topic 5 animal nutrition [mammals]

Copyright – Hoërskool Birchleigh: Mrs Nieman

T O P I C 5

ANIMAL NUTRITION

[Mammals]

We will be looking at the following…

(1) Nutrition processes

(2) Nutrition and dentition in animals

(3) Human nutrition: (3.1 Macro-structure of the alimentary canal and 3.2 Functions

of each organ)

(4) Processes involved in human nutrition in comparison to alimentary canal

(5) Homeostatic control: (5.1 Hormonal control of blood sugar levels and 5.2

Diabetes mellitus)

__________________________________________________________________

DAY 1:

► Complete page 1 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 3.

1. Nutrition processes

MY WORKBOOK

DATE:


► Complete page 2 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 4 -

6.

A:__________________: the taking in of food through mouth.

B:__________________: the breakdown of food, mechanically by the action of the

teeth, or chemically by the action of enzymes.

C:__________________: movement of digested food from the intestines to the

blood vessels and transported to the body cells.

D:__________________: process where the body cells use nutrients to make

energy during cellular respiration.

E:___________________: removal of undigested food from alimentary canal.

2. Nutrition and dentition in animals

Animals (heterotrophs – consumers) can be divided into three different categories

when looking at nutrition and dentition.

1. __________________

2. __________________

3. __________________

All three these categories have a different way in which their dentition is structured.


► Complete page 3 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 7

and 8.

Herbivores

Type of food

Examples

Dentition and ingestion

Carnivores

Type of food

Examples



► Complete page 4 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 9.

Omnivores

Type of food

Examples


END OF DAY 1

HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THE WORK OF DAY 1? or

IF YOU DO NOT FEEL COMFORTABLE WITH THE WORK, CONSIDER TO

WORK THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.

___________________________________________________________________

DAY 2:

► Complete page 5 (next page) of your Workbook using the Teacher’s

guidelines slide 10.

DATE:


3. Human nutrition

3.1 Macro-structure of the alimentary canal


► Complete page 6 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide 11

to 14.

3.2 Functions of each organ

A: Mouth:

Food is ____________

Partially broken down by means of _____________ and ______________

digestion.

Broken down food is changed into small soft mass, called a__________.

1: Pharynx:

Connects the _____________ to the respiratory system.

Bolus is _______________ and passes to the back of pharynx and

enters_______________________.

______________: flap that _________________off entrance to respiratory

tract during swallowing.

B: Oesophagus:

Muscular tube, about 25cm, connects the ________________to the stomach.

Food is carried down by means of________________:

C: Stomach:

Sac-like muscular organ which has the following functions:

✓ ______________________________________________________________

✓ ______________________________________________________________

✓ ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________



and 16.

2: Liver:

Largest ___________in the body

Secretes_____________________, which ___________________the chyme

and emulsifies fats.

3: Gall bladder:

Small, muscular sac that _____________________bile from the liver, and

release it into the ________________via the bile duct when require.

D: Small intestine:

Consists of three parts:

1. Duodenum: ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

2. Jejunum: _____________________________________________________

3. Ileum: ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________



and 18.

4: Pancreas:

Secretes pancreatic juices into ________________ via the pancreatic duct.

Contains digestive juices and is _______________which _______________

acidic chyme from___________________.

Also secretes the hormones ________________and_________________to

help control blood glucose levels.

5: Spleen:

Endocrine gland and plays a role in the_____________________.

E: Large intestine (F: rectum and G: anus)

Consist of four parts:

1. Caecum: ______________________________________________________

2. Colon: ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

3. Rectum: ______________________________________________________

4. Anus: ________________________________________________________

END OF DAY 2





DAY 3:

► Complete page 9 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides 19

and 20

»Activity 1: Match the description with the term by writing the letter of the

description in the appropriate space.

DATE:


► Complete page 10 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slides

19 and 20.

4. Processes involved in human

nutrition in comparison to

alimentary canal

At number 1 you looked at 5 different processes of nutrition: ingestion, digestion,

absorption, assimilation and egestion. [varkie]

We will be looking at each one in more detail to link it with the alimentary canal.

