topic 1 intro to sql server
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7/25/2019 TOPIC 1 Intro to SQL Server
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HIGHER DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Database Systems
Topic 1: Introduction to SQL Server
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• At the end of the topic, participants should be able to – derive an overview of the features provided by the SQL
Server
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Introduction
• hat is a Database – A collection of !elated data
– A lo"ically coherent collection of data with some inherent
meanin"
– Is desi"ned, built and populated with data for a specific
purpose
– #as an intended "roup of user and some preconceived
applications in which these users are interested
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Introduction
• Database $ana"ement System %D&$S' – A collection of pro"rams that enables users to create and
maintain a database %software'
– A "eneral(purpose software system that facilitates the
processes of definin", constructin" and manipulatin"
databases for various applications
– )*amples of D&$S, +racle Database, +racle Database
Tools, $icrosoft SQL Server, Sybase Database
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Introduction
• $icrosoft SQL Server --. relational database en"ine is ahi"hly scalable, reliable en"ine for storin" data/
• The SQL Server --., )nterprise )dition can support "roups of
database servers that cooperate to form terabyte(si0ed
databases accessed by thousands of concurrent users
• Its database en"ine is able to dynamically ac2uire3releaseresources dependin" on the number of users connectin" to the
database
• )asy to administer usin" the "raphical user interface %45I'
administration utilities
%database en"ine enables D&$S to run data'
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Introduction
• !eliable %minimum down time'• Administrative actions without restartin"
• Inte"ration with indows --. and indows 6T7 failover
clusterin" to define virtual servers that 8eep runnin" even if
one of the physical servers in the node fails
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Introduction
• #i"hly Secure – Lo"in authentication can be inte"rated with indows
Authentication
• Therefore no passwords are stored in SQL Server or
sent across the networ8 where they could be read by
networ8 sniffers
– Sites can set up 9(level auditin" of all users accessin" a
database, and can use Secure Soc8ets Layer %SSL'
encryption to encrypt all data transferred between
applications and the database/
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Introduction
• Distributed 2uery feature of the database en"ine – allows access to data usin" +L) D&
– The tables of the remote +L) D& data source can be
referenced in Transact(SQL statements ust li8e tables that
actually reside in a SQL Server database
– ;ull(te*t search feature allows you to perform sophisticated
pattern matches a"ainst te*tual data stored in SQL Server
databases or indows files/
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Introduction
• The relational database en"ine is capable of storin" detailedrecords of all the transactions "enerated by the top online
transaction processin" %+LT<' systems
• The en"ine can also support the demandin" processin"
re2uirements for fact tables and dimension tables in the lar"est
online analytical %+LA<' data warehouses• Internet Inte"ration
– includes inte"rated =$L support
– scalability, availability, and security features re2uired to
operate as the data stora"e component of the lar"est
websites
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Feature o! S"L Ser#er $%%&
• SQL Server --. pro"rammin" model is inte"rated with theindows D6A architecture for developin" eb applications
• Supports features such as )n"lish Query and the $icrosoft
Search Service to incorporate user(friendly 2ueries and
powerful search capabilities in eb applications
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Feature o! S"L Ser#er $%%&
• Scalability and Availability – Same database en"ine can be used across platforms
ran"in" from mobile palmtop, laptop computers runnin"
$icrosoft indows7 =<3>ISTA throu"h lar"e,
multiprocessor servers runnin" $icrosoft indows --.
Data 9enter )dition – )nterprise )dition supports features such as federated
servers, inde*ed views, and lar"e memory support that
allow it to scale to the performance levels re2uired by the
lar"est websites/
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Feature o! S"L Ser#er $%%&
• )nterprise(Level Database ;eatures
– Database en"ine supports the features re2uired to support
demandin" data processin" environments
– The database en"ine protects data inte"rity while minimi0in"
the overheads of mana"in" thousands of users modifyin" thedatabase concurrently
– SQL Server --. distributed 2ueries allows referencin" data
from multiple sources as if it were a part of a SQL Server --.
