– Cancer in humansCancer in humans

Biomagnifies (builds up along the food chain)Biomagnifies (builds up along the food chain) Biaccumulates (accumulates in carnivores)Biaccumulates (accumulates in carnivores) Agricultural use banned in 1970 and 1980’s (not as a Agricultural use banned in 1970 and 1980’s (not as a

vector control)vector control)– First banned in Hungary in 1968First banned in Hungary in 1968– Norway/Sweden 1970Norway/Sweden 1970– US 1972US 1972– UK 1984UK 1984

Cuyahoga RiverCuyahoga River

EutrophicationEutrophication

Characteristics of a Eutrophic Characteristics of a Eutrophic Ecosystem Ecosystem

Process of EutrophicationProcess of Eutrophication natural process of the aging natural process of the aging

of a body of water of a body of water As more nutrients enter the As more nutrients enter the

water more organisms live water more organisms live and die and add their and die and add their organic molecules to the organic molecules to the decaying / recycling processdecaying / recycling process

Bodies of water evolve from Bodies of water evolve from oligotrophic to eutrophicoligotrophic to eutrophic

Process continuedProcess continued

Eutrophication can be Eutrophication can be accelerated by human accelerated by human activitiesactivities– Increasing levels of nitrates and Increasing levels of nitrates and

phosphatesphosphatesDetergentsDetergentsSewageSewageFertilizersFertilizers

from agricultural runofffrom agricultural runoff

““deathdeath”” of Lake Erie, 1960 of Lake Erie, 1960’’ss

Large amounts of detergents and Large amounts of detergents and fertilizers dumped in to lake fertilizers dumped in to lake

Caused increase of algae growth Caused increase of algae growth – Algal bloomAlgal bloom

The decomposition of dead algae The decomposition of dead algae uses tremendous amounts of oxygen uses tremendous amounts of oxygen causing death to fish and other causing death to fish and other organisms at higher trophic levelsorganisms at higher trophic levels

““deathdeath”” of Lake Erie, continued of Lake Erie, continued

Lake Erie declared Lake Erie declared ““deaddead”” Prompted a ban on phosphates in Prompted a ban on phosphates in

detergents in the late 1960detergents in the late 1960’’ss Within a decade, Lake Erie Within a decade, Lake Erie

reboundedrebounded– Still suffers from other forms of pollutionStill suffers from other forms of pollution

Impacts of eutrophicationImpacts of eutrophication As oxygen levels deplete from As oxygen levels deplete from

decomposers, other aerobic decomposers, other aerobic organisms suffer and die contributing organisms suffer and die contributing to the decomposition process to the decomposition process (Positive Feedback)(Positive Feedback)

Can lead to Can lead to ““deathdeath”” of a body of of a body of waterwater– Decrease in species diversityDecrease in species diversity– Stagnant putrid waterStagnant putrid water

More on Phosphates More on Phosphates PO43-

More on Nitrates (More on Nitrates (N2O, NO, NO2 ) SourceSource: Artificial Fertilizers, : Artificial Fertilizers,

Intense animal farming, acid rainIntense animal farming, acid rain Health effectHealth effect: Blue baby : Blue baby

syndrome syndrome (methaemolobinanemia) for (methaemolobinanemia) for nitrosamines (carcinogenic)nitrosamines (carcinogenic)

Environmental Effect:Environmental Effect: EutrophicationEutrophication

Removal: Removal: anaerobic bacterial--> anaerobic bacterial--> NN22

Other water pollutants: NaCLOther water pollutants: NaCL

Other Water pollutants: Heavy Other Water pollutants: Heavy Metal ionsMetal ions

HgHg

PbPb

Flow mapFlow map

Using todays notes and your homework Using todays notes and your homework draw a flow map of the steps of draw a flow map of the steps of Eutrophication and the clean up of Eutrophication and the clean up of Eutrophication.Eutrophication.– Should include levels of Phosphates and Should include levels of Phosphates and

NitrogenNitrogen– BOD levelsBOD levels– DO levelsDO levels– Organic material levelsOrganic material levels– Drawing of EutrophicationDrawing of Eutrophication