tomas jonsson, senior principal engineer, abb grid systems, … · hvdc converter station < 1200...
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© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 1
High power electronics for HVDCpower transmissionTSTE19 Power Electronics Lecture 14
Tomas Jonsson, Senior Principal Engineer, ABB Grid Systems, Västerås Sweden
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 2
Outline
§ HVDC Introduction
§ Classic HVDC Basic principles
§ VSC HVDC Basic principles
§ VSC in the power grid - Wind applications
§ VSC in the power grid - DC-grid applications
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 3
HVDCIntroduction
Electric Power Systems
§ What is the purpose of the electric power system?
§ Why is the system based on AC power?
§ When is DC power preferred or needed?
© ABB Group§May 15,2009
§| Slide4
Market drivers for HVDC transmissionEnvironmentally friendly grid expansion
§ Integration of renewable energy§ Remote hydro§ Offshore wind§ Solar power
§ Grid reinforcement§ For increased trading§ Share spinning reserves§ To support intermittent renewable energy
Tackling society’s challenges on path to low-carbon erameans helping utilities do more using less
§Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2009
12,5
00Terawatt-hours
(TWh)
10,000
20,000
30,00016
,500
2007 2015 2030
20,0
00 29,0
00
+76%
Solutions are needed for:
§ Rising demand forelectricity – moregeneration
§ Increasing energyefficiency - improvingcapacity of existingnetwork
§ Reducing CO2 emissions– Introduce high level ofrenewable integration
Forecast rise in electricityconsumption by 2030
Others
NAM
EuropeIndia
China
Meeting the rise in demand will mean adding a 1 GW power plant
and all related infrastructure every week for the next 20 years
IEA World Energy Outlook 2012 - 2035
§ 5 890 GW of capacity additions (> the total installedcapacity in 2011) is required
§ One-third of this is to replace retiring plants; the rest is to meetgrowing electricity demand.
§ Renewables represent half : 3000 GW. Gas 1400 GW.
§ The power sector requires investment of $16.9 trillion, ca. halfthe total energy supply infrastructure investment
§ Two-fifths of this investment is for electricity networks, whilethe rest is for generation capacity.
§ Investment in generation capacity, > 60% is for renewables:wind (22%), hydro (16%), solar PV (13%).
© ABB GroupSlide 7PowDoc id
§© ABB Group§December 16, 2015 | Slide 8
Source: DG Energy, European Commission
§1
§2
§3
§4
Hydro power & pump storage -Scandinavia
>50 GW wind power in North Sea and Baltic Sea
Hydro power & pump storage plants - Alps
Solar power in S.Europe, N.Africa & Middle East
§1
§2
§31§4
§ Alternatives to nuclear-distributed generation§ Role of offshore wind / other renewables§ Political commitment§ Investment demand and conditions§ Need to strengthen existing grid
The evolution of grids: Connect remote renewablesEurope & Germany are planning large scale VSC-HVDC
European Visions Germany (draft grid master plan)
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 9
What is an HVDC Transmission System?
Hydro
Solar
Hydro
Solar
HVDC Converter Station> 6400 MW, Classic
HVDC Converter Station< 1200 MW, Light
HVDC Converter Station> 6400 MW, Classic
HVDC Converter Station< 1200 MW, Light
Power/Energy direction
Cus
tom
ers
Grid
Cus
tom
ers
Grid
Cus
tom
ers
Grid
Cus
tom
ers
Grid
Overhead LinesTwo conductors
Alt.Submarine cables
Land orSubmarine cables
Traditional overhead line with AC
Overhead AC line with FACTS*
HVDC (high voltage direct current) Classic overhead line
Underground line with HVDC Light or AC cable
Different technologies :Same power transmitted
The transmission grid becomes increasingly importantContinued development of AC and DC technologies
§Capacity up 10x ; losses downfrom 3% to 1% per converterstation since 2000
Losses%
3
1
HVDC Light
400
800
20102000
1000
Tran
smis
sion
capa
city
(MW
)
Capacity up 6x since 2000; Voltage upfrom +/- 100kV to +/- 800kV since 1970
HVDC Classic
2,000
4,000
1970 1990 2010
6,000
Voltage
kV
200
800
600
§ Longer transmission distances
§ More power - lower losses - reduced cost permegawatt (MW)
§ Development of power electronics, cable andsemiconductor technology
© ABB Sep.12, Slide 10
Why HVDC is ideal for long distance transmission?Capacitance and Inductance of power line
© ABB Group
December 16, 2015 | Slide 11
In cable > 50 km, most of AC current isneeded to charge and discharge the “C“(capacitance) of the cable
In overhead lines > 200 km, most of ACvoltage is needed to overcome the “L”(inductance) of the line
GG loadIC= wCU0
UL= wLI0
I0U0
I = I0 - IC U=U0-UL
Þ C& L can be compensated by reactors/capacitors or FACTS
Þ or by use of DC, which means w = 2pn = 0
Cable Overhead Line
C
loadL
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150
§Length of Cable [km]
§Tra
nsm
issi
onC
apac
ity[M
W]
§AC 500 kV
§AC345 kV
§AC 230 kV
§DC ±320 kV
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 200 400 600 800 1000
§Length of Transmission Line [km]
§Tra
nsm
issi
onC
apac
ity[M
W]
§HVAC
§HVDC
§500 kV
§765 kV
§500 kV
§800 kV
InvestmentCosts
Distance
AC Terminal costs
Total AC cost
DC terminalCosts
Total DC CostCritical Distance
Investment cost versus distance for HVAC and HVDC
Variables -Cost of Land -Cost of Materials- Cost of Labour- Time to Market- Permissions- etc.
