toolbox of migration-related elements for the city ... · • operationalguidelines stemming from...

YEARS

TOOLBOX OFMIGRATION-RELATED

ELEMENTS FOR THE CITYRESILIENCE STRATEGY

Consultation Document

MiGRATIONGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK

TOOLBOX OF MIGRATION-RELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE CITY RESILIENCE STRATEGY2

CONTENTS

IRATIONALE AND APPROACH

1. Sources 2. Goals 3.Policyobjectives

IIWORKING DEFINITIONS

IIIESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Recommendationsatthenationallevel;atthecitylevel;andoperationalguidelines

1. International standards and the fulfilment of migrants’rights

2.Evidenceandwhole-of-governmentapproaches3.Safe,orderlyanddignifiedmigration4.Effectiveresponsestothemobilitydimensionsofcrises5.Socioeconomicwell-beingofmigrantsandsociety6.Partnerships

TOOLBOX OF MIGRATION-RELATED ELEMENTS FOR THE CITY RESILIENCE STRATEGY 3

IRATIONALE AND APPROACH

Internal and international migrants largelymove to urban destinations.IOM’s World Migration Report (2015) shows this will increasingly bethe case: cities growbecauseofmigration, andurbanplanningwithoutmigration is irrelevant and lacks the necessary practical approaches toaddress the challenges thatmunicipalities face. However,municipalitiesare largely not involved inmigration policy processes and are too littlein contactwith institutions thatwould support themwith the requiredexpertise.

ThekeystrengthofIOM’sexpertiseisitscapacitytolookatmigrationfromaholisticandintegratedway.Thisdocumentprovidesasetofprioritizedrecommendations and operational guidelines to build and strengthencity’s overall resilience to acute shocks and chronic stresses. It bringstogetherthemigration-relevantelementsforactionatthecitylevelfromthefollowingsources:

1. Sources

• Overall framework, and components at the urban level from theIOM Migration Governance Framework,whichsetsouttheessentialelementstosupportplannedandwell-managedmigration.TheMiGOFrecognizesthataStateretainsthesovereignrighttodeterminewhoentersandstaysonitsterritoryandunderwhatconditions,withintheframework of international law. At the sametime,with cities beingthedestinationofmigrantjourneys,localauthoritiesbuildpolicyandurbanplanningthatcanprotectmigrantsandfacilitatetheirintegrationinthecommunity.

• Evidenceandgoodpracticesfromthe IOM“World Migration Report 2015 – Migrants and Cities: New Partnerships to Manage Mobility” onhowmigrationandmigrantsareshapingcitiesandhowthelifeofmigrantsisshapedbycities,theirpeople,organizationsandrules.

I. RATIONALE AND APPROACH4

• KeypolicypointsofconsensusfromtheIOMConference on Migrants and Cities (CMC), 26–27 October 2015, which brought togetherministers, mayors, provincial and local administrations, NGOs andacademia,overallmore than600participants todebate for thefirsttimeinaglobalpolicyforumthecomplexdynamicsofhumanmobilityincitiesandassesshowchallengescanbemanagedanddevelopmentopportunitiesmaximized.

• Considerationsofcross-cuttingnaturefromtheIOMandJointMigrationand Development Initiative (JMDI)White Paper on “Mainstreaming Migration into Local Development Planning and Beyond”,whichaimsto provide a thorough analysis of what has been done thus far inmainstreamingmigrationatthelocallevel,andallowsforastocktakingoffunctioningpracticestopaintaglobalpictureofworkingprocesses,lessonslearnedandpolicyrecommendationsforfuturemainstreamingexercises.

• TheAnnualMayoralForumonMobility,MigrationandDevelopment,a city-led initiative aimed at providing a globally relevant space formayorsandmunicipalleadershiptostrategizeonhowtosuccessfullymanage diversity for sustainable urban development. Following itslaunch in Barcelona in 2014, the Second Mayoral Forum was heldin Quito, Ecuador on 12–13 November 2015. It culminated in thereleaseoftheQuitoLocalAgenda,whichservestooutlineconcreteareaswherecities,regionsandcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs)cancontribute to the implementation of the migration-related targetsof the SDGs within the framework of 11 Established Action Areas.The thirdMayoral Forum is set to take place inQuezon City in thePhilippineson29–30September2016.

• OperationalguidelinesstemmingfromtheworkoftheIASC Reference Group on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, whichgenerates knowledge and expertise on humanitarian responsesin urban settings and addresses potential new challenges in suchcontexts,includingthroughitsWorkPlan2015–2017.


• TheUrban Track to the World Humanitarian Summit,which reflectson the impactofurbanizationonhumanitarian responseandworksto identify anewmodel that candeliver amoreeffective, efficient,accountableandinnovativeresponsetotheneedsofthecityanditspopulation.

• OutcomesoftheGlobal Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) Cluster Retreat 2015 on Localising CCCM Response toreflectonthewaysinwhichtheclustercanworktowardsamore“localized”preparedness and response. CCCM is cross-cutting in nature andapplies to all types of communal settlements, namely plannedcamps,collectivecentres,self-settledcampsandreceptionortransitcentres.Itsroleistoensureeffectivemanagementandcoordinationofhumanitarian response in campsaccording to standards, supporttheidentificationofgaps,facilitateinformationsharingandultimatelyadvocateforadequateandtimelyinterventionbyrelevantactors.

• Relevantoutcomesof the2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals, including the “Goal 11” dedicated to cities and humansettlements calling for “mak(ing) cities and human settlementsinclusive,safe,resilientandsustainable”.

• RelevantoutcomesoftheAddis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Developmentof theThird InternationalConferenceonFinancing forDevelopment.

• Relevant outcomes of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,adoptedattheThirdUNWorldConferenceinSendai,Japan,on18March2015.ConceivedtogivefurtherimpetustotheglobalworkundertheInternationalFrameworkforActionfortheInternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReductionof1989,andtheYokohamaStrategyforaSaferWorld:GuidelinesforNaturalDisasterPrevention, Preparedness and Mitigation and its Plan of Action,adoptedin1994andtheInternationalStrategyforDisasterReductionof1999.

• Relevantoutcomesofthe21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

I. RATIONALE AND APPROACH6

• ExamplesfromIOM’sworkatthecitylevelfromtheIOM Policy Brief to the Rockefeller foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities,toillustrateprojectswithatrackrecordofhowmigrationisrelevanttoandhelpsbuildurbanresilience,whetheritrelatestochronicstressesandacuteshocks.

