tomohiko fukushima sof institute for ocean policy, ship and ocean foundation, japan workshop by the...
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Tomohiko FukushimaSOF Institute for Ocean Policy, Ship and Ocean Foundation, JAPAN
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Abundances of Megabenthic Organisms in Areas of Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-Rich
Crust and Polymetallic Sulphide
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
1. Megabenthos distributions (abundances, faunal compositions, feeding habitats) ・・・・・ .
2. Manganese nodule areas, Cobalt-Rich Crust areas and Polymetallic Sulphide areas ・・・・・・・・ .
3. Photo-transect methods (recommended by the environmental guideline for manganese nodules development) ・・・・・・・ .
4. As results, simple outputs were obtained, however problems remained.
5. Take into considerations of the problems ・・・・・・ . For contractors ( also for the LTC) ・・・・ another quantitative methods should be considered, or different types of a regulation is required.
Outline
Contents
1. Introduction: backgrounds, rationales
2. Methods and Materials: data source, data collection, study sites, rules of identification
etc.
3. Results and Discussion characteristics of megabenthos distribution in each sites, sediment property in each sites, duties of contractors,
4. Conclusions* Japanese Approach
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Human activities in deep sea
Compliant Piled Towerwww.hess.com/gb260/bb.htm
Gas-hydrateScientific American 2000, 30
Underwater oil production TotalFinaelf website
Manganese Nodules(Metal Mining Agency of Japan)
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Deep-Sea Mineral Resources
Cobalt-Rich Crust (Metal Mining Agency of Japan)
Polymetallic Sulphide(Metal Mining Agency of Japan)
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Environmental Protection
1962 “ Silent Spring” Rachel Carson
1966 “The Limits to Growth” Roman Club
1972 “ Polluter-Pays Principle” OECD
1992 “United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: UNCLOS” adoption
1992 “Convention on Biological Diversity”
1994 International Seabed Authority
2000 Mining Code (by the ISA)
2001 Environmental Guideline (the ISA)
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Environmental “Unknown World”
Basket starAgassiz, 1888
RV Challenger
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Abundances of deep-sea benthic organisms in a Pacific Ocean
Faunae abundance remarks
1. Megabenthos ND 1 (1) Metazoan Megabenthos ND
1(1-1) Epifauna 140 inds./ha Fukushima et al ., 20001(1-1) a. Sponge 32inds./ha same above1(1-1) b. Ophioroidea 47inds./ha same above1(1-1) c. Holothurian 20inds./ha same above1(1-1) d. Other Metazoan fauna 41.inds/ha same above
1(1-2) Infauna ND Echiura, Sea urchin and Sea star 1 (2). Protozoa ND Xenophyophorea
2. Macrobenthos ND 2 (1) Metazoaqn Macrobenthos 527 inds/m2 Fukushima and Imajima, 1997
2(1) a. Polychaeta 304inds./m2 same above2(1) b. Crustacea 118inds./m2 same above2(1) c. Other Metazoan fauna 105inds./m2 same above
2 (2). Protozoa ND Xenophyophorea, Foraminifera etc.3. Meiobenthos ND
3 (1) Metazoan Meiobenthos 97 inds/10cm2 Shirayama and Fukushima, 19973(1) a. Nematoda 90 inds/10cm2 same above3(1) b. Crustacea 6 inds/10cm2 same above3(1) c. Other Metazoan fauna 1 inds/10cm2 same above
3 (2). Protozoa ND Foraminifera etc.4. Nanobenthos ND Tubellaria, Ciliate etc.5. Sedimentary Bacteria 4.2E+0.7cells/cm3 Kaneko et al. , 1995
ND: No dataafter Fukushima, 2004
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Introduction
Corporative Research between SOPAC
and Metal Mining Agency of Japan
JAPAN SOPACInternational Technical Cooperative Project
○ Camera/video observations for exploration of mineral resources
○ After finish the projects, photographic data can be used for the aims of Megabenthos observation.
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
In environmental study, include assessment studies, it is important to quantity the abundance of the community being studied. Deep-sea environmental studies is not exception.
However, our knowledge is so little that it is fair to call the deep sea areas an “unknown world”. Even the present, information regarding abundance is much less than that of shallower water.