§16 December2015
§| Slide13
More than 50 years ago ABB broke the AC/DC barrierGotland 20 MW subsea link 1954
§ABB’s unique position in HVDC
§In-house converters, semiconductors, cables
Converters High power semiconductors HV Cables
§Key components for HVDC transmission systems
§Transmit large amounts ofpower- u/ground & subsea
§Conversion of AC to DCand vice versa
§Silicon based devices forpower switching
| Slide 1424 April 2012
2012: New cable ship AMC Connector
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 15
§16 December2015
§| Slide16
Troll 1&2Troll 3&4Nelson River 2
CU-project
Vancouver IslandPole 1
Pacific Intertie
Pacific IntertieUpgrading
Pacific IntertieExpansionIntermountain
Blackwater
Rio Madeira
Inga-Shaba
Brazil-ArgentinaInterconnection I&II
EnglishChannelDürnrohrSardinia-Italy
Highgate
Châteauguay
Quebec-New England
Skagerrak 1-3
Konti-Skan
Baltic Cable
FennoSkan 1&2
Kontek
SwePol
ChandrapurPhadge
Rihand-Dadri
Vindhyachal
SakumaGezhouba-Shanghai
Three Gorges-Shanghai
Leyte-LuzonBroken Hill
New Zealand 1&2
Gotland Light
Gotland 1-3
Murraylink
Eagle Pass
Tjæreborg
Hällsjön
Directlink
Cross Sound
Italy-GreeceRapid City
Vizag II
Three Gorges-Guandong
Estlink
Valhall
Cahora Bassa
SapeiSquare Butte
Sharyland
Three Gorges-Changzhou
Outaouais
Caprivi Link
Hülünbeir- Liaoning
Lingbao II Extension
Xiangjiaba-Shanghai
BorWin1
NorNed
Apollo Upgrade
EWIC
IPP Upgrade
Itaipu
DolWin1Dolwin 2
NordBalt
Skagerrak 4
North East Agra
Jinping - SunanMackinac
58 HVDC Classic Projects since 195814 HVDC upgrades since 199019 HVDC Light Projects since 1997
ABB has more than half of the 145 HVDC projectsThe track record of a global leader
Development of HVDC applications
580 km
HVDC Classic
§ Very long sub sea transmissions
§ Very long overhead line transmissions
§ Very high power transmissions
HVDC Light
§ Offshore power supply
§ Wind power integration
§ Underground transmission
§ DC grids
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 18
HVDC Technologies
Hydro
Solar
Hydro
Solar
§ HVDC Classic
§ Current source converters
§ Line-commutated thyristor valves
§ Requires 50% reactive compensation
§ Converter transformers
§ Minimum short circuit capacity > 2xconverter rating
§ HVDC Light
§ Voltage source converters
§ Self-commutated IGBT valves
§ Requires no reactive powercompensation
§ “Standard” transformers
§ No minimum short circuit capacity,black start
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 19
Classic HVDCbasic principles
HVAC X~ ~
E1d E2 0
R
~~ Ud2Ud1
E1d E2 0
Power DirectionAC and DC transmission principles
HVDC
Power flow independent from system angles
HVDC - Controllability of power flow
Ud1 Ud2 Rd Id Pd1 Pd2
100 99 1 1 100 99101 99 1 2 202 198
-99 -100 1 1 -99 -100
Fast and stable
power flow control
1W
InverterRectifier 1kA
~~ +100 kV +99 kV
Normal Power direction:
1W
Inverter Rectifier1kA
~-99 kV -100 kV
~