Thefollowingoverarchinggoalsandpolicyobjectiveshavebeenidentified:

2. Goals

a. Cities are recognized as both policymakers and managers of the entire population under their jurisdictioninamannerthatbuildson their responsibilities and functional capacity. This includesclarityaroundcities’roleinthecontextofthenationalframeworksandcoherentlinkswithfundingmodels,coordinationanddeliveryofholisticandlong-termobjectives.

b. Cities are equipped with comprehensive tools to manage migration well,inbothnormaltimesandcrises,aswellastoputthemeasuresinplacetomaximizethedevelopmentoutcomesofmigrantsforthebenefitofall.Atthecoreofthisliesanimprovedunderstanding of the city and all its inhabitants’ needs andaspirations,throughanalysisandmappingappropriateforurbansettings.

c. IOM and partners pool knowledge and resources to support cities’ efforts of building urban resilience.Investinginpartnershipswithawide rangeof actors, including urbanplanners, private sectorandlocalmunicipalities.

3. Policy objectives

a. Provide guiding principles on how to implement sustainable migration policy and management measures which complement and are supported by all governance structures – national, provincial and local governments.Municipalitiesarelargelynotinvolvedinmigrationpolicyprocessesandaretoolittleincontactwith institutions that would support them with the required


expertise. This document provides a credible starting point formigration governance at the city level.Whilemigration policiestendtobeimplementedatthenationallevel,localdevelopmentplansshouldarticulatetherealneedsofpeople,particularlythepoorandmarginalized.

b. Target data collection and development of solutions to geographical areas where migrants and communities interact, such as where migrants originate from, live, work, pass through or return to, that can lead to increased vulnerability.Vulnerabilityamong migrants stems not only from individual but also fromstructural and environmental factors specific to a location,includingtherelationshipbetweenmigrantandlocalpopulations.Supportingmigrationmanagementfromanarea-basedapproachtoprogrammingandcoordinationincorporatesthedifferentscalesasrelevantfortheurbancontext,adaptstotheinterrelatednessofmultiplesectors.

c. Formulate comprehensive operational guidelines to align and combine humanitarian and development funding and migration management efforts in understanding urban risk, preventing and responding to urban crises.Migrationisrelevanttomanyissuescitiesmustmanage, linked to social cohesionandequity;urbanframeworksandplanning; spatialdevelopment; jobs, livelihoodsand the urban economy; the environment, climate change andurbanresilience;andhousingandbasicservices.

d. Support local solutions to migration, where possible, and move from a mindset of supply to one of strengthening existing functional governance systems.Thismeansbetterrecognizingandleveraging the different capacities and comparative advantagesof local,nationaland internationalactors,andallows relyingonthe capabilities and resources that are already in place in citiesratherthanrecreatingorduplicatingsystems.Itentailsbuildingoncopingmechanismsofthedifferentindividualsandcommunitiesthathaveprovenfunctionalvalueandthusavoiddependencytoexternalsupport.Itmeanscreatinggovernancemechanismsthataretrulyinclusiveandhavethecapacitytorespondtotheneedsofallcategoriesofpopulationandfosteraparticipatoryenvironment.

II. WORKING DEFINITIONS8

IIWORKING DEFINITIONS

AmigrantisanypersonwhoismovingorhasmovedacrossaninternationalborderorwithinaStateaway fromhis/herhabitualplaceof residence,andhis/herchildren,regardlessof(1)aperson’slegalstatus;(2)whetherthemovement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the causes for themovementare;or(4)whatthelengthofthestayis.

Urban Resilienceisthecapacityofindividuals,communities,institutions,businesses,andsystemswithinacitytosurvive,adapt,andgrownomatterwhatkindsofchronicstressesandacuteshockstheyexperience.

• Chronic stressesweakenthefabricofacityonadailyorcyclicalbasis.Examplesinclude:highunemployment,overtaxedorinefficientpublictransportation system, endemic violence, chronic food and watershortages.

• Acute shocksaresudden,sharpeventsthatthreatenacity.Examplesinclude:earthquakes,floods,diseaseoutbreaks,terroristattacks.

Inclusive

Safe

Sustainable


IIIESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

Recommendations at the national level; at the city level; and operational guidelines

TheIOMCounciladoptedat its106thSessionof24–27November2015aresolutionwhichwelcomestheMigrationGovernanceFrameworkandencouragesMemberStatestousetheMigrationGovernanceFrameworktoenhancetheirowngovernanceofmigrationandmobility,withsupportfromIOM.ThisisaneraofunprecedentedmobilityandIOMMemberStatesrecognized theneed to support coherent, comprehensive andbalancedapproachestomigration.Atthesametime,thereisnosingleconventionorframeworkpresentingacoherent,comprehensiveandbalancedapproachtomigrationgovernancewhichisalsopractical,concreteandconcise.

This paper is structured along the six essential elements of theMigration Governance Framework, and thereby aims to supportcities identify:a)elementsofnationalmigrationgovernancewhicharecomplementarytourbanmigrationmanagement;andb)elementsthroughwhichcitiescancontributetowell-governedmigration.

1. Adherence to international standards and the fulfilment of migrants’ rights.

Humane and orderly migration relies on compliance withinternationallaw.Theobligationtorespect,protectandfulfiltherights of individuals is paramount and applies to all individualswithin a State’s territory, regardless of nationality or migrationstatusandwithoutdiscrimination,inordertopreservetheirsafety,physicalintegrity,well-beinganddignity.

III. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS10

Recommended response at the State level:

• Support compliancewith internationalmigration law: the nine corehuman rights treaties, the International Labour Organization (ILO)conventions and recommendations, the Convention relating tothe Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention), the United NationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime(UNCTOC)and itsprotocols,aswellasrelevantregionalinstruments,inparticularthosewithspecificreferencestomigrantsanddiscrimination;

• Pursueinternationalcooperationtoprotectandupholdmigrantrightsthroughoutthemigrationcycle;

• Promoteandenforcenon-discriminatorylawsandpolicies,protectingfundamentalfreedoms,andensuringpublicaccesstoinformation;

• Provideaccess totimelystatusdeterminationprocesses, justiceandlegalredress,regardlessofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;

• Abide by humanitarian principles when providing assistance andprotectiontoforcedmigrantsonnationalterritory;

• Enable a person to exercise his or her right to leave any country,including his or her own country, and to return to his or her owncountry,atanytime.

