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Page 1: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

Tom Fowlkes, MDDirector of Professional & Medical Relations

American Addiction CentersOxford Treatment Center

Page 2: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

More Accurately We Will Talk About:

on‐alcohol Sedative Hypnotics

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ObjectivesTo review the history & pharmacology of benzodiazepines and other sedative‐hypnoticsTo educate prescribers about the indications for the proper use of benzodiazepinesTo educate prescribers about the indications for discontinuation of therapy and tapering strategiesTo review recent information about benzodiazepine use and abuse

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DisclosuresI have nothing to disclose.Except perhaps that I make my living treating people with substance abuse disorders and as a result I have not become the biggest advocate for widespread benzodiazepine use.Most of the information in this talk is taken from the medical literature. Some of the information is my own medical opinion. I have tried to point out when information is my opinion.

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What we are going to cover2 Case studiesWhat are Sedative Hypnotics/How they workHistory – Older Sedative‐Hypnotics>BZ>Newer DrugsPharmacologyDifferences in benzodiazepines (=benzo’s, = BZ)Clinical UseSafe PrescribingAbuse & Dependence

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edative‐HypnoticsSuppress CNS activityPharmacologically diverseCause effects along a continuum of:                                                 calming> sleep >unconsciousness > coma > deathUses:  Anxiolytics Hypnotics Anti‐convulsants Muscle relaxants Anesthesia induction

(Olkkola, 2008)

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GABA SystemMost all of these sedative hypnotics act on this GABA system. Gamma‐aminobutyric acid is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the CNS.There are GABA receptors with multiple sub‐types in different regions, etc. GABA binds to these receptor sites causing a chloride ion channel to open and then all of these inhibitory things take place.

(Roth et al., 2003)

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‐ aminobutyric acid = GABAGABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the CNS.Stimulation of the GABA receptors lead to all the effects we are talking about: sedative, anti‐convulsant, hypnotic, amnesticBenzodiazepines bind at the alpha sub‐unit to cause positive modulation of the GABA receptors ‐meaning that they augment the effect of GABA at the receptor.

(Roth et al., 2003)

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nzos vs. Barbiturates:       ABA A Receptor

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ase #1 to think about yo female, new patient tells u: “Can you please just give me mething for my nerves? My sband has been diagnosed th cancer. I just can’t sleep and eel so anxious inside. I just ed something to help me ough this.” (Case study)

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Would it make a difference if you also knew?

That she has no history of substance abuse.No history of depression or mental illness.No family history of substance abuse.Took clonazepam (Klonopin©) for about a month after the death of her mother 12 years ago, it helped and she discontinued it on her own.

That she had in‐patient treatment of alcoholism            3 years ago.

Has been treated for depression and insomnia for past 20 years.

PMP shows 8 benzo rx in past 4 months from 3 clinics.

She says “I know Xanax (alprazolam) will help. I sometimes buy a few from my neighbor and they help me sleep.”

(Case study)

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ase #2 to think abouty 91 y.o. aunt is almost deaf, has ed alone since being widowed  her 50’s, no h/o substance use or mental health diagnosis cept insomnia. For the last 10 ars (ever since she retired) she s c/o insomnia to every doctor e has seen.  (Case study)

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ase #2 – My AuntAmbienRemeronRestorilGabapentinMelatoninFlexerilAdvil PM

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istory of  Sedative‐HypnoticsAlcohol is the oldestVery similar chemically to what we are talking about todayThere could be a whole lecture devoted to alcohol use, dependence and withdrawal.We are not talking about that further today.