Power reversal:
Pd2Pd1
Principles of AC/DC conversion, 6-pulse bridgeId
1 3 5
Ud
4 6 2
UR
US
UT
IR
IS
R
T
S
IT
UR US UT
16
12
32
34
54
56
URT UST
tw
ia1ea
ia wt(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Id
E
E
E
E
E
E
a
a
a
a
a
a
I
I
I
I
I
I
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
Relation between firing delay and phase displacement
°= 0a
°=150a
°= 30a
°=120a
°= 90a
°= 60a
aj
a
a
a
a
j
j
j
j
Waveshapes during a commutation failure
URS U URT RTU UST STU USR SRUTR UTS URS
V1V3
V3V1
V4 V4V5
V6 V6V2 V2
Direct voltage
Valve currents
Valve voltageu+ u
u+
1-3 2-4 3-5 4-6 5-1 6-2 1-3
Ud
ggg
~
~
~
4 6 2
1 3 5
U
U
U
R
S
T
V1 & V4conducting
simultanously
ß
DC side shortcircuit
• Normal commutation• Commutation failure
n How the Reactive Power Balance varies with the Direct Currentfor a Classic Converter ..............
Classic HVDC, Active vs Reactive Power
§0,13
§0,5
§unbalance
§Q
§Classic
§Harmonic Filter §1,0
§I§d
§converter§filter
§unbalance
§0,13
§0,5
§converter
§unbalance
§1,0§I§d
§Q
§Classic
§Harmonic Filters §1,0
§I§d
§filter§converter
§unbalance
HarmonicFilters
ShuntBanks
1,0
0,13
0,5
filter
converter
unbalanceId
Q
Classic
Baltic Cable 600 MW HVDC link
§L36994
The HVDC Classic Monopolar Converter Station
Converter station Transmissionline or cable
Converter
Smoothingreactor
DC filter
Telecommunication
Controlsystem
AC filtersShunt
capacitorsor otherreactive
equipment
AC bus
~~
Shunt Capacitors
Harmonic Filters
Valve Hall
ConverterTransformers
AC Switchyard
Approximately 80 x 180 meters
Monopolar Converter station, 600 MW
AC line
DC Switchyard
DC line
Longquan, ChinaHVDC Classic
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 30
VSC HVDCbasic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 31
Particular advantages with VSC HVDC
1. Voltage source functionality
§ Rapid, independent control of active and reactive power§ No need for a strong grid
1. Why VSC HVDC
Introduction
Uv
Uv
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 32
Particular advantages of VSC HVDC
2. Power direction reversal through DC current reversal
Lightweight, lessexpensive, extrudedpolymer DC cables can beused
1. Why VSC HVDC
Introduction
Extruded plastic cable Mass impregnated oil cable
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 33
Particular advantages of VSC HVDC
3. Pulse width modulation of AC voltages
Small filters, both on AC and DC side
1. Why VSC HVDC
Introduction
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 34
VSC HVDC basic principles
Two-level voltage sourceconverter.Converts a DC voltage into a
three-phase AC voltage by meansof switching between two voltagelevels.
2. VSC converter topologies
Basic operation of a phase leg:
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 35
Multilevel topologies - basics+ Phase voltages are multi-level (>2).
+ Pulse number and switching frequencyare decoupled.