Recommended response at the city level:

• Policy planning and implementation of relevant action plans andstrategies, such as planson theprovisionof public housingor localstrategiestocombatracismandxenophobia,accesstohealthcareandeducation,anddisasterandemergencyplans;

• Legislativeandadvocacyroletodecriminalizeirregularmigrants,andturnmigrantdetentioncentresintomigrantreceptionandprocessingcentres;

• Implementationroleofanti-traffickinglawstoprotectmigrants;

• Implementation role of integration policies and initiatives that helpmigrantsintegratesmoothlyintosociety;


• Advocacy role to decriminalize irregular migrants, and criminalizeforcedlabour,traffickinginhumanbeingsandsmugglingofmigrants;

• Cross-cutting:

□ Incorporate child-oriented and genderperspectives intopoliciesandprogrammes;

□ Enactment of policies and programmes that bring no harmandalleviatemigrantvulnerability.

Operational guidelines:

• Ensureaccesstopersonalidentification,includingbirthregistration;

• Support adherence with the principles of equality and non-discrimination:

□ Ensureaccesstojusticeandlegalredress; □ Supportaccesstoprotectionmechanisms.

• Combatxenophobia,racismanddiscrimination;

• Combatunfairandunethicalinternationalrecruitmentpractices;

• Supportaccesstoschoolofmigrants’children;

• Supportmigrants’accesstohealthcare;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherighttosettleinthecity;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherightbuyproperty;

• Considerextendingmigrantstherighttoexercisepoliticalinfluence.

Examples:

Greece. IOMprovidesforvoluntaryreturnandreintegrationto irregularmigrants who want to return to their countries of origin. From theimplementationofthefirstprojectin2010to2014,over24,000migrantshave benefited from the project. Many of the assisted migrants arevulnerable,includingmigrantswithmedicalneeds,single-parentfamilies,elderlymigrantsandvictimsofhumantrafficking.


2. Rely on evidence and whole-of-government approaches.

Migration policy is often the subject of intense political debateandcanbebasedonpopulistsentiments.Migrationpolicymustbebasedonfactsandawell-foundedanalysisofthebenefitsandrisksthemovementofpeopleposestotheState.


• Investinconductingandcoordinatingresearchanddata;

• Createcooperationmechanismsandothercommunicationplatformstoincludeallministrieswithresponsibilitieslinkedtothemovementofpeople,suchaslabour,education,agriculture,commerce,industry,security,socialservices,health,gender,women,youth,defence, lawenforcement,foreignpolicy,tradepolicy,economicdevelopmentandgrowth.


• Createmechanisms,bothformalandinformal,topromoteandsupportthedialoguebetweenthenationalandthelocal/regionallevel,aswellas among local/regional actors across the territories to ensure thesustainabilityofpolicymakingbyensuringitsintegrationintonational/regional/locallegislation:

□ cleardecision-makingroles; □ creatingdedicatedinstitutionalizedbudgetstructures.

• CooperatewithNationalStatisticsInstitutesandothercity-hosteddatabasestoidentifymigrants,includingfortriangulationofdata.

• Enhancedatacollection,particularly:

□ Area-based,toallowformoretailoredapproachesthattakeintheuniquelocalcontexts;

□ Qualitative,leveragingtheproximityofthepopulation; □ Beyond traditional methods, by integrating migrant voices, big

data.


• Integrate assessments and scenarios of incoming and outgoingpopulationflows(quantitiesbutalsocharacteristics)intoplanningofurban development, including housing and infrastructure, essentialservices and opportunities, and governance and representationstructures.

• Use data for monitoring and evaluation to facilitate more rapidadjustmentofpublicpolicies.

• Promotingtheuseoftoolsthatreflectexistingandfuturediversityincityplanninganddecision-making,aswellas in themanagementofthecity’sfunctions.

• Considering the mobility impacts of urban land-use changes andinvestments,andhowthataffectsdistributionofpeople,andfurtherdriveslanduse,demandforservices,etc.

• Sharethedatawiththewiderpublic.


• Identify unregistered migrants to understand and respond to theirspecificneedsowingto:

□ personalcharacteristics(e.g.age,gender,sexualorientation); □ circumstances(e.g.victimoftraffickingorotherviolence,extreme

poverty,refugee,separatedfromfamily,stranded); □ legalstatus(e.g.regular,undocumented,irregular,dependent).

• Collect, analyse and use data and information that is disaggregatedupdatedandsufficient.

Examples:

Greece. IOM provides training to front-line professionals including lawenforcement, labour inspectorsandhealthproviderson identificationofvictimsofhumantrafficking,withspecialemphasistowomenandchildren.IOM Greece has implemented several awareness raising campaigns towarnpotentialvictimsoftheriskofexploitationandcampaignstoeducatepotentialconsumers. IOMGreecehasorganizedmulti-disciplinarycross-border meetings for judges, prosecutors, law enforcement and civilsocietiestoencourageopencommunicationandcommonsolutions.


3. Build Partnerships.

By their very nature, migration and mobility implicate multipleactors:Statesandtheirneighbours,subnationalauthorities,localcommunities, migrants and their families, diasporas, employersand unions. In addition, there are dozens of intergovernmentaland non-governmental organizationswhosemandates touch onmigration and humanitarian action. Governing migration wellrequirespartnershipstobroadentheunderstandingofmigration,andtodevelopcomprehensiveandeffectiveapproaches.


• Maintain close international partnerships with other countries,including:immediateneighbours;significantcountriesoforigin,transitanddestinationfornationalsorforarrivingmigrants;countrieswhicharehometothediaspora;othercountriesinregionaltradingblocs;

• Maintain close partnerships with international and regionalorganizations whose mandates touch on migration and migration-relatedissuesandprovidehumanitariananddevelopmentassistance,includingmembersoftheGlobalMigrationGroup;

• Engage in global and regional consultative processes, such as theGlobalForumonMigrationandDevelopmentandIOM’sInternationalDialogue on Migration with other countries and internationalorganizations;

• Adaptmigrationpolicies to accommodate to, not control or restrictmigration.


• Maintainclosepartnershipswithgovernmentsandauthoritiesatthesubnationallevel,includingcityauthorities;


• Engage all partners at the subnational level (government agencies,CSOs,non-governmentalorganizations,employers,unions,diasporas,migrantassociations,academia),ensuringthatthoseentitiesconsultedarerepresentativeoftheentirepopulationconcerned.


• Set-upmulti-stakeholderconsultationmechanismsand/orinstitutionalcoordinatingbodies;

• Ensuretheparticipationofmigrantsinlocaldecision-makingprocessesandthroughoutmainstreamingprocesses;

• Supportthestructuringandstrengtheningofmigrantassociationsaswellasthemechanismsthatenhancetheircapacities.