Miller, 2002)

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istory – Late 1800’sChloral hydrate© 

‘Mickey Finn’ParaldehydeBromidesMiller, 2002)

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istory‐ Early 1900’s‐BarbituratesFirst prepared in 1864. Clinically introduced in the early 1900’s for use as sedative‐hypnotics.Problems with safety: Dependence and Overdose (death)Replaced in popularity in the 1950’s and 1960’s by the benzodiazepines because of safety concerns(Miller, 2002)

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arbituratesAre actual agonists at the GABA receptor (not just modulators).Causes prolonged opening of the chloride ion channel of the GABA receptor Paralysis of neurons responsible for respiratory drive

Fatal overdose(Page et al., 2002) 

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arbiturates TodayPhenobarbital‐ Still in use as an anti‐convulsant Relatively low abuse potential Dysphoria or at least not much euphoria Stopping suddenly can lead to withdrawal seizures Needs to be taperedSome ultra‐short acting barbiturates used for anesthesia induction

(Page et al., 2002)

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arbiturates TodayButalbital in Fiorinal©, Fioricet© & Esgic©

Indication for tension headacheCombined with aspirin or acetaminophen plus caffeineFioricet #3© adds codeineOccasionally we see a patient whose                                   primary drug of choice is butalbitalNeeds detox  Can either taper or use a benzo

(Ries, 2009)

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istory‐ 1950’s‐Minor Tranquilizers1955‐ Meprobamate

(Miltown©/Equanil©)

Others: Methaqualone (Quaalude©)A pro‐drug of meprobamate is still available as: Carisprodol (Soma©)  Marketed as a muscle relaxant.  Different than other skeletal muscle relaxants. 

Page 21: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

istory‐ 1960’s‐ Benzodiazepines1957: chlordiazepoxide(Librium©) found to have hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effectsLess toxic in overdose and fewer drug interactions than barbituratesSuperior efficacy and safety compared to meprobamateIn the 1960’s & 1970’s benzodiazepines became the sedative‐hypnotics of choice

(Miller, 2002)

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istory‐ 1970’s‐ Valium© 1963‐ Valium©

(Diazepam)released.Became the most prescribed benzodiazepine by 1973

(Miller, 2002)

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enzodiazepines‐ ‘The Pams’Many hundreds have been producedThe differences are primarily in onset of action, potency, efficacy and length of action (half‐life).14 are on the market in the U.S.

(Olkkola, 2008)

Page 24: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

enzodiazepine in U.S.‐ 2016 alprazolam = Xanax ®, Xanax XR, Niravam® chlordiazepoxide = <Librium® > clobazam = Onfi® clonazepam = Klonopin ® clorazepate = Tranxene T‐tab ® diazepam = Valium ®, Diastat® estazolam = Prosom flurazepam = <Dalmane®> lorazepam = Ativan® midazolam = <Versed® > oxazepam = Serax ® quazepam = Doral ® temazepam = Restoril ® triazolam = Halcion ®           < > = no longer sold as branded            

(drugs com 2016)

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story‐ More Recent     (1990’s)                                   on‐benzodiazepine Hypnotics – “The Z Drugs”

Zolpidem = Ambien©

Zaleplon = Sonata©

Zopiclone –sold in U.S. only as the S‐isomer –eszopiclone= Lunesta©

Pharmacologically diverse but are not BZVery similar effects and mechanism of action to BZ (at the GABA –α site)Brought to market as potentially safer and less addiction liability than BZWill talk more about later

(Huedo‐Medina et al., 2012)

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Suvorexant =Approved FDA August 2014First in kind mechanism of actionDoes not work via GABA, histamine or melatoninIs a DORA‐ dual orexin receptor antagonist

DEA Response to comment opposing Schedule IV: The DEA does not agree. Suvorexant is a novel, first in class, new chemical substance and information on actual abuse data is not currently available. The legislative history of the CSA addresses the assessment of a new drug's potential for abuse,\2\ and data from clinical studies investigating the abuse potential for suvorexant suggests that its effect is similar to zolpidem (schedule IV). Similarly, while the mechanism of action for suvorexant is distinct from any currently marketed drug for insomnia, human abuse potential studies demonstrated that suvorexant produced effects that were indistinguishable from zolpidem (schedule IV). 

p://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed regs/rules/2014/fr0828.htm

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enzodiazepine Pharmacology1, 4 benzodiazepine ring structureAll have similar activity as modulators at the GABA receptor.Differences are the additions at sites around the ringThe variations are in potency, efficacy and onset of action.Has to do with lipophilicity, whether metabolized to an active metabolite or not, half‐life

(Page et al., 2002)

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(Ries, 2009)

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enzodiazepines‐ Potency

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enzodiazepine MetabolismHepatic metabolism involving oxidation by the cytochrome P‐450 systemSome are converted to an active metabolite which is then slowly cleared.Final phase involves conjugation with a glucuronide.Safest for use with impaired hepatic function, or liver failure: Lorazepam (Ativan©), oxazepam (Serax©), and temazepam (Restoril©). Do not require hepatic oxidation, but only hepatic glucuronide conjugation, with rapid excretion. 

