topic 4.1 species, communities &...
TRANSCRIPT
TOPIC 4.1 – SPECIES, COMMUNITIES& ECOSYSTEMS
4.1 – A – Organization
INTRO
IB BIO – 4.1 3Ecology is the study how organisms interact both with each other
and with their environments.
https://sasscer.files.wordpress.comhttps://sasscer.files.wordpress.com
Understandings
U1: Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Key Terms
Species
Fertile
IB BIO – 4.1 4Members of a species are organisms that can interbreed to produce
fertile offspring. This means that their children can have children.
https://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Earth-is-home-to-8.7-million-species.jpg
* Sometimes, members of
different species can breed, but
their hybrid offspring are sterile.
Understandings
U2: Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations.
Key Terms
Population
IB BIO – 4.1 5Populations are formed by multiple
members of a species living and
interacting in the same area.
Members of a species can be split
into different populations. If far
enough apart, the populations will
not be able to reproduce.
http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/images/320-lions-historic-range-map.jpg
Understandings
U7: A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other.
Key Terms
Community
IB BIO – 4.1 6
https://loatree.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/amazing-coral-reefs-12.jpg
Communities are formed by populations of different species that live
in the same area and that interact with each other.
The community in
this photo includes:
• All species of fish
• Sea turtle
• Coral
• Any microscope
organisms in the
area
Understandings
U8: A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment.
Key Terms
Ecosystem
Abiotic Factors
IB BIO – 4.1 7
https://https://aos.iacpublishinglabs.com/question/aq/1400px-788px/components-ecosystem_fd9af634cd7d4843.jpg
Ecosystems form from the interactions between a community and its
abiotic factors in the environment. These are the non-living aspects
such as terrain, temperature, light, weather, water, nutrients, etc.
What are the abiotic components here?
REVIE
WIB BIO – 4.1
Identify examples of: species, population, community &
abiotic factors
4.1 – B – Nutrition & Sustainability
Understandings
U3: Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods).
Key Terms
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
IB BIO – 4.1 10
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All organisms require a source of
organic nutrients, which are
needed for growth and
reproduction.
There are two types of methods
used to obtain these compounds:
• Heterotrophic - carbon
compounds are obtained from
other organisms (aka feeding
on others)
• Autotrophic – carbon
compounds are made from
CO2 and simple substances
(aka self feeding)
Understandings
U4: Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion.
Key Terms
Consumers
IB BIO – 4.1 11
https://4eso6phymodee.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/t2q08661.jpg
Consumers are a type of
heterotroph that feed on other
organisms.
The organisms they ingest can
either be alive or dead for a
short period of time.
They internally digest materials
and absorb products in their
digestive tracts.
Understandings
U5: Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion.
U6: Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion.
IB BIO – 4.1 12Detritivores are a type of
heterotroph that internally digest
detritus, which consists of
decomposing organic matter.
Saprotrophs are a type of
heterotroph that externally digest
detritus. They excrete digestive
enzymes and absorb the products.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Woodlice_in_tree_bark.jpg
Understandings
U9: Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment.
Key Terms
Inorganic Nutrients
IB BIO – 4.1 13
http://aven.amritalearning.com/userfiles/1/image/Photosynthesis_media.jpg
Autotrophs obtain necessary
elements in the form of inorganic
nutrients from the abiotic
environment (mostly soil/air).
These nutrients include:
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Water
• Nitrates
• Phosphorous
Understandings
U10: The supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient cycling.
Key Terms
Nutrient Cycling
IB BIO – 4.1 14
http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/images/resources/images-learning/module-2-figure-5-soil-nutrient-cycle/image
The supply of inorganic nutrients on Earth is maintained by nutrient
cycling. Nutrients cannot be made by organisms. Instead, they are
passed on through consumption, waste matter and decomposition.
Understandings
U11: Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time.
Key Terms
Sustainability
IB BIO – 4.1 15
http://dailysignal.com/wp-content/uploads/460310959.jpg
Sustainability refers to the ability of a system or process to continue
indefinitely. When resources are used faster than they can be
replaced, unsustainability results in resources being depleted.
For example, the human use
of fossil fuels in
unsustainable.
Since the resources are not
being replaced and use is
increasing, fuel sources will
eventually be depleted.
Understandings
U11: Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time.
Key Terms
Sustainability
IB BIO – 4.1 16
http://dailysignal.com/wp-content/uploads/460310959.jpg
It is possible for natural
ecosystems to be sustainable
over long periods of time
For this to happen there are
three requirements:
• Nutrients must be available
through the nutrient cycle
• Waste products of species
should be detoxified and
used by others
• Energy must be available,
usually from the sun or
heat
Skills
S2: Setting up sealed mesocosms to try to establish sustainability. (Practical 5)
Key Terms
Mesocosm
IB BIO – 4.1 17
https://www.philpoteducation.com/pluginfile.php/1202/mod_book/chapter/1142/4.2.1a.jpg
Sealed mesoscosms are enclosed
areas that can be used in ecological
experiments.
Setups like the one shown here can
be used to study the effects of
factors on the system as a whole.
Factors that might affect
sustainability include:
• Light availability
• Types and populations of
producer species
• Types and populations of
consumer species
REVIE
WIB BIO – 4.1 181. Describe heterotrophic and autotrophic methods of
nutrition.
2. Compare nutrition methods of saprotrophs and
detritivores.
3. Describe how autrophs obtain inorganic nutrients.
4. Describe the nutrient cycle.
5. Define sustainability
6. Outline the requirements for sustainability to occur
in natural ecosystems.