tom reed (university college, cork) stocking and climate change

7/22/2019 Tom Reed (University College, Cork) Stocking and Climate Change

1/55

^kcjlg stlnhigm kg` ncijktd nfkgmd

Plj Rdd`

Bdkuelrt Jkrigd Rdsdkrnf Kwkr` ig Eisf Qlpucktilg Mdgdtins

Tgivdrsity Nlccdmd Nlrh, Irdckg`

Bllstigm skcjlg gujbdrs - is stlnhigm tfd kgswdr lr tfd prlbcdj


2/55

Pkch lutcigd

;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds

2. ^imgkturds le ncijktd nfkgmd ig skcjlg plp. `ygkjins

>. Rd`und` jkrigd survivkc le Ktckgtin skcjlg

0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts lg Ktckgtin skcjlg

4. Nksd stu`y le Burrisfllcd skcjlg (wic` + rkgnfd`)

5. Rdsicidgnd le plpucktilgs kg` stlnh nljpcdxds ig tfd

eknd le ugndrtkigty


3/55

Mclbkc snkcd? ktjlspfdrin NL2is

ignrdksigm

Pripkti dt kc. ^nidgnd 2119

;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. ^imgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd


4/55

kg` tfd lndkgs krd mdttigm jlrd

kniìn.

"Pfis XkniìeinktilgZ is ugprdnd`dgtd` ig tfd Dkrtf's hglwg fistlry. ]d krd dgtdrigm kg

ughglwg tdrritlry le jkrigd dnlsystdj nfkgmd, kg` dxplsigm lrmkgisjs tl igtlcdrkbcd

dvlcutilgkry prdssurd. Pfd gdxt jkss dxtigntilg jky fkvd kcrdk`y bdmug.

Erlj? IQ^L ^tktd le tfd Lndkg Rdplrt 21;>? sdd fttp?//www.stktdletfdlndkg.lrm


^lurnd? fttp?//www.gkturd.nlj/snitkbcd/hglwcd`md/cibrkry/lndkg-kniìeinktilg-24622=>0
http://www.stateoftheocean.org/http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/ocean-acidification-25822734http://www.stateoftheocean.org/http://www.stateoftheocean.org/http://www.stateoftheocean.org/


5/55

Mclbkc snkcd? kvdrkmd tdjpdrkturdsrisigm kt ugprdnd`dgtd` rktd

^lurnd? Jlritz kg` Kmu`l ^nidgnd21;>



6/55

JLUD K@KQP LR @ID.

^lurnd? fttp?//gdws.stkgelr`.d`u/gdws/21;>/kumust/ncijktd-nfkgmd-spdd`-161;;>.ftjc

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html


7/55

^lurnd? fttp?//gdws.stkgelr`.d`u/gdws/21;>/kumust/ncijktd-nfkgmd-spdd`-161;;>.ftjc

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.htmlhttp://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/august/climate-change-speed-080113.html


8/55

^lurnd? fttp?//dg.wihipd`ik.lrm/wihi/Dc\Gil

Pdjpdrktu

rd`ieedrdgnderlj

bksdcigdmclbkc

jdkg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o


9/55

Qkniein `dnk`kc lsniccktilg



10/55

Jkgtuk dt kc. Bucc Kj Jdt ^ln;99=



11/55

Ncijktd nfkgmd ijpknts lg skcjlg

JKRIGD DGUIRLGJDGP ERD^F]KPDR DGUIRLGJDGP

KBILPIN/@IRDNP

DEEDNP^

BILPIN/IG@IRDNP

DEEDNP^

@dktf lr strdss `ud tl

fimf tdjpdrkturds.

Ignrdksd` dgdrmdtin nlsts

le jimrktilg

Kctdrd` mrlwtf kg`jkturktilg pkttdrgs

Nfkgmds ig ell` suppcy.

Nfkgmds ig prd`ktilg.

Ignrdksd` isdksd rish kg`

pkrksitds.


@dktf lr strdss `ud tl

fimf tdjpdrkturds.

Ignrdksd` dgdrmdtin nlsts

le jimrktilg

Kctdrd` mrlwtf kg`jkturktilg pkttdrgs

Nfkgmds ig ell` suppcy.

Nfkgmds ig prd`ktilg.