(Page et al., 2002)

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pecial Note‐ Non‐U.S. Benzo

Flunitrazepam = Rohypnol©

Not sold in U.S. Sold in Mexico and Central America as an hypnoticProminent antero‐grade amnesiaKnown as “Roofies” or the “Date Rape Drug”

(Miller, 2002)

Page 33: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

ort term indications:  < 6‐8 weeks

Initial management of panic, GAD, severe anxiety associated with depression while waiting on full effect of the first line meds

Insomnia  ‐1‐2 weeks

Alcohol and other drug withdrawal 

Muscle relaxation/spasm

Seizure prophylaxis

Single use for phobias (e.g. flying)

Page 34: Tom Fowlkes, MD Director Professional Medical Relations ...msphp.com/images/past-events/Benzo-PPT-Fowlkes.pdf · hypnotic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects Less toxic in overdose

nxiety Disorders: Prevalence17%

10%

8%

5%

3.5%2.5%

Lifetime Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders: 28.8% (Kessler et al., 2005)

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Anxiety disorders: Treatmentharmacologic:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)Tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) BenzodiazepinesMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)Other drugs‐ beta blockers, buspirone (buspar©)

sychological:Supportive and insight‐oriented psychotherapyCognitive behavior therapyGroup therapy

(Ries, 2009)

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 Drug Starting dosage (mg per day)* Usual dosage (mg per day)             Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)

Paxil) 5‐1o 20‐60rozac) 5‐10 20‐60oloft) 12.5‐25 50‐200Celexa) 10 20‐40

m(Lexapro) 5 10‐30

Triclylic antidepressants(TCAs)

ne(Anafranil) 5‐12.5 50‐125Tofranil) 10‐25 150‐500(Norpramin) 10‐25 150‐200

Benzodiazepines

Xanax) 0.25‐0.5 TID 0.5‐2 TID(Klonopin) 0.25‐0.5 BID 0.5‐2 BIDalium) 2‐5 BID 5‐30 BIDAtivan) 0.25‐0.5 BID 0.5‐2mg BIDoxide(Librium) 5‐10 BID 25‐50 BID

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors(MAOIs)

Nardil) 15 BID 15‐45 BIDmine(Parnate) 10 BID 10‐30 BID

Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors(SNRIs)

Effexor) 6.25‐25 50‐150Other drugs

d(Depakote) 125 BID 500‐750 BIDNeurontin) 100‐200 600‐3400uspar) 5‐15 BID or TID 15‐30 BID(Vistaril, Atarax) 12.5‐50 BID 50‐100 QDAtenolol) 10‐20 TID 10‐40 TID

(Sadock et al., 2009)

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nxiety and CBTThe majority of anxiety disorders are optimally  treated with cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT)CBT and other psychological therapies are evidence based, effective interventions with a sustained impact on anxiety disorders. There is a considerable overlap in the symptoms of the major anxiety disordersEffective treatments for one often address the otherDeveloping simple referral pathways with psychologists, primary care providers can begin to offer alternatives to benzodiazepines.

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Adverse Effects: AcuteExcessive sedation, fatigue/ psychomotor impairmentMemory and other cognitive impairmentAltered sleep physiology Ataxia with falls, especially in elderlyDysarthriaHypotoniaConfusionParadoxical excitement/ release of anxiety/ hostility

(Ries, 2009)

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ong term use of BenzodiazepinesLong term use is ≥ 8‐12 months90% experience withdrawal symptoms, whether withdrawn slowly or rapidlyGradual taper off alprazolam after long‐term treatment of panic disorder results in rebound panic and anxiety, exceeding pretreatment levels in 50‐90% of patients.

