Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa
Native Texas Cultures Caddo ~ Wichita Tonkawa ~ Apache ~ Comanche ~ Kiowa Jumano ~ Tigua Coahuiltecan ~ Karankawa First People in Americas
Scientist believe the first people arrived in NorthAmerica from Asia Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age created hugeglaciers Ocean temperatures fell Bering Strait became dry forming a land bridge calledBeringia Asian peoples crossed land bridge between Asia andAlaska They were hunter-gatherers First People in Americas
In 1492, Christopher Columbus thought he reached apart of Asia called the Indies Named the people he met Indians Today, we call them Native Americans The Early Cultures How do we study past cultures?
Archeologists-scientists who study and learn aboutpast cultures from artifacts they find How were Indian cultures organized? Bands consist of two or more extended familiesthat lived together under one leader. What is an extended family? Tribes multiple bands who follow the same leaderand share the same territory and culture. Southeastern Tribes Wichita Caddo THE CADDO Region: Coastal Plains Piney Woods Area
Housing: Large, Cone-Shaped Houses in Villages Could hold 8-10 families Decorated with colorful rugs, baskets, and pottery Clothing: Deerskin (tanned to a deep black) andBuffalo Hide (in winter) Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow THE CADDO Unique Characteristics: Organized into confederacies
Clay Pottery Farming/Hunting/Gathering Contributed to Texas agriculture Tay-yas Friends Most Advanced Culture THE WICHITA Region: North Central Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads), Grass Huts Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Horses for hunting from Kiowas Unique Characteristics: Shorter and Darker Raccoon Eyes Tattoos Farmers Plains Tribes Kiowa Comanche Apache Lipan- Tonkawa THE TONKAWA Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: Became hunters and gatherersafter being pushed East from Comanches and Lipan- Apaches Friendly tribe THE LIPAN-APACHE Region: Great Plains/Coastal Plains
Housing: Tipis (nomads) Clothing: Deerskin and Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: Among the first to ride horses up to 100 miles per day Some Farming THE COMANCHE Region: Great Plains Housing: Tipis (nomads)
Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools and weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: ENTIRE way of life depended onthe buffalo Pemmican Known as warriors of the plains THE KIOWAS Geographic Location: Great Plains
Types of Housing: Tipis (nomads) Types of Clothing: Buffalo Hide Tools/Weapons: Used buffalo to make tools/weapons;Bow and Arrow Unique Characteristics: Sun Dance Unity Became allies with Comanches Pueblo Tribes Tigua Jumano THE JUMANO Region: Mountains and Basins Small portion of Great Plains
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) Many families lived in each Pueblo Clothing: Capes and Ponchos Tools/Weapons: Farmers/Farming Tools THE JUMANO Unique Characteristics: Men did most of the farming
Skilled Traders Striped People - horizontal FIRST to have horses THE TIGUAS Region: Mountains and Basins
Housing: Adobe Housing (Pueblos) Shelters in the fields Kiva tribal council meetings Clothing: Capes and Ponchos Tools/Weapons: Farming Tools THE TIGUAS Unique Characteristics:
Oldest group of Native Americans still living inTexas today tiny reservation in El Paso Western Gulf Tribes Coahuiltecan Karankawa THE COAHUILTECANS Region: Coastal Plains
Housing: Dome-shaped huts covered with reed matsand animal hides Independent bands Very mobile Clothing: Little clothing Breechcloths and sandals Tools/Weapons: Bow and Arrow Pits to catch javelinas (wild pigs) Fires THE COAHUILTECANS Unique Characteristics: Hunter-gatherers
Ate many things: snakes, snails, insects, spiders, ROTTEN WOOD, Plants THE KARANKAWAS Region: Coastal Plains Housing: Lean-To/Hut
Held 8 People Easy to move Clothing: Deer Skin or Spanish Moss Tools/Weapons: Long Bow and Arrow THE KARANKAWAS Unique Characteristics: Ceremonial cannibalism
Fishing, hunting and gathering wild plants Dugout canoes from tree trunks Tallest Indians 6 ft TEXAS INDIANS TODAY 100,000 Native Americans live in Texas today
3 Tribes Tigua in El Paso Alabama-Coushatta in East Texas Kickapoo near Eagle Pass Most bands settled on reservations in Oklahoma