Ignrdksd` isdksd rish kg`

pkrksitds.

Olgsslg, B., kg` G. Olgsslg. "K rdvidw le tfd cihdcy deednts le ncijktd nfkgmd lg kgk`rljlus Ktckgtin skcjlg ^kcjl skckrkg` brlwg

trlut ^kcjl truttk, witf pkrtinuckr rdedrdgnd tl wktdr tdjpdrkturd kg` eclw."Olurgkc le Eisf Bilclmy =4.;1 (2119)? 2>6;-200=.

Nrlzidr, C. M., dt kc."Qltdgtikc rdsplgsds tl ncijktd nfkgmd ig lrmkgisjs witf nljpcdx cied fistlrids? dvlcutilg kg` pckstinity ig Qkniein

skcjlg." Dvlcutilgkry Kppcinktilgs;.2 (2116)? 242-2=1.


12/55

Qrlbcdjs `ud tl nfkgmds ig lndkg ncijktd

Jkrigd survivkc fks `dnrdksd` substkgtikccy ig rdndgt `dnk`ds8

dspdnikccy keedntigm J^] eisf but ;^] kcsl keedntd`,

pkrtinuckrcy erlj ^lutfdrg Durlpdkg stlnh nljpcdx

^lurnd? Erid`ckg` dt kc. 21;> Ig Qrdss;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. ^imgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd

2^] Glg-jkturigm ;^] Jkturigm


13/55


14/55

Pfd ncdkr jdsskmd erlj tfd ^kcjlg

ûjjit ig tfis nfkccdgmigm mclbkc

dgvirlgjdgt is tl jkxijisd tfd

gujbdr le fdkctfy wic` skcjlg tfkt

ml tl sdk erlj tfdir fljd rivdrs,

signd jkgkmdjdgt lptilgs ig tfdlndkg krd cijitd`.

Jkcnlcj C. ]ig`slr, Qdtdr Futnfigslg, Ckrs Qdttdr

Fkgsdg kg` @kvi` M. Rd`ìg. 21;2. Ktckgtin skcjlg kt

sdk? Eigìgms erlj rdndgt rdsdkrnf kg` tfdir ijpcinktilgs

elr jkgkmdjdgt. GK^NL lnujdgt NGC(;2)51.

Dìgburmf, TH. 21pp.;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. îmgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd

]fkt kblut erdsfwktdr ijpknts lg

rdmilgkc/clnkc snkcds. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd

^l jkgkmigm skcjlg ig tfd eknd le NN wicc rdkcistinkccy bd kcc kblut jigijisigm

ijpknts ig erdsfwktdr, dstukrigd kg` nlkstkc dgvirlgjdgts, wfdrd wd fkvd

jlrd ìrdnt nlgtrlc.

^fluc` stlnhigm bd k pkrt le tfd rdpdrtlird le jkgkmdjdgt

lptilgs, lr `l tfd rishs lutwdimf tfd pltdgtikc bdgdeits. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd

DNL^Y^PDJ

QRL@TNPIUIPY

^PLNH NLJQCDV lr

JDPKQLQTCKPILG

QRL@TNPIUIPY

QLQTCKPILG

QRL@TNPIUIPY

Rktd le mdgdrktilg le

biljkss.

Rdnruits pdr spkwgdr

Kbug`kgnd


17/55;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. ^imgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. RdsicidgndPijd

@dmrdd le clnkc

k`kptktilg(jktnf bdtwddg

pfdgltypd +

dgvirlgjdgt)

Qlpucktilg

kbug`kgnd(le gkturkccy

spkwgigm eisf)

Dgvirlgjdgtkc

nfkgmd

Qdrednt k`kptktilgIgnrdksigm

jkck`kptktilg


18/55;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. ^imgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. RdsicidgndPijd

@dmrdd le clnkc

k`kptktilg(jktnf bdtwddg

pfdgltypd +

dgvirlgjdgt)

Qlpucktilg

kbug`kgnd(le gkturkccy

spkwgigm eisf)

Dgvirlgjdgtkc

nfkgmd

Qdrednt k`kptktilgIgnrdksigm

jkck`kptktilg

^tlnhigm


19/55

Burrisfllcd Nksd stu`y?