(Saddock et al., 2009)

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Adverse Effects: Chronicncreased rates of:

Accidents, falls (hip fractures etc.) Motor  vehicle accidents General decline in functional statusCognitive decline/memory impairment Self poisoningWithdrawal Dependence 

(Saddock et al., 2009)

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nzodiazepine Use & Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

Case control study in Quebec published in the British Medical Journal1796 people who were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s and were followed for at least 6 years prior matched with 7184 controlsBenzodiazepine use associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’sThe strength of the association increased with long term exposures

(Billioti de Gage et al., 2014)

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elative ContraindicationsAge/Elderly‐ increased risk of falls/fracturesHistory of Substance AbusePresently abusing alcohol or other substancesOn chronic opiatesPregnancy – Class D (??cleft lip)‐ used in detox

(Ries, 2009)

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enzo use and APA Guidelines“Benzodiazepines and other sedative-hypnotics carry the potential for abuse or dependence and should rarely be prescribed to patients with co-occurring substance use disorders, except as part of a brief detoxification regimen.”

(APA Practice Guidelines, October 2010)

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enzodiazepines:                  wo Patterns of Abusewo patterns of abuse:

Recreational abuse: nonmedical use for purpose of getting high

a. Intermittent pattern of high dosesb. Polysubstance usersc. Often illicitly obtainedd. Similar to rates of abuse of other illicit substancesChronic quasi‐therapeutic use: long term use for a duration inconsistent with accepted medical practice

a. Olderb. May or may not have history of alcohol or substance abusec. Chronic pain problems

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ecreational AbusersUsually in conjunction with abuse of other ubstances To either augment the effects of or ameliorate the side effects of or withdrawal from

AlcoholOpiates‐ ‘boost’ the opiate Cocaine/amphetamines‐ to counter the stimulant/help sleep or ‘come down’

(Ries, 2009)

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enzo Addiction

Primary/Sole BZ addiction is relatively uncommon(Ries, 2009)

These are the patients who look ‘stoned’ –ataxia, slurred speech, falling asleep. (Different than opiate addicts)Often involved in MVA/DUIThe most difficult patients I have in treatment.Anxiety, insomnia, walk around in a fog, seizures30 day treatment is not enough. They are just then starting to clear mentally. 

(My opinion)

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enzodiazepine use: MississippiData from 2015 MS PMP-Most Prescribed Drugs

#1=Hydrocodone – 1.9 million rx’s = 116 million pills#2=Alprazolam(Xanax) – 580,000 rx’s = 34 million pills #3=Tramadol#4=Oxycodone#5= Amphetamine#6= Zolpidem (Ambien)- 444,000 rx’s = 14 million pills#7 = Clonazepam (Klonopin)- 363,000 rx’s = 20 million pills

MS population 2015: approx. 3.0 million

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% of Population in the U.S. With Any Benzodiazepine Use in 2008 By Age & Sex

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(Olfson 2015)

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ecent Trends‐PositiveDecrease in chronic opiate prescribingRecognition of the dangers of combining opiates and benzosDecrease in Soma use (& less “Holy Trinity” combo)Don’t see a huge illicit supply‐ unlike opiates and amphetaminesRealization that chronic opiate use and chronic benzo use just don’t work well to treat the conditions for which they are being usedLack of big pharma influence

(My Opinion)

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ecent Trends‐NegativeContinuing escalation of #’s of prescriptionsContinuing increase in overdose deathsIncreasing use among the elderlyPatients more likely now to have illicit source of opiates. More potent heroin & more difficult to know they are on it.

