Topic – 04

Part I Developing research methodology:

from conceptual modeling to econometrics modeling

An exampleOrganizational justice (OJ) and job satisfaction (JS)

If research question is:Whether OJ affects employees’ JS

OJi JSJS = f(OJi) = F(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ)

If research question is:Whether education (ED) moderates OJ – JS

relationship

ED

OJi JS

JS = f(OJi, ED, OJi x ED)

If research question is:Whether experience (EX) mediates OJ – JS

relationship

OJi EX JS

EX = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ)JS = f(DJ, PJ, IJ, InJ, EX)

Part II

Data collection methods

Collecting secondary data(secondary/published sources)

Questionnaire: how to use

Figure 11.1 Types of questionnaire

Opinion variable: This type of variable records what respondents feel about something or what they think or believe is true or false (opinion).Example: How do you feel about the following statement? ‘Financial advisors should place their clients’ interest before their own’.

Behavior variable: This type of variable records what respondents actually do (behavior).Example: How often do you place your clients’ interest before your own?

Attribute variable: Variable that records data about respondents’ characteristics, in other words things they possess, such as age, gender, marital status, education, occupation and income.Example: How old are you?

When designing individual questions, researchers can adopt one of the three techniques, namely:

• Adopt questions used in other questionnaires

• Adapt questions used in other questionnaires

• Develop their own questions

(Bourque and Clark, 1994; Saunders et al. , 2011, p.374)

Types of individual questions

• Open-ended questions• Question allowing respondents to give answers in their own way.

• Close-ended questions• Question that provides a number of alternative answers from

which the respondent is instructed to choose.• Types of closed-questions

• List questions {

• Category questions {Examples

• Ranking questions {on the

• Scale or rating questions {next

• Quantity-questions {slides

• Grid questions {

Open questions

Please list up to three things you like about your job

1…………………………………………

2…………………………………………

3…………………………………………

List questions

What is your religion?Please tick the appropriate box

Buddhist None Christian Other Hindu Jewish Muslim Sikh

Category questions

How often do you visit the shopping centre?Interviewer: listen to the respondent’s answer and tick as appropriate

First visit Once a week Less than fortnightly to once a month 2 or more times a week Less than once a week to fortnightly Less often

Ranking questions

Please number each of the factors listed below in order of importance to you in choosing a new car. Number the most important 1, the next 2 and so on. If a factor has no importance at all, please leave blank.

Factor ImportanceCarbon dioxide emissions [ ]Size [ ]Depreciation [ ]

Price [ ]

)

Rating questions

For the following statement please tick the box that matches your view most closely

Agree Tend to agree Tend to disagree Disagree

I feel employees’ views have influenced the decisions takenby management

)

Quantity questions

What is your year of birth?

(For example, for 1988 write: )

1

1

9

9 8 8

Questions & Questionnaire: design

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E

Bad Question: Recall; Dependent

Bad: Double Barreled

Bad: Loaded question; an emotional issue for

women

Bad: Social Desirability; Suggestive

Bad Question: Leading or Suggestive Question

Good Question: No problem with the wording

Question wording

‘Checklist for question wording’ given in Box 10.1 (attached)

helps avoid the most obvious problems associated with

wording

Question ordering ‘Checklist for question

order’given in Box 10.2

(attached)helps arrange questions in

a logical order

Questionnaire layout

‘Checklist for questionnaire layout’

given in Box 10.3 (attached)helps frame an appropriate

layout of questionnaire