tool marks
DESCRIPTION
Tool Marks. Any impression, cut, gouge, or abrasion caused by a tool coming into contact with another object. Identifying and Comparing Tool Mark. Careful examination of these of these impressions can reveal important class characteristics—size and shape of the tool. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Tool Marks
Any impression, cut, gouge, or abrasion caused by a tool coming into contact with another object.
Identifying and Comparing Tool Mark Careful examination of these of these
impressions can reveal important class characteristics—size and shape of the tool.
Microscopic ridges and valleys
displayed on the tool are created
by the manufacturer, making
each tool unique.
(Similar to bullet striations)
Identifying and Comparing Tool Mark
Using a comparison microscope, striation marks from a test tool can be compared to the suspect tool.
Collection
The entire object or part of the object bearing the tool mark should be collected.
Otherwise, photograph or cast the tool mark impression, though clarity of details may be obscured.
Do not try to fit the suspect tool into the tool mark impression, this will alter or damage the impression.
Other Impressions Different kinds of impressions can be found at
a crime scene:
Shoe print
Tire tracks
Fabric impression
Collecting Impressions
Primary consideration in collecting impressions is the preservation for later examination.
Before any impression is moved or cast, it must be photographed with a scale to show all observable details as well as the relation to the overall crime scene.
When the impression is on a readily recoverable item, such as glass, paper or floor tile, the item should be transported to the lab in tact.
Collecting Impressions When the surface of the impression cannot be
transported to the lab, several other methods may be used. Fingerprint lifting Electrostatic lifting eg. Pathfinder Casting Aerosol cast for snow eg. Snow Impression Wax Chemical enhancement of bloody footprint
Lifting an Impression An impression encountered on a smooth surface,
such as a wall, counter top, or flooring, can be lifted similar to that of fingerprints.
A large lifting material covers the entire impression.
A fingerprint roller is used to
eliminate any air pockets
before the impression is
lifted.
Electrostatic Lifting By creating an electrostatic charge,
the dust attaches to the lifting film.
One device is called the Pathfinder.
CastingWhen a shoeprint or tire mark is found
in soft earth, casting is the best preservation.
Class I dental stone is mixed with water to form a paste.
CastingOnce the dental stone has
dried, the walls are removed and the impression is carefully lifted.
CastingOnce the impression has air-dried
for 24-48 hours, it can be shipped to the lab for examination and comparison.
Casting Snow Impressions Snow Impression Wax is an aerosol
product used to lift prints in the snow.
Three light coats of wax are sprayed onto the impression at an interval of 1-2 minutes between layers and then letting dry for 10 minutes before pouring the casting material.
Chemical Formulas A number of chemicals can be
used to develop and enhance footwear impressions made with blood.
Some chemicals include amido black, leucocrystal violet, Hungarian Red dye, patent blue.
Spray area well for several minutes, then rinse with distilled water. Take photographs with scale.
SICAR
The Shoeprint Image Capture and Retrieval is a computer software incorporating multiple databases to search known and unknown shoewear files.
Bite Mark Impressions Human bite mark impressions on skin
and food have been important evidence in many cases.
A forensic odontologist can compare the bite mark on the victim to a casting of the suspect’s teeth.
Different lights and photographic techniques are used.
Ultraviolet photos show damage to the outer skin.
Infared photos show damage under the skin
surface.