Examples:

The Philippines. The project “Mainstreaming Migration in LocalDevelopmentPlans:APilot Project for thePhilippines”was initiatedbyIOMPhilippines,inpartnershipwiththeDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG)andtheCityGovernmentofNagainearly2011.Themultisectoralconsultationsincludinglocalgovernment,theprivatesector,civilsocietyorganizations,FilipinomigrantworkersfromNaga–oneoutoftenhouseholdsinthecityhasafamilymemberworkingabroad–identifiedkeymigration-related issues and concerns to be addressed in theCity’sten-yeardevelopmentplan.Recommendationshave informed theCity’sComprehensiveDevelopmentPlan(CDP).

Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. In the smallislanddevelopingStates(SIDS)oftheFederatedStatesofMicronesiaandtheMarshallIslands,effortstoreducedisasterriskhavetotakeintoaccountawideseriesofnaturalhazards,aswellas theeffectsofenvironmentalchange. IOMworkswithcivil societyorganizationsat themunicipalandlocallevelsinthesixmainpopulationcentres(i.e.Majuro,Ebeye,Kosrae,Pohnpei,ChuukandYap)toincreasetheirdisasterresponsecapacityandcoordinationmechanisms.TheOrganizationalsoassistslocalorganizationsin conducting hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessments and in


compilingmulti-hazardDRMplansthatarelinkedtoState-levelplans.InordertofurthersupportgovernmenteffortsintheimplementationoftheclimatechangeagreementandDRRnationalpoliciesandstrategies,IOMistargetingapproximately10,000school-agestudentsin50schoolswiththeClimate Adaptation andDisaster Risk Reduction and Education (CADRE)Programme. CADRE aims to support the adaptation and preparednessstrategies of schools and communities that are vulnerable to climatechangeandnaturalhazards,andatempoweringthemto independentlycopewithandrespondtonaturaldisasters.

Greece. IOM iscommittedtoamultidisciplinaryapproach tocombatinghumantraffickingandworkscloselywithgovernmentauthorities,includingmunicipal authorities, NGOs, IOM missions and civil societies in theorigincountriestoprovidedirectassistancetovictimsoftrafficking.IOMGreeceundertakes riskassessmentsand togetherwith thevictimdraftsreintegration plans including ongoing provision of health, psychosocialcareandlegalcounselling.

4. Enable socioeconomic well-being of migrants and society.

Poverty, instability, lack of access to education or other basicservices are only some of the factors that can push individualstomigrate.Thosewhoarepushedtomigrate–unlikethosewhochoosetomigrate–maybemorelikelytodosounderundesirableor dangerous conditions, including by accessing the services ofunethical recruiters, smugglers or traffickers. This has negativeconsequencesformigrantsandforcommunitiesoforigin,transitanddestination,andunderminesothereffortstogovernmigrationwell.Governingmigrationwellwouldthereforemeanpromotingstability,educationandemploymentopportunitiesand reducingthedriversofforcedmigration,includingbypromotingresilience,therebyenablingindividualstomakethechoicebetweenstayingormigrating.



Evenifthedriversofforcedmigrationwereeliminated,individualswouldstillchoosetomove,forexample,toseekdifferentorgreateropportunitiesor to reunite with their families. A State would still normally want tomanagemigrationinawaythatadvancesitsdomesticinterests,includingrespondingtolabourmarketneeds,buildingcommunitiesandsupportingsocial and cultural development. To achieve these objectives,migrationandrelatedlawandpolicyneedtobedesignednotonlytoenablemigrantstoparticipateinlocaleconomies,butalsotofosterstrongsocioeconomicoutcomesformigrantsandcommunitiesoforigin,transitanddestination.Thiswouldinclude:

• Adopting a variety of labour migration approaches, includingpermanent,temporaryandcircularmigration,forworkersofvariousskilllevels;

• Facilitatinginternationalstudentmigrationandfamilyreunification;

• Makingsocialbenefits–includingpensions–portable,andensuringregulationsdonothinder,butrathersupport,employersinensuringthatpension,healthandotherbenefitsareportable;

• Ensuringmigrantsanddisplacedpersonshaveaccesstolegalrecourse,includingforlandandpropertyclaims;

• Regulating employers and inspecting labour conditions so thatemployersfulfiltheirobligationstoemployees;

• Recognitionofdiplomasandqualifications.


• Integration. Cultural orientation, often language training and otherfacilitativemeasurescanhelpensurethatamigrantisabletointegrateharmoniouslyintolocalsociety;

• Employment and Skills Recognition.Adiversepopulationprovidesacompetitiveadvantageforalleconomies,inparticularsmalltomediumeconomies, and those seeking to compete internationally.Migrants


help drive economic growth through the culture, skills, languages,motivation and experience they bring. Cities can support migrantsthroughpre-employmentfacilitiessuchasplacementprograms,skillsretoolingandrecognitionoftheirdiplomasandothercertifications;

• Ensure that migrants have the same access as those registered tohealth care, social services, education and housing, regardless ofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;thisshouldbeavailabletoallresidents,notjustformalworkersorthroughformalemployment,includingthroughmechanismsof“alternativeregistration”;

• Promotecross-borderlabourmarketmatchingandtradeinservices;

• Adopt a variety of gender-sensitive labour migration approaches,includingpermanent,temporaryandcircularmigration,atvariousskilllevels;

• Promotestabilityandreducedriversofforcedmigration,includingbypromotingresilienceandreducingrisk;

• Implement regular lower-cost channels for remittance transfers,promotefinancialliteracyamongremittance-receivinghouseholds,andincreaseopportunitiesfordiasporainvestmentinhomecommunities;

• Accesstoqualityeducationthatisnonviolentandculturallysensitive,andeffective learningenvironments formigrants.Publicandprivateestablishmentsofhighereducation.Thisincludesbasicage-appropriatelanguageclassesformigrantsaswellasdiversitycampaignsinschoolsandforyouthforbothmigrantandnon-migrantpopulations.


Supportproductivework,bycitiesensuringtheeradicationofunscrupulousemployers and stimulating competition and access to better jobs formigrants:

• Ensuremigrantshavefairandnon-discriminatoryaccesstothelabourmarket,whichdepends inparton theextent towhichmigrantscanintegrate into theirnewcommunities– this requiresstrong, results-focused integration and social cohesion programmes, including forreturningmigrantsordisplacedpersons,whooftenneedreintegrationassistance;


• Ensuremigrants have adequate access to health care, psychosocialsupport,socialservices,education,basicpublicservicesandhousing,regardlessofgender,ageorotherdiversitycharacteristics;

• Facilitatelow-costchannelsforremittancesandsupportopportunitiesforinvestmentinhomecommunities;

• Maintainstrong,results-focused integration,reintegrationandsocialcohesionprogrammes, includingpost-arrival reintegrationassistanceandassistedvoluntaryreturns;

• Communicate to the public and stakeholders the domestic value ofmigrationandmobility;

• Provide information on regular migration channels and encourageregularization of irregular migrants through decriminalization ofirregularmigrants;