A: INGESTION

Taking up__________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

B: DIGESTION

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Two types:

1. __________________________

2. __________________________

_



21 to 23

Mechanical digestion:

Occurs during:

________________(chewing): process of chewing to soften the food, mix it

with saliva, increase surface area for chemical digestion and form a bolus.

_________________: process whereby bolus moves along the alimentary

canal. Mucus in the saliva lubricates the bolus to help it move along smoothly

Chemical digestion:

During chemical digestion, _____________break down large molecules into smaller

more ______________________so that it can be___________________.

Enzymes occur in digestive juices secreted into the _____________(saliva),

___________(gastric juices) and __________________ (intestinal juices and

pancreatic juices)

Enzymes can be grouped as carbohydrases, proteases or lipases according to

whether they act on carbohydrates; proteins of lipids.

Please note:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________


► Complete page 12 of your Workbook using the Teacher’s guidelines slide

24.

Table showing different enzymes involved in chemical digestion:

Enzyme type Place

produced

Substrate pH End product

Carbohydrates

Proteases

Lipases

END OF DAY 3





DAY 4:


and 26.

C: ABSORPTION:

Proses _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Most absorption happens in the small intestine:

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

»Activity 2: Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a villus

DATE:



to 29.

Outer layer of villus is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells.

On each epithelial cell we find micro-villi – forms a brush like border which

greatly increases the surface area.

Goblet cells: secrete mucus to lubricate and protect surface

Inside each villus is a network of blood capillaries for the absorption of

nutrients.

A lacteal, which is a capillary of the lymphatic system, is present for the

absorption of the products formed during fat digestion.

Hepatic portal system:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

These are then transported to the liver via the hepatic portal system.

The hepatic portal system _________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The nutrients are processed in the liver and then transported via the hepatic vein

from the liver via the inferior vena cava to the heart and then around the body

D: ASSIMILATION:

The word assimilation means “_____________________________________”.

The absorbed nutrients are taken form the blood and incorporated into cells to be

used for various functions.

________________: the main ‘fuel’ for cellular respiration (our main energy

source): excess glucose is stored in the liver a glycogen.

________________: used for the synthesis of proteins: excess amino acids

are not stored but are deaminated by the liver to form urea.

_________________: energy source, used as phospholipids in cell

membranes: excess is stored in adipose tissue under skin.



30.

E: EGESTION:

Process __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Faeces also contain water, mucus, bile pigments, bacteria and cells from the

intestinal wall.

END OF DAY 4




___________________________________________________________________

DAY 5:


31.

5. Homeostatic control

5.1 Hormonal control of blood sugar levels

Blood glucose levels are controlled by two hormones: insulin and glucagon.

These hormones are secreted by the islets of Langerhans, which is found in

the pancreas.

A negative feedback mechanism ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

DATE:



32 and 33.

5.2 Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a condition where the pancreas does not secrete sufficient

insulin, resulting in blood glucose level being too high.

There are two types of diabetes mellitus:

Type 1: usually develops in a child of adolescent. It occurs when the pancreas stops

producing insulin. It is usually caused by genetic factors, and is not related to diet.

Type 2: is more common in adults. It occurs when the pancreas does not produce

sufficient insulin for the body’s needs. Possible causes include an inactive lifestyle,

bad eating habits, lack of exercise and obesity related to diet.



34.

Symptoms:

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

If the level of glucose in the blood is high over a long period this may lead to brain

and/or kidney damage and failure, blindness. Blood circulation in the hand and feet

are poor. A patient may go into a coma and even die.

END OF DAY 5





DAY 6:

» Activity 3: Test yourself: Human nutrition: organs and their functions.

DATE:


» Activity 4: Test yourself: Processes involved in human nutrition


Activity 3: My mark ______ out of 20

Activity 4: My mark ______ out of 65

END OF DAY 6


IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE 50% FOR ACTIVITY 3 and 4 CONSIDER WORKING

THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.


DAY 7:

»Use the completed “My workbook”, the Teacher’s guidelines and page 162 -

193 in your textbook to complete the terminology list below.

DATE:


Terminology: My mark ______ out of 43

END OF DAY 7


IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE 50% FOR THE TERMINOLOGY, CONSIDER

WORKING THROUGH THE CONTENT AGAIN.

END OF TOPIC 5

topic 5 animal nutrition [mammals]

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