Igtrlmrdssilg witf nkptivd brd` eisf


20/55


21/55

Clgmtdrj dxpdrijdgt (Burrisfllcd Rivdr)


22/55

Pfd Jl`dc

Jkig ekntlrs `dtdrjigigm dmm tl sjlctsurvivkc ig Burrisfllcd

% fktnfdry dmms ig spkwgigm nlflrt (- survivkc)

]igtdr tdjpdrkturd elr dmms & ery (- survivkc)

]igtdr tdjpdrkturd elr pkrr (- survivkc)

]igtdr tdjpdrkturd elr sjlcts (+ survivkc)

Igtdrkntilg bdtwddg % fktnfdry dmms kg` wigtdr tdjpdrkturd (- survivkc)

JnMiggity dt kc. (2119). QR^B, 2=5?>51;>5;1


23/55

Lbsdrvd` nfkgmds ig ncijktd


24/55

Euturd prlodntilgs

JnMiggity dt kc. (2119). QR^B, 2=5?>51;

>5;1


25/55

JnMiggity dt kc. (2119). QR^B, 2=5?>51;>5;1


26/55

JnMiggity dt kc. (2119). QR^B, 2=5?>51;

>5;1


27/55

Rdsicidgnd le stlnh nljpcdxds


DNL^Y^PDJ

QRL@TNPIUIPY

^PLNH NLJQCDV lr

JDPKQLQTCKPILG

QRL@TNPIUIPY

QLQTCKPILGQRL@TNPIUIPY


28/55

Glrtf Qkniein Lndkg

Bristlc Bky

]ll` RivdrC.K. Rlmdrs

dknf witf

jkgy

plpucktilgs

9 jkolr rivdrs

^lnhdyd ^kcjlg fkbitkt

ig Bristlc Bky


29/55


30/55

C.K. Rlmdrs

Ckhd

bdknfds

^jkcc

strdkjs

^kcjlg bilclminkc edkturds krd k`kptd` tl clnkc

fkbitkt nlg`itilgs kg` flw tfdsd eictdr ncijktd

;

2

>

Kmd `ivdrsity

^kcjlg ckg`snkpds krd sfietigm jlskins le suitkbcd fkbitkt


31/55

^kcjlg ckg`snkpds krd sfietigm jlskins le suitkbcd fkbitkt(sdgsu^tkgelr` dt kc. 2114)


32/55

Nljjdrnikc eisfdrids elr slnhdyd skcjlg ig Bristlc Bky fkvd bddg

sustkigd` elr lvdr ;21 ydkrs

1

4,111,111

;1,111,111

;4,111,111

21,111,111

24,111,111

>1,111,111

>4,111,111

01,111,111

04,111,111

41,111,111

;69>

;91>

;9;>

;92>

;9>>

;90>

;94>

;95>

;9=>

;96>

;99>

211>

Ydkr

Nljjdrnikcnktn

Plmikh

Tmksfih

DmdmihGusfkmkh

Gkhgdh-Hvinfkh

`ktk erlj K@EM

Nljjdrnikcnk

tnf

Gujbdr le slnhdyd skcjlg nkumft ig Bristlc Bky (;69>-21;1)


33/55

1

;1

21

>1

01

41

51

=1

61

91

;11

1

;1

21

>1

01

41

51

=1

61

91

;11 Eisfdrids krd nclsd` 0 ydkrs dvdry ndgtury

Eisfdrids krd nclsd`

01 tijds dvdry ndgtury

Bristlc Bky

(igtknt plrtelcil)

Bristlc Bky

(drl`d` plrtelcil)

jigijuj

spkwgdrs

kvdrkmd

Ukrikbicity ig skcjlg ignrdksds tfd rktd le eisfdrids nclsurds

V V V V

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V V

Pijd (;11 ydkrs)

Guj

bdrlerdturgigms

kcjlg(jiccilgs)

^t bicit ` ` ti it ` i e `i ` f i f bit t


34/55

GLKK

^tkbicity kg` prl`untivity `drivd erlj `ivdrsd kg` nfkgmigm fkbitkt

Bristlc Bky, Kckshk Qkniein Glrtfwdst

Pl hddp dvdry nlm kg` wfddc is tfd eirst prdnkutilg le

igtdccimdgt tighdrigm

Kc`l Cdlplc` (Rlug` Rivdr, ;94>)
http://www.cbr.washington.edu/crisp/hydro/hydrolwg1.htmlhttp://www.cbr.washington.edu/crisp/hydro/hydrolwg1.html