Metal Mining Agency of Japan conducted a basic survey of exploration of mineral resources in the South Pacific Ocean for the SOPAC. Photographic data of exploration can be re-used for an environmental study.
In this presentation, abundances of megabenthic organisms in the areas of manganese nodules, cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic sulphides are compared. And the problems to estimate abundances of megabenthos are addressed.
Introduction
Materials and Methods
-photo transect methods-
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for
a manganese nodules development
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Still photographs / Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)
Period: 1987- 1999Presented by JOGMEC and SOPAC
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Continuous Deep- Sea Camera System (CDC)
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Observation sites
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Table Number of Materials and covered area
Country No. of Photo ( ha ) No. of Photo ( ha ) No. of Photo ( ha )
Kiribati 950 0.57 1,773 1.06
Cook 794 0.48
Tuvalu 73 0.04 753 0.45
PNG 1,073 0.64
Vanuatu 2,560 1.54
Solomon 1,524 0.91
Tonga 1,736 1.04
Samoa 589 0.35
RMI 3,428 2.06
FSM 3,311 1.99
Covered Area (ha) = (3m * 2m) / 10000 * No. of Photograph
MN CRC PS
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Identification
visible parts treatment
partially body In the case that unique characters of its own were confirmed, it was treatedas be appeared. In other case, the obstacles were treated as indeterminateanimals.
out of focusIn the case that unique characters of its own were confirmed, it was treatedas be appeared. In other case, the obstacles were treated as indeterminateanimal.
uncertain animals
The organism classified as possible as lower taxon. However the case,which difficult to determine of its phylum, the animals were treated asindeterminate animals. Furthermore, in the case that difficult to determinedeither living organisms or not, such as obstacle were treated as noappearance
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
White Spots
XenophyophoreaLeft: Tendal, 1972, Right: Blum, H.
Motile fauna; Shrimp
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Feeding Types
a. Suspension feeder: Porifera, Cnidaria, Crinoidea, Ascidiacea
b. Deposit feeder: Holothuroidea, Echinoidea, Hemichordata
c. Others: Annelida, Mollusca, Asteroidea, Ohiuroidea,
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Sediment Types
a. Clay or Ooze (CO): most of the part of seabed was covered by clay or ooze.
b. Poor Manganese Nodules area (PM): less than 30% of manganese nodules.
c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM): more than 30% of manganese nodules.
d. Rocky or Cobble area (CR): rocks or cobbles are lying on the seafloor.
e. Crust area (CR):
covered by crust.
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Materials and Methods
Sediment Types
a. Clay and ooze (CO)
b Poor manganese nodules area (PM)
c. Rich Manganese Nodules area (RM)
d. Rocky or Cobble area (RC)
e. Crust area (CR)
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Results and Discussion
Seafloor conditions of manganese nodules area
Cook Islands(MN)
0
50
100CO
PM
RMRC
CR
Kiribati(MN)
0
50
100CO
PM
RMRC
CR
Tuvalu(MN)
0
50
100CO
PM
RMRC
CR
CO: Clay or ooze PM: Poor manganese nodules area RM: Rich manganese nodules area RC: Rockey or cobble area CR: Crust area
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Seafloor conditions of Cobalt Rich Crust area
Kiribati(CRC)
0
25
50CO
PM
RMRC
CR
Tuvalu(CRC)
0
25
50CO
PM
RMRC
CR
Western Samoa(CRC)
0
25
50CO
PM
RMRC
CR
RMI(CRC)
0
25
50CO
PM
RMRC
CR
FSM(CRC)
0
25
50CO
PM
RMRC
CR
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Seafloor conditions of Polymetallic Sulphides area
PNG(PS)
0
25
50Cl
N
NNR
Cr
Tonga(PS)
0
25
50Cl
N
NNR
Cr
Vanuatu(PS)
0
25
50Cl
N
NNR
Cr
Solomon(PS)
0
25
50Cl
N
NNR
Cr
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaFaunae
Phylum Class Order MN CRC PS1 Protozoa Rhizopodia Xenophyophores ○ ○ ○2 Porifera hexactinellida ○ ○ ○3 - ○ ○4 Cnidaria Anthozoa Actinaria ○ ○ ○5 Anthozoa Gorgonacea - ○ ○6 Anthozoa Pennatulacea ○ ○ ○7 Bryozoa - ○ ○8 Annelida Polychaeta - - ○9 Mollusca Decapoda - ○ ○
10 Echinodermata Crinoidea Comatulida - ○ ○11 Crinoidea ○ ○ ○12 Asteroidea ○ ○ ○13 Echinoidea - ○ ○14 Holothuroidea ○ ○ ○15 Ophiuroidea ○ ○ ○16 Arthropoda Crustacea Macrura - ○ ○17 Crustacea Anomura - ○ ○18 Crustacea Brachyura - ○ ○19 Crustacea - ○ ○20 Prochordata Ascidiacea ○ ○ ○21 Hemichordata Enteropneusta - ○ ○22 Vertebrata Chondrichthyes - ○ ○23 Osteichthyes ○ ○ ○
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Hyalonema sp Eurete erectum (?) Semperella sp.