• Encourage formal labourmarketssector,discourageexitandreduceexploitation;

• Facilitateinternationalstudentmigration;

• Facilitatefamilyreunification;

• Ensurethatsocialbenefits–includingpensions–areportableandthattheapproachtointernationaltaxesisfairanddoesnotdiscriminateonthebasisofmigrationorresidencestatus;

• Provideaccesstolegalrecourse,includingforlandandpropertyclaims;

• Support socioeconomic development via strengthened diasporaengagement,throughskillandfinancialtransferprogramming,migrantentrepreneurshipandinnovation;

• Housingandpublicspaces:Mixed-useofurbanspaceswilloftenneedtobepromotedtoovercomesomeofthesocialbarriersandfacilitateinclusive;

• Perceptionsurveys,tobothmigrantsandsocietyasawhole,toidentifytheexclusionarymechanismsthatneedtobecountered;


• Provide access to medical services that are easily accessible andculturally sensitive and prevention and treatment. This includespsychosocial services. Also, safe, effective, quality, and affordableessential medicines and vaccines for all, with special attention tomaternalandfamilyhealth,andelderlypopulationsincities;

• Informationandservicesavailableinlanguagesofmigrants;

• Takingactionagainstprivateactorsthatchargeunreasonablefeesandregulatingrecruitersandrecruitmentagenciesintheirjurisdictions.

Examples:

Italy. IOM is the technical advisor of the project “V.I.S.I. Vulnerability,Integration,SupportandInclusionforvulnerablemigrants”assessingthepsychosocialwell-beingof refugees inRome.Theproject iscontributingto the development of an integratedmodel of rehabilitation and socialinclusion for vulnerable asylum-seekers and other services. It is alsosupportingthedevelopmentofbeneficiaries’skillsprofilesandCVswhilepromotingvocationaltrainingandjobplacement.Inparallel,theprojectiscreatingandstrengtheningtheRegionalHealthPublicServicesGrouponvulnerable asylum-seekerswith relevant stakeholders, promotingaccessto housing and health-services, including through synergies with otherregionalactorsandinstruments.

Italy. IOM’sproject “SocialHealth Integration for TCNs”project aims topromotehealth access formigrants, in particular access to vaccinationsservices available in Rome. In collaborationwith the ItalianMinistry ofHealth,theprojectisidentifyingtools,goodpractices,recommendationsto share with all the relevant stakeholders involved including healthauthorities’ and local municipalities’ services. This dialogue amongsthealth service, municipalities and migrants’ associations will createawarenessandwillimprovethecapacitiesofkeystakeholdersinreadingandassessinghealthneedsofvulnerablegroupsinabetterway.

Japan. The “Bridging schools” programme directly tackles the issues ofintegrationofmigrantchildrenandof theireducation–oneof thecorechallenges faced by migrant families. Due to the 2008–2009 economic


crisis,alargenumberofmigrantchildreninJapanwereforcedoutofschoolastheirparents losttheir jobsandcouldnolongeraffordtopayprivateschooltuition.ThroughthisprojectbridgingschoolsformigrantchildrenwillenablethemtostudytheJapaneselanguageandothersubjects.Theobjective is to encourage their smooth transfer to the Japanese publicschoolssystem,whichistuitionfree.

Multi-country - France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Hungary, Czechia, Poland.ThegoaloftheEuropeanproject“LocalCooperationforIntegration(ELCI)”wastofacilitaterelationsbetweenmigrantorganizationsandlocalandnationalauthoritiesinEUMemberStatesandtoencouragerelevantauthorities to involve thoseorganizations in their integration strategies.Theprogrammeassessedtherolethatmigrantassociationsalreadyplayinlocal-levelintegrationpolicymakingandcarriedoutacomparativestudyofmigrantorganizationactivityinFrance,Spain,Belgium,Italy,Germany,theNetherlands,Hungary,Poland,andCzechia.IOMimplementedtrainingsessionsforlocalandregionalintegrationauthoritiesaimedatenhancingtheir understanding of European integration principles, and organizedtransnationalvideoconferencemeetingsthatencouragedthesharingofbestpractices.

Haiti.Thelackofclearlandtenureinformationisoneofthemostsignificantchallenges to post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts.Landtenureinformationwasincomplete,unclearandoutdatedevenpriortothe2010earthquakeduetoinsufficientinstitutionalarrangementsandtheprevalenceof informalhousingsolutions.Thedevastationcausedbythe earthquake further complicated the picture by destroying existingarchivesanddocuments.Reconstructinghousing isprovingverydifficultintheabsenceofadequateinformationaboutwhoownswhichparcelofland,whichisslowingdowntheeffortstonormalizethelivesofmorethan350,000peoplewhoremaindisplaced.

Toovercometheobstaclesposedbythe landtenuresituation, IOMandthe Government of Haiti have adopted a community-based approachto identify land ownership and tenancy. Following a public informationcampaigntomakecommunitiesawareoftheaimsandthemethodologiesof the project, IOMhas been gathering data on 10,695 plots, buildings


andhouseholdswithintheneighbourhoodsofDelmas32andCarrefourFeuilles. The Organization consolidated the information on buildingdamage,landtenureandoccupancystatus.Landtenurewasthenverifiedthroughcommunityvalidation,aswellasthroughintensiveresearchwithnationalauthoritiesandpublicnotaries.ThecollectedinformationwasthensharedwithpartnersandotherauthoritiesandhasbeenusedtoplanandreconstructthreeareasinmetropolitanPort-au-Prince.Themethodologyofthisinitiativehasalsobeenusedforthecensusofearthquake-affectedareas.

Indonesia. Many of IOM Indonesia’s activities have been focusing onimproving the living conditions of local communities by supportingsustainablelivelihoods, inordertotacklethedriversofforcedmigrationandincreaseresilience:

1. In collaborationwith BankMandiri’s Corporate Social ResponsibilityDivision, IOM supported micro and small batik producers in theearthquake-affected province of Central Java. Under the MandiriBersamaMandiri (“Self-ReliantwithMandiri”)Programme, thepilotprojectsupportedKebonVillage,astrongnaturaldyebatik-producingcommunity in KlatenDistrict. The intervention assistedmembers oftheKebonBatikCooperativethroughbusinessdevelopment,businessresilience, production capacity-building, direct market access andnetworkingsupport.