35/55

@isdksd is tfd buccdt tfkt's hiccigm tfd erlms, but ncijktd nfkgmd is

puccigm tfd trimmdr. Mclbkc wkrjigm is wrdkhigm fkvln lg kjpfibikgs,

kg` sllg wicc nkusd stkmmdrigm clssds le bil`ivdrsity

O. Kckg Qlug`s 2115


36/55

Knhglwcd`mjdgts

IBI^/K^P kg` tfd lrmkgisdrs @kgidc ^nfig`cdr (Tgivdrsity le ]ksfigmtlg, ^dkttcd) elr sci`ds

Qfic Jn Miggity elr sci`ds kg` mrdkt `isnussilgs kcwkys!

Bdkuelrt Jkrigd Rdsdkrnf Kwkr` ig Eisf Qlpucktilg Mdgdtins

Pfis Bdkuelrt Jkrigd Rdsdkrnf Kwkr` is nkrrid` lut ug`dr tfd ^dk Nfkgmd ^trktdmy

kg` tfd ^trktdmy elr ^nidgnd Pdnfglclmy kg` Igglvktilg (2115-21;>),

witf tfd supplrt le tfd Jkrigd Igstitutd, eug`d` ug`dr tfd Jkrigd Rdsdkrnf ^ub-Qrlmrkjjd

le tfd Gktilgkc @dvdclpjdgt Qckg 211=21;>.


37/55

Dxtrk sci`ds


38/55

Krd fujkgs nkusigm nurrdgt ncijktd

nfkgmd. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd

Ncijktd vkrikbcds keedntigm prl`untivity le


42/55

Qlpucktilg ugit Gursdry CkhdJlst ijplrtkgt

ncijktd vkrikbcd @irdntilg le deednt

Bdkr nrddh Kcdmgkmih Ckhd P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Fkgsdg nrddh Kcdmgkmih Ckhd P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Fkppy nrddh Kcdmgkmih ^^P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Ind nrddh Kcdmgkmih Ckhd P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Edggl nrddh Gdrhk ^^P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Fi``dg nrddh Gdrhk Ckhd P eirst sujjdr

Cygx nrddh Gdrhk - +

Qinh nrddh GdrhkCkhd P eirst sujjdr

+

Ncijktd vkrikbcds keedntigm prlùntivity le

igìviùkc strdkjs


]dkhdgd` plrtelcil deednt ig k nlcckpsd`


43/55

Lgd jkolr qudstilg tfdg bdnljds wfdtfdr it is bdttdr tl ijprlvd prlùntilg ig tfd Ô

Bksig by ijprlvigm tfd dgvirlgjdgt, wfinf jky tkhd k clgm tijd, lr tfrlumf fktnfdry

prlùntilg, wfinf jky elstdr fljlmdgdity kjlgm rivdrs. Fdrd wd krmud tfkt rdstlrigm

dgvirlgjdgtkc fdtdrlmdgdity, wfinf is tfd tdjpcktd tfkt mivds risd tl clnkc k`kptktilgs kg`

ìvdrsd cied fistlry plrtelcils, wicc pky ckrmdr ìvi`dg`s ig tfd clgm rug.

]dkhdgd` plrtelcil deednt ig k nlcckpsd`

Nfigllh skcjlg plpucktilg nljpcdx

^knrkjdgtl R

^kg Olkquig R

Nkrcslg & ^kttdrtfwkitd 21;; NOKE^

Ncijktd vkrikbcds keedntigm prlùntivity kt


44/55

Qlpucktilg ugit Gujbdr le ckhds Jlst ijplrtkgtncijktd vkrikbcd

@irdntilg le deednt

Ckhd Kcdmgkmih ; Ckhd P sdnlg` sujjdr +

Ckhd Gdrhk ; Ckhd P eirst sujjdr +

Kcc strdkjs 2 Ckhd P sdnlg` sujjdr +

]ll` rivdr systdj 4@ktd le ind brdkhup ig

ydkr le sjlctigm -

Ncijktd vkrikbcds keedntigm prlùntivity kt

fimfdr spktikc snkcds

Igncusilg le ekcc kg` wigtdr ncijktd vkrikbcds wks gdvdr strlgmcysupplrtd`, kt kgy snkcd