+ The output voltage swing is reduced – lessinsulation stress
+ Series-connected semiconductors can beavoided for high voltage applications
- More complicated converter topologies arerequired- More semiconductors requiredTypical applications: high-power convertersoperating at medium or high voltage.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1
0
12 levels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1
0
13 levels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1
0
15 levels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-1
0
17 levels
VSC HVDC basic principles2. VSC converter topologies
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 36
Multilevel converter topologies
One phase leg, or equivalent, shown in each case
Neutral point clamped (NPC)topologies
Flying capacitor topologies
Cascaded topologies
Modular Multilevel Converters(MMC)
Half-bridge and full-bridge variants
VSC HVDC basic principles2. VSC converter topologies
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 37
Modular multi-level converter (MMC)Prof. Marquardt, Univ. Munich
Ø DC capacitors distributed in the phaselegs
Ø DC capacitors handle fundamental current
Ø Scalable with regard to the number of levels
Ø Twice the total blocking voltage required (twice no ofsemiconductor devices) compared to two-level converter
Ø Redundancy possible by shortingfailing cells
VSC HVDC basic principlesModular multi-level converter (MMC)
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 38
VSC HVDC basic principlesMMC-converter, switching principle
D1
D2
T1
T2
C
D1 T1
D2 T2
C
IvpaD1
D2
T1
T2
C
D1 T1
D2 T2
C
Uv
Ivna
Iv
Lv
Lv
Ucp1a
-Ud
+Ud
Three operating states of the converter cell:Ø Bypass mode. Cell capacitor is bypassed. (Green curve)
Ø Inserted mode. Cell capacitor is inserted and givingcontribution to converter output voltage
Ø Blocked mode. All IGBTs non-conducting
Ivpa
Ucp1a
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 39
© ABB GroupSlide 39PowDoc id
VSC HVDC basic principlesMMC-converter, Output voltage
1
2
n
1
2
n
Cell+
-
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300M9 version 2.2, 320kV, M2LC, P=3.37, N=35, C=1mF, no 2nd harm
VSC Toolbox version 2.4. 05-Dec-2008 10:22:05
Uv(
t)[k
V]
time s
Third harmonic modulation
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 40
VSC HVDC basic principlesMMC-converter, basic mode of operation
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 41
VSC performance – Switching Principle
Uvalve
Uvalve
2-level ±150 kVdc MMC ±320 kVdc
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 42
VSC performance– Converter currents
Iv IvItfosec
Ifilt
Ivp
2-level MMC
No filters required
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 43
VSC performance– Valve voltages and currents
Udiod1Uigbt1
Iigbt1 Idiod1
2-level MMCReduced losses
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 44
Mass 3,000 kg2,000
1660(mm)
1,600
2,200
1- 8
1- 8
1- 8
1- 8
HVDC Light Generation 4Double cell
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 45
IGBT Module
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 46
IGBT inner structure
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 47
HVDC Light - valve designShort Circuit Failure Mode (SCFM)
ABB press pack valve design
4,5 kV, 2000 A
1. Safe short-circuit at single module fault
2. Press-pack IGBT designed to withstandline-to-line DC fault
3. Same short-circuit failure mode as thewell-proven press pack for thyristors
The press-pack IGBTs used by ABB aredesigned to withstand operation in ashort-circuited state. Non press-packdevices that are not designed fortransmission applications may failuncontrollably (explosion resistanthousing required).
Valve control
1
2
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 48
HVDC Light Generation 4Valve arm
+
-
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 49
© ABB GroupSlide 49PowDoc id
Typical converter layout – 700 MW
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 50
© ABB GroupSlide 50PowDoc id
Typical converter layout – 700 MW
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 51
150 m220 m
HVDC Light Generation 4Station layout 2 x 1000 MW ± 320 kV
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 52
VSC in thepower grid
Wind applications
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 53
Wind farms increase in size.
Most of them above 300 MW.
Larger farms will require massivedelivery of AC-cables, both exportcables and array cables
Longer distance from shore andincreased size favors HVDCconnectors (planned up to 1100MW)
Offshore Wind Power ConnectorsPlanned installations – Europe
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 54
AC is the “traditional” technology
DC (HVDC) is required for long distances (>50-100 km) or higherpower ratings (>300 MW)
Capex - reduced cable and cable installation cost.
