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Water conservation

1960 USA four-cent postal stamp:

Water Conservation

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Water efficiency

• Water efficiency can be defined as the

accomplishment of a function, task,

process, or result with the minimal amount

of water feasible, or an indicator of the

relationships between the amount of water

needed for a specific purpose and the

amount of water used, occupied ordelivered.[1] 

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• The goals of water conservation effortsinclude:

1. Sustainability. To ensure availability for futuregenerations, the withdrawal of fresh water from anecosystem should not exceed its natural replacementrate.

2. Energy conservation. Water pumping, delivery, andwastewater treatment facilities consume a significantamount of energy. In some regions of the world (forexample, California [3]) over 15% of total electricityconsumption is devoted to water management.

3. Habitat conservation. Minimizing human water usehelps to preserve fresh water habitats for local wildlife

and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the needto build new dams and other water diversioninfrastructure.

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• One fundamental consevation goal is universalmetering. The prevalence of residential water

metering varies significantly worldwide. Recentstudies have estimated that water supplies aremetered in less than 30% of UK households,[7] and about 61% of urban Canadian homes (as of2001).[8] Although individual water meters have

often been considered impractical in homes withprivate wells or in multifamily buildings, the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency estimates thatmetering alone can reduce consumption by 20to 40 percent.[9] In addition to raising consumerawareness of their water use, metering is alsoan important way to identify and localize waterleaks.

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• Water-saving technology for the home includes:

1. Low-flow shower heads (sometimes called energy-efficient shower heads as they also use less energy,due to less water being heated).[citation needed ]

2. Low-flush toilets and composting toilets. These have adramatic impact in the developed world, as conventionalWestern toilets use large volumes of water.

3. Dual flush toilets created by Caroma includes twobuttons or handles to flush different levels of water.Dual flush toilets use up to 67% less water thanconventional toilets.

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7. Rainwater harvesting 

8. High-efficiency clothes washers 

9. Weather-based irrigation controllers

10.Garden hose nozzles that shut off water whenit is not being used, instead of letting a hoserun.

11. Automatic faucet is a water conservation faucet

that eliminates water waste at the faucet. Itautomates the use of faucets without the usingof hands.

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Overhead irrigation, center pivot

design

Overhead irrigation, center pivot designOverhead irrigation, center pivot design

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For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means

minimizing losses due to evaporation, runoff  or subsurfacedrainage. An evaporation pan can be used to determine

how much water is required to irrigate the land. Flood

irrigation, the oldest and most common type, is often very

uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive

excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other

parts. Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or lateral-

moving sprinklers, gives a much more equal and controlled

distribution pattern. Drip irrigation is the most expensive and

least-used type, but offers the best results in deliveringwater to plant roots with minimal losses.

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Minimum Water Network Target

and Design

• The Cost effective minimum water network is aholistic framework/guide for water conservationthat helps in determining the minimum amountof freshwater and wastewater target for anindustrial or urban system based on the watermanagement hierarchy i.e. it considers allconceivable methods to save water. Thetechnique ensure that the designer desired

payback period is satisfied using SystematicHierarchical Approach for Resilient ProcessScreening (SHARPS) technique.

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