database, while at the same time, the distributed transaction
support protects the inte"rity of any updates of the distributed
data
– !eplication allows one to maintain multiple copies of data,
while ensurin" that the separate copies remain synchroni0ed
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Feature o! S"L Ser#er $%%&
• )ase of installation, deployment, and use – includes a set of administrative and development tools that
improve upon the processes of installin", deployin",
mana"in", and usin" SQL Server
– supports a standards(based pro"rammin" model inte"rated
with the indows D6A, ma8in" the use of SQL Serverdatabases and data warehouses a seamless part of buildin"
powerful and scalable systems
– allows rapid deliverin" SQL Server applications that
customers can implement with a minimum of installation
and administrative overheads
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Feature o! S"L Ser#er $%%&
• Data warehousin" – includes tools for e*tractin" and analy0in" summary data
for online analytical processin"
– includes tools for visually desi"nin" databases and
analy0in" data usin" )n"lish(based 2uestions
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• SQL Server?s database en"ine is the primary server applicationin the SQL Server pac8a"e
• ;ollowin" are the main responsibilities of the database en"ine:
– <rovide reliable stora"e for data sent to the en"ine
– <rovide a means to rapidly access this data rapidly
– <rovide consistent access to the data
– 9ontrol access to the data throu"h security
– )nforce data(inte"rity rules to ensure the data actually
means somethin"
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• SQL Server )nterprise $ana"er
– The )nterprise $ana"er is the central console from which
most database(mana"ement tas8s can be coordinated
• SQL )nterprise $ana"er %SQL()$' provides a sin"le interface
from which all servers in a company can be mana"ed• The Service $ana"er is a small applet that allows easy control
of several 8ey SQL services:
– SQL Server, the database en"ine
– SQL A"ent, a ob scheduler
– SQL Search, a full(te*t search en"ine
– +LA< Server, a separate service used for warehousin"
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• SQL Server A"ent – The SQL Server A"ent is an inte"rated schedulin" tool that
allows convenient e*ecution of scheduled scripts and
maintenance obs
– It is re2uired to use of replication services
– The a"ent also handles automated alerts, for e*ample, if the
database runs out of space
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• The A"ent is a indows service that runs on the same machineas the SQL Server en"ine
– controlled throu"h either the SQL()$ or
– ordinary indows service mana"er
– the A"ent is confi"ured throu"h the )nterprise $ana"er by
drillin" down throu"h the SQL Server instance @
$ana"ement @ SQL Server A"ent
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• SQL Query Analy0er – The Query Analy0er is the easiest place to run SQL scripts
• )ach window in the Query Analy0er represents a
connection to a database
• Able to have connections to many different servers
– obect browser3template mana"er and
– an inte"rated stored procedure debu""er
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• SQL <rofiler – The SQL <rofiler is a client tool that captures the 2ueries
and results flowin" to and from the server
– It is analo"ous to a networ8 sniffer
– <rofiler has the ability to capture and save a complete
record of all the traffic passed to the server
– A series of filters is useful for parin" down the results when
you want to drill down to a sin"le connection or even a
sin"le 2uery/
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• The SQL <rofiler can be used to perform these helpful tas8s: – Steppin" throu"h problem 2ueries to find the cause of the
problem
– ;indin" and dia"nosin" slow(runnin" 2ueries
– 9apturin" the series of SQL statements that lead to a
problem/ The saved trace can then be used to replicate the
problem on a test server where the problem can be
dia"nosed
– $onitorin" the performance of SQL Server to tune
wor8loads
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• Inte"ration Services – is a powerful tool used to move data from one form to
another
– If the file was relatively uniform and strai"htforward, you
mi"ht be able to use a command(line &9< pro"ram to
import, or bul8(copy your data inside
– )lse, you mi"ht have to resort to a simple >& pro"ram to
parse out each line and insert it into the SQL Server
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• !eplication – is a server(based tool that allows data to be synchroni0ed
between two or more databases
– It can send data from one SQL Server to another, or it can
include +racle, Access, or any other database that is
accessible via +D&9 or +L)D&
• SQL Server supports three 8inds of replication:
– Snapshot replication
– Transactional replication
– $er"e replication
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• Snapshot !eplication – Ta8es a picture, or snapshot, of the published data in the
database at one moment in time
– The simplest type of replication, and it "uarantees latent
consistency between the <ublisher and Subscriber
– $ost appropriate in read(only application scenarios such as
loo8(up or code tables, or in decision support systems in
which data latency re2uirements are not strict and data
volumes are not e*cessive
– 9an be on a scheduled basis or on demand
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• Analysis %+LA<' Services connects to one or more SQL Serverdatabases containin" a data warehouse
• &ased on the criteria you select, data cubes are created on this
data to allow powerful searches, called data minin"
• The Analysis %+LA<' Services client tool assists in the addition
of new data to the warehouse and allows schedulin" of cubeupdates
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S"L Ser#er En#iron'ent
• +LA< is commonly used to perform the followin" tas8s: – Trend analysis to forecast the future trends
– 9ombine otherwise disconnected variables to "ain insi"hts
into past performance
– <erform offline summaries of commonly used data points
for instant access via eb or custom interface
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NE(T SESSION
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