Opex - reduced power losses over long distances
Capacity - several wind farms connected to a “plug at sea”
Reliability - grid code compliance, power control, stability and black startcapability
Flexible - enables long distance underground connection to main AC grid
Environmental - reduced subsea cable trenching, no magnetical fields, nooil in XLPE cable, no overhead lines
AC
DC
Offshore Wind Power ConnectorsTechnology, AC or DC-connectors
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 55
OverviewOffshore AC wind power connectors
50 – 300 MW: 72-150 kV200 – 500 MW: 150-245 kV
(Longest AC subsea cable is the Isle of Man connector – 104 km, 90kV / 40 MW)
Traditional AC-substations located off-shoreKey issue is to fulfill grid code compliance
Wind farms OffshoreAC substation
72-245 kVSubsea cable
Main ACnetwork
OnshoreAC substation
24-72 kVCollection grid
ReactiveCompensation
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 56
OverviewOffshore HVDC wind power connectors
100 – 300 MW: ± 80 kV HVDC Light (VSC)300 – 500 MW: ± 150 kV HVDC Light500 – 1000 MW:± 320 kV HVDC Light
VSC technology for compactsolutions. ABB with 10 yearsexperience ( 13 references)
LargeWind farms
OffshoreHVDC Light
DC cabletransmission
Main ACnetwork
OnshoreHVDC Light
OffshoreAC platform
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 57
DC
Cap
acito
r
ACB
reak
er+
prei
nser
t.R
esis
tor
DC
Cho
pper
On-shore converter ratingbased on Grid Code:
Overview, 400 MW HVDC Light System, BorWin 1
Offshore rating conditionsWind park QCable grid QNo tap-changer needed through converter ac-
voltage control
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 58
Main Circuit – PQ capability charts
Onshore
§ 350-420 kV
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 2000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450M6 version 1, 150kV, 6-sub, EON off-shore station
VSC Toolbox version 2.1. 31-May-2007 21:00:22
Pac
[MW
]
Qac [Mvar]
Uac=150kVUac=155kVUac=160kVUac=165kV
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 2500
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450M5 version 1, 150kV, 6-sub, EON on-shore station
VSC Toolbox version 2.1. 31-May-2007 20:24:00
Pac
[MW
]
Qac [Mvar]
Uac=350kVUac=380kVUac=420kVUac=440kVEON grid code pf=0.95 indEON grid code pf=0.925 cap
Offshore• 155 -165 kV
DC
Cap
acito
r
ACBr
eake
r+pr
eins
ert.
Res
isto
r
DC
Cho
pper
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 59
WindpowerControlAspects
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 60
Basic Control Principle.Voltage Source Converter
{Uv
Uv
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 61
Converter energization
Onshore station
200
400y
(kV)
udcc2
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 ... ... ...
-1.50
-400
400
y(k
V)
upcc2a upcc2b upcc2c
1. Auxiliary power connected.Cooling system running.
2. On-shore ac breaker closed toenergize transformer, filter andconverter
3. On-shore converter deblocked.DC-voltage control active
DC-Voltage
AC-Voltage
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 62
Off-shore grid energization
1. Off-shore converter deblocked.AC-voltage control active.
2. Smooth ramp-up of ac-voltage.3. Off-shore main breaker closed.4. Windpark transformers
energized5. Wind-turbines synchronized and
connected0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
-400-200
0200400
Time (seconds)
ua,u
b,uc
(kV
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-400-200
0200400
ua,u
b,uc
(kV
)
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 63
Normal operation
P2 (on-shore)P1 (off-
shore)