Caulophacus cf. elatus Sericolophus sp. (?) Hyalonema sp
Phylum: Porifera (Sponges)
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: CnidariaClass: Actinaria
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: CnidariaClass: gorgonacea
Acanthogorgia sp(?) Calyptrophora sp (?)
Iridigirgia sp.
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Ellisella sp. Cirrhipathes sp (?)
Virgularia sp.(?)
Phylum: CnidariaClass: Pennatulacea
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: EchinodermataClass: Crinoidea
Proisocrinus sp (?) Proisocrinus sp (?)
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Holothuroidea
Benthodytes typica (?) Benthodytes sp(1) Synallactes profundi (?)
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
( burrowing sea urchin)
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Phylum: Arthuropoda
Class: Crustacea
Aristaemorph sp. (Macrura) ( galathelid crab :Anomura)
( galathelid crab :Anomura) ( Brachyura )
( Brachyura )
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: Vertebrata
Class: Osteichthyes
Benthypteris grallator ( Tripodfish )
Typhlonus nasus
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaPhylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea (sea star)
Freyella sp (eight arms)
Freyella sp (five arms)
Hymenaster sp.
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Others
Enteropneusta Octopus (Mollusca, Cephalopoda )
Results and Discussion
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2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Abundance
0
300
600
900
MN CRC PS
ind.
/ha
31±23
(inds±SD)
193±329
(inds±SD)
426±418
(inds±SD)
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Feeding Habitat
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
MN CRC PS
App
eara
nce
(%)
Others
Suspension feeder
deposit feeder
34
29
37
8
60
33
65
21
14
Results and Discussion
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Results and Discussion
Summary
parameters MN CRC PS
habitat condition monotonous diverse diverse
faunal diversity lower higher higher
abundance poor midium rich
S/D ratio small large large
habitat condition was determined by conditions of seafloors
faunal diversity was determined by the number of faunal group
S/D ratio: Ssuspension feeders / Deposit feeders
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Problems
Results and Discussion
Infauna / Protozoa: By means of photo-transect methods, infaunal species and protozoans were ignored.
Survey site selectionIn order to compare between distribution of megabenthos, different ways of the site selection are required.
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaRecommended subjects by the environmental guideline
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Recommended subjects by the environmental guideline
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston JamaicaConclusions
1. Distributions of megabenthos in areas of manganese nodules, cobalt-rich crust and polymetallic sulphide were surveyed, by the photo transect methods, which was recommended by the environmental guideline prepared for manganese nodules development.
2. Although characteristics of megabenthos distributions in each site was understood in some extents, problems remained. Particularly to an accuracy of quantitative data sets.
3. According to the mining code, contractors must submitted reports on environmental baseline data and prediction of environmental impact resulting from mining. In addition, these results must be reviewed by the LTC.
4. If megabenthos data is included a regulation for CRC and PS development, intercariblational methods would be required for both contractors and the LTC.
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Supplement
Japanese Approaches for deep-sea mineral resources development
Workshop by the ISA
2004 September 6-10
Kingston Jamaica
Japanese Approach
Manganese nodule: 1975 – 1999 exploration research1975 – 1999 environmental research 1990 - 1997
Cobalt Rich Crust: 1987- present exploration research 1987- present environmental research 1998-2001
Polymetallic Sulphide: 1985 - present exploration research 1985 – present environmental research not yet
Thank you
for your kind attention
The Fifth (2003) ISOPE
Ocean Mining Symposium
2003 September 15-19,Tsukuba, Japan