Igncusilg le tfd Q@L (Qkniein @dnk`kc Lsniccktilg) gdvdr wdcc

supplrtd`, dvdg kt cdvdc le dgtird ]ll` Rivdr systdj

But dvi`dgnd sticc elr ugdxpckigd` lsniccktilgs ig prlùntivity knrlss

ydkrs (lvdr kg` kblvd tfd i`dgtieid` ncijktd deednts);. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. îmgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd


45/55

Igfdrdgt trk`d-lee?

Jl`dccigm deednts le ncijktd nfkgmd? jlst kpprlpriktd

cdvdc le spktikc nljpcdxity tl nlgsi`dr `dpdg`s lg

spdniein jkgkmdjdgt, snidgtiein, lr nlgsdrvktilg mlkcs

Nlkrsd spktikc snkcd

(d.m. dgtird wktdrsfd` lr

rdmilg)

Eigd spktikc snkcd

(d.m. igìviùkc

strdkjs/plpucktilgs)

Ijprlvd` mdgdrkcity

kg` jlrd nlgei`dgnd

ig `dtdntd` ncijktd

deednts.

Imglrds dnlclminkc

nljpcdxity kg`

ìeedrdgtikc rdsplgsds

le plpucktilgs.

Rdvdkcs dnlclminkc

nljpcdxity kg`

ìeedrdgtikc rdsplgsds

le plpucktilgs.

Rdùnd` mdgdrkcity kg`

cittcd prdìntivd plwdr.


c c e c


46/55

Ncijktd nyncds lg tlp le clgm-tdrj

wkrjigm

Bdclw glrjkc

prdssurd lvdr

Pkfiti8

Kblvd glrjkcprdssurd lvdr

Kustrkcik

Kblvd glrjkc

prdssurd lvdr

Pkfiti8

Bdclw glrjkc

prdssurd lvdr

Kustrkcik

Ck Gik

Dc Gil

^lurnd? fttp?//dg.wihipd`ik.lrm/wihi/Dc\Gil;. Qfysinkc nfkgmds 2. ^imgkturds ig skcjlg plps >. Jkrigd survivkc 0. Erdsfwktdr ijpknts 4. Burrisfllcd nksd stu`y 5. Rdsicidgnd
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o


47/55

Ijkmd? www.spdkhupelrbcud.nlj

http://www.speakupforblue.com/in-ocean-news/sockeye-salmon-return-to-rivers-using-magnetic-field-during-migrationhttp://www.speakupforblue.com/in-ocean-news/sockeye-salmon-return-to-rivers-using-magnetic-field-during-migration