(My Opinion)

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Ways I Could Impact My PracticeFollow a clinical practice guideline: JPS Health Network, Prescribing & Tapering Benzodiazepines, E‐Resource, October 2014ttps://www.jpshealthnet.org/sites/default/files/prescribing_and_tapering_benzodiapines.pdf

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linical Practice GuidelineInquire about substance abuse history and do not prescribe benzos to those patients, even short termDon’t automatically continue hospital/ER prescriptionsWhen starting benzo, make clear that it will be for short term (maximum 4‐8 weeks for anxiety, 10‐14 days for insomnia) and stick to that

(JPS Health, 2014)

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linical Practice Guideline

(JPS Health, 2014)

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linical Practice Guideline

(JPS Health, 2014)

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That only leaves you with:Patients on long‐term benzo that you already have or inheritDevelop a plan to get as many off chronic benzodiazepines as you or able or at least examine each patient’s situation to reduce the quantity, etc. 

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(Bostwick 2012)

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Non‐Benzodiazepine HypnoticsZolpidem(Ambien©), Zaleplon(Sonata©), Eszopiclone(Lunesta©)‐ The Z‐drugsRapid onset(<one hour)Short half‐livesDecrease sleep latency(time to onset of sleep)Little effect on other sleep stages(unlike benzos)Benzodiazepine effects on sleep: Prolong stage 1 and 2; shorten stages 3 and 4(deep sleep); Shorten duration of REM sleep

(Huedo‐Medina et al., 2012; Ries, 2009)

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olpidem (Ambien©) Zolpidem is the second most commonly prescribed hypnotic in the USA(alprazolam is number 1); approved by FDA in 1999.Limit use to ≤7 days, to avoid rebound insomniaZolpidem can produce dependence and withdrawal deliriumDo not use in patients with history of addiction

(Miller, 2002; Ries, 2009) 

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olpidem (Ambien©) Clearly is abused and can become dependent on it.Can cause amnesia and ‘complex sleep behaviors’.Very similar to benzodiazepines and we see very similar addiction syndrome/treat similarly. (Olkkola, 2008)

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olpidem (Ambien©) 

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Other Treatments for InsomniaTreat Underlying Conditions Anxiety/Depression Obstructive Sleep Apnea GERD CHF/COPDSleep HygieneMeds Mirtazapine(Remeron©) Trazodone TCAs: Amitriptyline (Elavil©) Hydroxyzine(Vistaril©/diphenyhydramine(Benadryl©) Melatonin Ramelteon (Rozerem©)

(Ries, 2009)

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eferencesmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and tatistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. merican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and tatistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: uthor.uedo‐Medina, TB; Kirsch, I; Middlemass, J, et al. (2012). ffectiveness of non‐benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of dult insomnia: meta‐analysis of data submitted to the Food and rug Administration.  BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 345: e8343.emp, A et al.(2013) Prescription Drug Abuse. J MSMA 013,54(5):139.essler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. Lifetime Prevalence and ge‐of‐Onset Distributions of DSM‐IV Disorders in the National omorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593‐602.  

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eferencesMiller RL (2002). Drugs of abuse: a reference guide to their history nd use. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 168. age C, Michael C, Sutter M, Walker M, Hoffman BB (2002). ntegrated Pharmacology (2nd ed.).  Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier cience.  

Olkkola KT, Ahonen J (2008). Handb Exp Pharmacol. Handbook of xperimental Pharmacology 182 (182): 335–60. ies, RK. (2009) Principles of Addiction Medicine (5th ed.). Chevy hase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine. Roth RJ, Cooper JR, Bloom FE (2003). The Biochemical basis of europharmacology. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University ress. p. 106. adock,BJ, et al.(2009) Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook f psychiatry. (9th ed.) Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer ealth/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins  

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eferencesillioti de Gage, S et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of lzheimer’s disease: case‐control study. BMJ. 2014;349:g5205achhuber, M et al. (2016) Increasing Benzodiazepine rescriptions & Overdose Mortality in the United States, 996‐2013. Am Journal of Public Health. 2016; 106(4):686‐688Olfson, M et al. (2015) Benzodiazepine Use in the United tates. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(2):136‐142ostwick JR, Casher MI, Yasugi S. Benzodiazepines: a ersatile clinical tool. Current Psychiatry 2012;11(4):55‐64.