2. Withanever-growingglobaldemand,thereisawindowofopportunityto invest in the development of a sustainable coffee industry. Inparticular, consumers are increasingly interested in distinctivevarieties grown in specific conditions (so-called “specialty coffees”).IOMmobilizedkeystakeholders in thesupplychain inordertohelpIndonesian small and medium enterprises produce and distributesustainableAcehGayoArabicaSpecialtyCoffee.Thenegativeimpactofthecoffeeproductionprocessonthelocalecosystemwasreducedthrough shade growing, biodiversification and the use of organicfertilizer, while the environmental footprint of the supply chainbenefitted from improved resource efficiency and the reduction oftoxic material usage and waste generation. The investments have


increasedlocal incomes,contributedtoprosperity inthetargetareaandmadelocallivelihoodsmoreresilient,therebytacklingsomeofthemostimportantdriversofout-migration.

The MICIC Initiative.TheState-ledinitiativeon“MigrantsinCountriesinCrisis”respondstothechallengesposedbyagrowingnumberofcrisesinwhichmigrantsareamongthosemostseriouslyaffected,andintendstofillinagapduetotheabsenceofaclearinternationalframeworkdedicatedtotheprotectionofandassistancetomigrantsintimesofcrisis.IOMformsthesecretariatforthis.Theaimoftheinitiativeistoimprovetheability,primarilyofStatesand,whererelevant,otherstakeholderstoeffectivelyprotectthedignityandrightsofmigrantscaughtincountriesexperiencingan acute crisis. Through a process of broad and inclusive consultations,the initiative seeks to compile a range of good practices in preparingfor, responding to, and addressing longer-term consequences of suchcrisissituations,withaviewtoproducingasetofnon-binding,voluntaryguidelines, which will set out principles, roles and responsibilities ofdifferentrelevantentities.

Italy. Within the Migration for Development strategy and activities ofIOMRome,severalprojectswereimplementedaimingatsupportingco-development projects proposed by migrants and their associations insynergywithItalianlocalauthorities.Theseinitiativespromotedmigrants’access tobanking services (throughfinancial literacy)andchannelingofremittances towards productive investments or social projects, credit/microcredit system that have the medium-to-long term objective togeneratelocaldevelopmentandreducepoverty.Theprojectscontributedtothesocioeconomicdevelopmentmigrant’scountriesoforigin,throughthe identificationand transferof skills, financial, social andprofessionalresourcesoftheexpatriateslivinginItalyandthepromotionofpartnershipsbetweenhostingandorigincommunities.


5. Prepare for, respond to and recover through effective responses to the mobility dimensions of crises.

In 2014, almost 60 million individuals were displaced as aresult of natural and man-made disasters; a large number offorced migrants remain in protracted displacement situations,includinginurbanareas.Criseshavesignificantlong-termeffectson migrants and society. Therefore, concerted action by theinternational community is required to: prevent and preparefor crisis; supportmigrants, displacedpersons and communitiesaffectedbycrisesinaccordancewithhumanitarianprinciples;andpromotedurable solutions toenddisplacement.Addressing therootcausesofcrisesandassociatedpopulationmovementsneedstobepartoflonger-termapproachestowardsrecovery,transitionand sustainable development. In addition, the internationalcommunityshouldrespondtocriseswiththeunderstandingthatmigration is an inevitable consequence, and that recovery andtransitionefforts requireconsiderationof theneedsofmigrantsandtheircommunities.


AStateaffectedbyacrisiswouldbearresponsibilitytoprotectandassistcrisis-affectedpersonsresidingonitsterritory,andwhereappropriateitsnationalsabroad,inaccordancewithinternationalhumanitarian,refugeeandhumanrightslaw.Thiscouldincludeallowingunhinderedaccessforhumanitarianaidandworkers.AStatewouldneedtofacilitateaccesstoconsularservicesandevacuationassistanceformigrantscaughtincrisesonitsterritory.

• Work in concertwith international partners to provide support andassistancetopeopleaffectedbycrisesonthebasisofhumanitarianprinciples, includingthroughvoluntarycontributionsto internationalorganizations(intergovernmentalandnon-governmental);


• Providenationalscaughtinacrisiswithappropriate,timelyandefficientemergency consular services, including the issuance of emergencytraveldocumentsorlaissez-passer,aswellasotherserviceswhichcancontributetotheirprotectionbefore,duringandafteracrisissituation;

• Build robust immigration and border management programmessupportedbyappropriatepolicies, laws,proceduresandinformationsystems;

• Allowunhinderedaccessforhumanitarianaidandworkers;

• Provide access to adequate and regular channels for migration,mobility, residence and citizenship, for all individuals regardless ofgender,age,orotherdiversitycharacteristics;

• Facilitate regular travel and migration, detect irregular migration,prohibitillegalcross-borderactivity,identifyandreferthoseinneedofassistanceandprotection,andimplementtimelyasylumdeterminationprocesses;

• Implementefficientandwell-operatingvisa,entry,stayandresidencyschemes,withlimitedwaittimesandreasonablefees;

• Respond in a timely manner to requests for documentation/re-documentationandacceptreturningnationals;

• Maintain effective identity management, including through reliablepassportsandresponsibleuseofbiometrics;

• Workwithnationalandinternationalborder,immigration,justiceandsecurityagenciestocollect,analyseanduseintelligence,includingtoaddresstrans-bordercriminalactivity(e.g.traffickinginhumanbeingsandsmugglingofmigrants)andterrorism;

• Facilitateaccesstosafetyandprotectionfordisplacedpopulations,andaccept refugeesandasylum-seekers, including through resettlementandotherformsofhumanitarianadmission;

• Contributions to the humanitarian organizations providing relief,support and protection in support of State actions are essential inorder to address effectively the mobility dimensions of crises. Thisincludesfinancialorin-kindsupportforlife-savingassistancesuchasshelter,food,healthcareandotherassistance.



• Facilitate access to consular services and evacuation assistance fornationalsabroadaffectedbycrises;

• Registerdisplacedpersonsandensuretheycanaccessservices,andthatspecialneedsandvulnerabilitiesareadequatelyaddressed,inanequalandnon-discriminatorymanner;

• Support sensitization and participatory campaigns to provideinformation to affected populations and others, and to receivefeedback;

• Supportearlytransitionandpost-crisisrecoveryefforts,includingtheprovisionofdurablesolutionstodisplacement;

• Addresstheneedsforsheltersandnon-fooditems(NFIs)ofpersonsaffectedbyacrisis,includingthosewhoaredisplacedandvulnerable;

• Provide protection through the provision of humane and orderlytransport assistance to individuals or groups who are going, eithertemporarilyorpermanently,toaplaceoforigin,transitordestinationwithinonecountryoracrossaninternationalborder(e.g.programmesinvolving transport assistance include, inter alia, evacuations,resettlement,repatriation,returnofinternallydisplacedpersons(IDPs),assistedvoluntaryreturnandreintegration(AVRR),andrelocationoremergencytransportation);