UDC
time
1. Off-shore converter in voltage andfrequency control.
2. On-shore converter in dc-voltage andreactive power control.
3. Windpark power reduction,
4. Off-shore converter power (P1) drops,since ac-voltage control results in powertracking
5. Instantaneous dc-power unbalance(P1-P2) < 0 Þ dc-voltage drop
6. On-shore dc-voltage control quicklyreduces power (P2) to restore nominal dc-voltage and power balance.
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 64
Automatic windpower dispatch
frequency(off-shore)Windpark
power
P1ref
time
1. Off-shore converter in voltage and frequencycontrol.
2. Power reduction ordered by on-shore gridoperator (or frequency control)
3. Off-shore converter increases off-shore gridfrequency
4. Wind turbine control responds to the frequencyincrease by power reduction (98% per Hz)
5. Off-shore converter power (P1) drops, since ac-voltage control results in power tracking
6. On-shore dc-voltage control quickly reduces P2to restore nominal dc-voltage and power balance.
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 65
Isolated generation, grid fault without fault ride through
uDC1 uDC2
Control of:Ud, Q1
P2, Q2
P2
P1
UDC
P1, Q1
Control of:U2, f2
Control of:U1, f1
AC-voltagesU2
U1
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 66
Fault ride through with chopper
P1=f(Udc1)Q1
uDC1 uDC2
P2, Q2
Control of:Ud, Q1
Control of:U2, f2
Control of:U1, f1
Pch
DC chopper:Udmax
With DC chopper
P2
P1
UDC
Pch
On-shore Off-shore
§ DC-chopper decouples windpark fromon-shore grid
§ Minimum impact on wind productionduring on-shore grid faults
VSC HVDC basic principles
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 67
© ABB GroupSlide 67PowDoc id
Chopper resistors
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 68
© ABB GroupSlide 68PowDoc id
JacketPiles
Crane
Transformers
Helipad
J-Tubes
Topside
Example of offshore platform layout
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 69
© ABB GroupSlide 69PowDoc id
Jacket
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 70
© ABB GroupSlide 70PowDoc id
Topside
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 71
© ABB GroupSlide 71PowDoc id
Transport of Jacket + Topside
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 72
© ABB GroupSlide 72PowDoc id
Jacket installation
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 73
© ABB GroupSlide 73PowDoc id
Topside placed on jacket
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 74
© ABB GroupSlide 74PowDoc id
Final platform
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 75© ABB GroupSlide 75
Borwin 1, Dolwin 1 & 2 Offshore Point-to-PointWhy HVDC Light: Length of land and sea cable
Main data Borwin 1 Dolwin 1 Dolwin 2 .
In operation: 2010 2013 2015
Power rating: 400 MW 800 MW 900 MW
AC Voltage Platform: 170 kV 155 kV 155 kVOnshore 380 kV 380 kV 380 kV
DC Voltage: ±150 kV ±320 kV ±320 kV
DC underground cable: 2 x 75 km 2 x 75 km 2 x 45 kmDC submarine cable: 2 x 125 km 2 x 90 km 2 x 90 km
DOLWIN1: efficiently integrating power from offshore wind
DOLWIN alpha platform loadout
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 76
VSC in thepower grid
DC-grid applications
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 77
HVDC Grids – Why?Regional to continental HVDC Grids
Offshorewind
Solar
Hydro
§ Why HVDC Grids vs HVDC single links§ Only relevant offshore solution (DC-cables)§ Loss reduction§ Increased power capacity & availability
combined with the AC-system§ Less visual impact & easier permitting
(DC-cables)
§ Why now:§ Offshore wind, remote solar, grid
constraints§ HVDC Light systems and components
mature
§ Challenges:§ DC-fault clearing strategies§ DC overhead lines§ Regulatory framework
§© ABB Group§December 16, 2015 | Slide 78
Source: DG Energy, European Commission
§1
§2
§3
§4
Hydro power & pump storage -Scandinavia
>50 GW wind power in North Sea and Baltic Sea
Hydro power & pump storage plants - Alps
Solar power in S.Europe, N.Africa & Middle East
§1
§2
§31§4
§ Alternatives to nuclear-distributed generation§ Role of offshore wind / other renewables§ Political commitment§ Investment demand and conditions§ Need to strengthen existing grid
The evolution of grids: Connect remote renewablesEurope & Germany are planning large scale VSC-HVDC
European Visions Germany (draft grid master plan)
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 79
Multi-terminal operation
P1P2
UD
P3, Q3P3
P1=f(Udc1)Q1
uDC1 uDC2
P2, Q2
Control of:Ud, Q1
Control of:P2, Q2
Control of:P3, Q3
Control of:U1, f1
Control of:U2, f2
Control of:U3, f3
VSC HVDC basic principles
• One converter station maintains a constant dc voltage(left), while the other two (right) converter operates atindependant power reference given by system operator.
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 80
Protection philosophyLine fault handling
§ Primarily fast protectiontogether with fast DC breakersisolate the faulty line.
Fast DC breakers
Separation without interruptionBreaker layouts
xx x
x
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§ Fast: Breaking times of less than 2ms
§ Powerful Current breaking capability of 16kA
§ Efficient Transfer losses are less than 0.01%
§ Modular Easily adapted to actual voltage & current ratings
§ Reliable Protective current limitation, functional check while in service
§ Proven Power electronic design similar to converter technology
§ DC Breakers are no longer a showstopper for large HVDC grids
Hybrid DC Breaker is well suited for HVDC grids
© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 82
Hybrid DC BreakerFast breaking within time delay of selective protection
§ Normal operation: Current flows in low-loss bypass
§ Proactive control: Load commutation switch transfer current into Main Breakerswitch, the Ultra Fast Disconnector opens with very low voltage stress
§ Current limitation: Main Breaker switch commutates fault current into parts of thesectionalized arrester bank
§ Fault clearance: Main Breaker switch commutates fault current into arresterbank
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© ABB GroupDecember 16, 2015 | Slide 85