48/55

^lurnd? fttp?//sdkcdvdc.opc.gksk.mlv/dcgigl/9=;214.ftjc

]krj wktdr

pllc8 sdk cdvdc

wdcc kblvdglrjkc



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Its wlrtf rdecdntigm elr k jljdgt lg wfkt is jdkgt by tfd pfrksd k`kpt tl knfkgmigm dgvirlgjdgt. Igtuitivdcy, tfd wlr` k`kpt fdrd wluc` sddj tl ijpcytfd kbicity le skcjlg tl pdrsist ig k nfkgmigm wlrc`, but ig eknt tfd wlr`k`kptktilg jdkgs sljdtfigm rktfdr subtcy ìeedrdgt tl kg dvlcutilgkrybilclmist. ^trintcy spdkhigm, it rdedrs tl tfd prlndss wfdrdby gkturkc sdcdntilg`rivds mdgdtin nfkgmds witfig k plpucktilg, sunf tfkt mdgdtin vkrikgts tfkt krdbdttdr eittd` tl tfd prdvkicigm nlgìtilgs ignrdksd ig erdqudgny kt tfd dxpdgsdle ltfdr, pllrdr k`kptd` typds. ]d nkg kcsl brlk`dg tfd `deigitilg kg` `deigdk`kptktilg kt tfd pfdgltypin cdvdc, tl dgnljpkss kgy nfkgmds ig tfd lutwkr`nfkrkntdristins le igìviùkcs sunf ks tfdir jlrpflclmy lr tfdir bdfkvilur, lr igtfdir igtdrgkc pfysilclminkc wlrhigms lr pkttdrgs le `dvdclpjdgt, tfkt dgfkgndtfdir survivkc kg` rdprlùntivd sunndss, lr ig dvlcutilgkry tdrjs, tfdir eitgdss.ûnf nfkgmds nluc` bd nkusd` by ug`drcyigm mdgdtin nfkgmds lr by pfdgltypinpckstinity. But k`kptktilg is glt tfd skjd tfigm ks pdrsistdgnd. K plpucktilgjky dvlcvd (i.d. k`kpt) ig rdsplgsd tl nfkgmigm dgvirlgjdgtkc nlgìtilgs, butml dxtignt ig tfd prlndss. Kt k fimfdr cdvdc, skcjlg ks k spdnids lr stlnhnljpcdxds jky glt ml dxtignt, `dspitd tfd clss le ndrtkig nljplgdgtplpucktilgs. Rdsicidgnd, bilnljpcdxity dtn.

Mdgdtin ìvdrsity le skcjlg nkg bd nlgsi`drd` kt ìeedrdgt cdvdcs, d.m. bdtwddgstlnh nljpcdxds, kjlgm plpucktilgs witfig stlnh nljpcdxds, kg` witfigplpucktilgs. Pfdrd krd bdgdeits tl nlgsdrvigm ìvdrsity kt dknf le tfdsd cdvdcs,but tfd bdgdeits `drivd erlj quitd ìeedrdgt bilclminkc jdnfkgisjs.

]itfig plpucktilg mdgdtin vkriktilg? mrist elr gkturkc sdcdntilg tl `l its tfigm.

Bdtwddg plpucktilg/rivdr mdgdtin vkriktilg? ignrdksds bilnljpcdxity, kg`bilnljpcdxity ignrdksds rdsicidgnd.



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Qdtdr Cisi


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Kvdrkmd trdkj Pdjpdrkturd lN

^pkwgigm

`kyleydkr

^nfig`cdr dt kc. 21;1

Fi f i t it t hi i ft c ` t


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Fimf igtdgsity stlnhigm jimft cdk` tl

clss le bilnljpcdxity

Rivdr K Rivdr B

FKPNFDRY

^PLNH



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Rivdr K Rivdr B

FKPNFDRY

^PLNH

Rivdr K Rivdr B



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Rivdr K Rivdr B

FKPNFDRY

^PLNH

^ t `i f f ti


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^ljd stuìds fkvd sflwg mdgdtin

fljlmdgizktilg deednts le stlnhigm?

Kccylg dt kc. (2114) sflwd` tfkt igtdgsivd stlnhigm le slutfdrg Durlpdkg rivdrs

witf Ktckgtin skcjlg le Glrtfdrg Durlpdkg lrimig cd` tl k clss le rdmilgkc

plpucktilg strunturd?

Qrilr tl stlnhigm, tfdrd wdrd simgieinkgt mdgdtin ìeedrdgnds (gdutrkc clni)

kjlgm gdimfblurigm ^pkgisf kg` Erdgnf rivdrs, but tfdsd ìeedrdgnds

ìskppdkrd` ketdr stlnhigm.

Olgsslg dt kc. 211> elug` tfkt fktnfdry-rdkrd` Ktckgtin skcjlg cdkvigm tfd Rivdr

Ijsk (Glrwky) ks sjlcts wdrd jlrd tfkg twind ks cihdcy tl strky nljpkrd` witf

wic` nlgspdnins

Uksdjmi dt kc. (2114) sflwd` tfkt dxtdgsivd ijjimrktilg le fktnfdry eisf erljlgd Bkctin rivdr igtl k gdimfblurigm rivdr witf k wic` plpucktilg fks

fljlmdgisd` tfd mdgdtin strunturd (wic` eisf fkvd bdnljd jlrd cihd tfd

fktnfdry eisf)

wicc stlnhigm kcsl cdk` tl clss le bil-nljpcdxity i.d. cied fistlry ìvdrsity kg`

tom reed (university college, cork) stocking and climate change

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