• Provide comprehensivemigranthealth-careandprevention servicesduringthecrisisandthroughoutthemovementprocess–atthepre-departurestage,duringtravelandtransitanduponreturnbasedonexistinghealthsystemsandevidence-basedneedsassessments;

• Promote, protect and support the well-being of crisis affectedpopulations;

• Combatdisplacementthroughtheprovisionof immediate,medium-andlonger-termsupportthatincludesaddressinghousing,protection,stability,livelihoodandeconomicconcerns,aswellas(re)integrationsupportinlinewiththeframeworkfordurablesolutions;


• Establish stability and security in vulnerable communities, preventfurtherforcedmigration,restoringtrustamongcommunitymembers,vulnerablepopulationsand localauthoritiesand laythefoundationsfordurablesolutions,lastingpeaceandsustainabledevelopment;

• Reduceandmitigatetheriskofdisplacementandincreasetheresilienceofcommunitiestocopewithdisastersinviewofachievingsustainabledevelopment, by providing the necessary framework, methodologyandtoolstoanalysethecausalfactorsofdisasters,reduceexposuretohazardsandlessenthevulnerabilityofpeopleandlivelihoods;

• Assistgovernmentsandsocietiestoaddresslandandpropertyissuestopreventfutureforcedmigrationandtoallowfordurablesolutionstoaddressongoingdisplacement;

• Provide protection and assistance to vulnerablemigrants, includingvictims of trafficking, exploitation or abuse and unaccompaniedmigrantchildren,duringacrisissituation;

• Mobilize the skills and financial resources of the diaspora andother networks of qualified professionals to support the nationaldevelopment,rehabilitationandreconstructionprocessesincountriesrecoveringfromcrisis,intransitionorconflictsituations,throughthetemporary/virtualreturnorsocioeconomicreintegrationofskilledandqualifiednationalsfromabroad,andthefacilitationoftherecruitmentoftemporaryforeignworkersinsectorsvitaltothecountry’srecoverybutlackingthenecessaryhumanresources;

• Maintainatwo-wayexchangeofinformationbetweentheresponders(including humanitarian actors) and crisis-affected populationswhich addresses the informationneedsof affectedpopulations andgeneratesfeedbackthatcontributestoanappropriatehumanitarianresponseandfacilitatesrecoveryplanning,whileincludinginterculturalconsiderations and community messaging aimed at reducing anti-migrantsentiments;

• Recognize communities’ ability to self-prioritize, including throughdeliveringcashtrasfers;


• Adjust existing humanitarian tools to include specific urban area-based assessments, programming, coordination protocols andmonitoring tools, tailored to thecomplexityof cities, focusingmoreon“solutions”ratherthan“deliveryofgoods”,includingcross-sectorarea-basedcoordinationmechanisms,empoweringlocalstakeholders(localgovernment,businesses,community leaders)tohelpprioritizeresponseandalignhumanitariananddevelopmentapproaches.


• Effective responses to crises combine traditional humanitarianactivities with transition and recovery programmes, as well asmigrationmanagementactivities,asdescribedintheIOMMigrationCrisisOperationalFramework;

• Effectiveresponseswouldalsoincludetheacceptanceofrefugeesandasylum-seekers,includingextendingresettlementoptionstoalleviatetheburdenon countriesoffirst refuge, andofferingother formsofadmissionsuchashumanitarianvisas;

• Activities aimed at reducing psychosocial vulnerabilities, promotingcommunity resilience and ownership, and supporting aid that takesintoaccountpsychosocialandculturaldiversityissues;

• Reintegrationassistance includingAVRRprogrammes incountriesoforigin;

• Livelihoodsupportandaccesstobasicservices;

• Identifyandeliminateland-relatedbarrierstosustainablereturnandreintegration,andclarifyinglandownershipandtenure;

• Identificationandprotectionofvulnerablemigrants;

• Liaisewithconsularservicesto facilitatethe identificationofpeoplein need of documentation, and the steps required to receive thatdocumentation.


• Facilitate access to safety and protection for displaced populations(including refugees, in accordance with relevant internationalinstruments).Thisincludes:

□ systemsofregistration; □ adequateaccesstoservices; □ particularattentiontoanyspecialneedsandvulnerabilities.

Examples:

Ecuador.IOMdevelopedaprojectproposaltogetherwiththeMunicipalityof Quito to increase resilience and reduce disaster risks in migrantcommunities living inhigh risk areas at themarginsof the city throughaninnovativeconceptofinsiturelocation.TheproposalaimstoprovidetheMunicipality ofQuitowithmodel proposals for either relocationorimprovement of livelihoods close to the original areas of settlement inordertoreducecostsandtominimizethepsychologicalandsocialimpactof the relocation on the beneficiaries, allowing families to maintaintheir structure and social relations. TheMunicipality has identified theneighbourhoodsatthegreatestriskoffloodsandlandslidesandfamiliesrequiring relocation. Ithasalso identifiedtheareaswhere interventionsandimprovementsofinfrastructurecanreduceormitigatetherisksandthus the families’ exposure to them.Anexistingplanof intervention tomitigatetherisksrevealedtheamplitudeofrequiredinterventionsexceedsthecapacityofthemunicipalitytoactonitsown.Theprojectisyettobeimplemented.

Sri Lanka. Parts of Sri Lanka are frequently hit byheavy landslides as aconsequenceofstrongprecipitationevents.Recently, in2007and2008,landslidesaffected4,000familiesanddisplaced219households.InadditiontosupportingtheSriLankanGovernmentintheaftermathofdisastersbyprovidinghumanitarianassistancetotheaffectedpopulationsandensuringaccesstobasicgoodsandservicesinIDPsettlements,IOMalsointervenesto create safer settlement options for at-risk communities. In order toreduce theconcentrationofpopulationsandassets inareasexposed tohydrogeological hazards, the Government considered the relocation ofsomesettlementstoanewarea.A formerteaplantationwas identified


andacquired,andtherelocationofcommunitieswasdulyarranged.IOMsupported institutional effortsby constructingaccess roads, stormwatercanals, culverts, water supply systems, community halls and sanitationfacilities. In addition, the Organization provided vocational training andresourcestopromoteadequatelivelihoodoptions,andtrainedrelocatedfamiliesandpeopleonsoilandwaterconservationpractices,inordertoreducefuturelandsliderisk.

Nepal. The evacuation and contingency plan of the densely populatedKathmanduValleyclarifiedprotocolsforupto900,000peopleestimatedtobedisplacedintheeventofamajorearthquake.IOMhashelpeddraftingemergency and response plans for the municipalities of Kathmandu,Lalitpur,KirtipurandMadhyapur.Theplansidentified83openspacesintheKathmanduValleythatcanbeusedforhumanitarianpurposesfollowingadisaster.ThesesiteshavebeenendorsedbytheMinistryofHomeAffairs(MoHA)andnowenjoyspecificprotectionfromfurtherencroachment.IncoordinationwithStateandnon-Statehumanitarianactors,IOMdefinedfunctionsandpurposesofeachofthesesites.ForlargeandmediumIDPsites,IOMprepareddetailedplanstoensurethatspaceiseffectivelyused.

Greece. IOM’s project “Open Centre forMigrants Registered for AVRR”addresses the immediate need of irregularmigrantswho have no legalbasistostayinGreeceandwhohavenoresourcestoreturnhome.Manyofthesemigrantshadfoundundeclaredworkbutbecauseofthecurrenteconomicrecessionarenowunemployedanddestitute.TheCentrewillprovideshelterandotherservicesto110migrants.Emphasiswillbeplacedonprovidingassistancetovulnerablegroupsand60percentofthecentrewillberenovatedtoaccommodateunaccompaniedminors,migrantswithmedicalneeds,familieswithchildrenandelderlymigrants.TheprojectisbeingimplementedinclosecooperationwiththemunicipalityofAthens,in partnership with the First Reception Service and the European andDevelopmentProgramsDivision.

Italy.TheIOMproject“Familytracingandassessmentactivities:supportingtheidentificationofthebestpossibleanddurablesolutionforthefutureofunaccompaniedmigrantchildrenincludingassistedvoluntaryreturn”aimsatsupportingMunicipalitieshostingunaccompaniedmigrantchildrento


copewiththeirneedsandtohelpthemin identifyingthemostsuitabledurablesolutionfortheirpersonaldevelopment,particularlyinprovidingfortheirreceptionandwell-being.Throughfamilyassessments,IOMalsostrengthensmunicipalities’ social services support, with information onthebackgroundofeachindividualchildinordertobetterbuildtheirlifeproject.

6. Safe, orderly and dignified migration.


• Anticipatingmigrationdynamicsandproactivelyaddressingmigrationinpoliciesandplanningatthemunicipallevelwillsupportthereductionoftheirexposureandvulnerabilitytoclimate-relatedextremeeventsandothereconomic,socialandenvironmentalshocksanddisasters.Thisalsosupportsavoidingthecreationofcamps,byprovidingdirectsupporttourbangovernmentstohelpabsorburbandisplacement;

• Legalandadministrativebarriers:Lawsandregulationscanexcludeallor some specific groupsofmigrants from formal access tohousing,employment, health care, education, and response and recoveryassistanceinthecaseofdisasters.Whilesuchsituationsareoftentheresult of policies regulating immigration fromabroad, they can alsostemfromregistrationrequirementsforinternalurbanmigrants.


• Contingency planning and preparedness in urban areas is essential,including assessmentof the capacityof communities, theeconomy,infrastructure, administrative structures, service delivery systems,housing, land and other resources and the identification of keyinterventionsneededtoabsorbanticipatedmigrants;

• Ensureaccesstosocialnetworks:Movingawayfromtheplaceoforiginoftendisrupts familyandcommunityties thathelpprovide income,


healthandchildcareandeducation,emotionalsupportoradditionalresourcestocopewithhardship.Availabilityoftheseformsofsocialcapital is usually reduced in urban areas of destination. However,socialtiesandconnectionsbothwithpeoplefromareasoforiginandwith kin,originorethnicity-basednetworks in areasofdestinationsareasignificantsourceofresilienceforurbanmigrants,andoftenoneofthekeyfactorsinfluencingtheirdecisiontomove.

• Facilitate knowledge of the local environmental and social context:Movingoutofaparticularlocalcontextalsomeansthatsite-specificknowledge is lost, and that itmightnotbe replaced,at least in theshort term, by an equal level of understanding of the context ofdestination.Thismayincludeinsufficientawarenessoflocalresourcesand opportunities (such as housing, health care, social supportsystems)andhowtoaccessthem,aswellaslocalhazards(forexample,violence,illness,landslides,floods).Bothcanresultinspecificpatternsofexclusionandriskforincomingpopulations.

Examples:

Sri Lanka.TheJaffnaPeninsulahasanecologicallyrichandenvironmentallysensitive coastal area where salinization threatens arable land andfreshwater sources.Tomitigate thenegative impactof saltwateron thesoilinthearea,localcommunitiesdevelopedsystemsthatusestormwatertoflushoutthesaltaccumulatedinthelandduringthedryseason.Suchsystemsoptimizethequantityandretentiontimeofstormwater,increasethegroundwaterrechargerateandminimizefloods.IntheChavakachcheriarea,whenthepopulationwasdisplacedbyconflictin2008and2009,thesaltwaterextrusionsystemcouldnotbemaintainedandthefloodcontrolembankmentwasdamaged,resultingintheabandonmentof252hectaresofpreviouslyproductivelandduetosalinizationandthescarcityofirrigationwater.Rehabilitationofthe7-kilometre-longsaltwaterextrusionbundwasidentifiedasparamounttotherestorationoftheaffectedland.Theprojectbenefited 1,170 families, including 175 women-headed households infourdivisions(Thanankilappu,ChavakachcheriTown,MaravanpulavuandNunavil East). The rehabilitationof the saltwaterextrusionbund isnow


allowingthegradualrestorationofthesalinization-affectedland.Aquifersalongsidethecoast increasewatertablerechargeandsoilmoistureandreduce flooding, thereby protecting 1,500 hectares of productive land,increasinglocalfoodsecurityandreducingdisasterrisk.

Nepal. Disaster risk in the country is driven by poverty, illiteracy, rapidpopulation growth and unplanned urbanization. Being prepared forpopulationmovementsintheaftermathofnaturaldisastersisthereforeanabsolutepriorityfortheGovernmentandotheremergencyactors.IOMhasbeensupportinglocalinstitutionsinprovidingassistancetothevictimsofnaturaldisasterseversincethe2008Koshifloods.Awareofthechallengesposedbyseismicrisk,theOrganizationhasbeencommittedtoenhancinglocal preparedness for earthquakes and has helped drafting emergencyandresponseplansforthemunicipalitiesofKathmandu,Lalitpur,KirtipurandMadhyapur.

17routedesMorillons,P.O.Box17,1211Geneva19,SwitzerlandTel.:+41227179111•Fax:+41227986150 E-mail:[email protected]•Website:www.iom.int86

_16

YEARS

MiGRATIONGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK

toolbox of migration-related elements for the city ... · • operationalguidelines stemming from...

Documents