Amalia NH.

Ahmad Nur Arif

Eni Nur Aini

Erni Nubzatul

Eva Mardiyah

TBI 6AThird Group

Fauzi Nurul F.

Subordination

Subordination is the insertion of a subordinate

(dependent) clause into a main clause

Subordinate clauseDoes not stand alone

Ex: Before I recycle them, I wash the tins

Subordinate will began with subordinate

conjunction or relative pronoun and will contain both a subject

and a verb.

Subordinate conjunctions :

after, although, as, because, before,

even if, even though, if, in order

that, once, provided that,

rather than, since, so that, than, that,

though, unless, until, when,

whenever, where, whereas, wherever, wheter, while, why,

etc.

Sentences in English are often include more than one clause. Based

on the amount of its phrasing clause, there are four kinds of

sentences: 1.Simple sentence

2.Compound sentence3.Complex sentence

4.Compound-complex sentence

1. Simple sentenceSentence which consist of one clause (one main

clause).Example:

The cat ran.

2. Compound sentenceSentence which consist of two main clauses and

connected by compound conjunction FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). These

conjunctions are in behind and before it must put coma.

Danu is Tall, but Amalia is short.Tom is singing, and Jerry is dancing.

Febri is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.If in compound sentence consist of the same subject, so the sentence can be concluded by

omitting the second subject. It called with “Elliptic”

Form: subject + finite verb (coma), conjunction subject + finite verb.

3. Complex sentenceSentence which consist of one main clause and minimal one sub clause.There are three kinds of sub clause :

• Adverbial clause• Noun clause

• Adjective clause

Adverbial clauseAs adverb, its position is in behind or in

front of the main clause. When it is in front of the main clause, adverbial clause must

be separate with coma. Example: Tom failed the exam even though he knew the material. Even though he knew

the material, Tom failed the exam.

There are ten kinds of adverbial clause (AC) :

1. AC of time 6. AC of purpose2. AC of place 7. AC of condition

3. AC of contrast 8. AC of manner4. AC of cause 9. AC of degree

5. AC of result 10. that clause after certain adj.

1.AC of time Conjunction : after, as, as long as, as soon

as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, until, when, whenever, while

Example :You may begin whenever you are ready.

Now that the time has arrived for his vacation, he does not want to leave.

2. AC of place Conjuction : Where and wherever

Example :She lives where the Jonsons used to live.Wherever she goes, she always bring her

camera.

3. AC of contrastConjunction : although, even though, though,

even if, much as, not that, whereas, while, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that.

Example :While I do not like that artist personality, I

admire his work.We had a picnic in spite of the fact that the

weather was very bad.

4. AC of causeConjuction : as, because, in as much as, now

that, since.Example :

In as much as no offer has been made to pay for the damage, our company will have to take this

case to court.They left the party at 11 p.m as they had to get

up early the next day.

5. AC of resultConjuction : So that, Such that.

Example :The lock on my suitcase broke so that all my

belongings fell onto the conveyor.He was injured so badly that he had to go to

the hospital.It was such a rainy night that they decide to

stay home.

6. AC of purposeConjunction : in order that, so (that)

Example : They left very early in order that they might arrive before dark.

I bought the book so that I could read on the flight.

7. AC of condition Conjuction : even if, if, in case, only if, provide (that), unless, whether ..... Or

whether.Example : in case you leave the house,

please close the windows.We will manufacture these hand bags only

if we can obtain the right leather.

8. AC of mannerConjunction : as, as if, as though, in that,

just as, like.Example : she acts like she owns the place.She always does as her husband tells her.

9. AC of degree (comparison)Conjunction : as ...... as, so ....... as, -er .....

than, more- ... Than, less- ..... Than.

Example : he works as hard as his brother does.

We are having a colder winter than we had last year.

10. That clause after certain adjective

Ex : I am happy that I live in this country.we are glad that you are feeling better

today.

Subject + be + certain adjective (happy, glad, sorry, afraid, etc) + that clause

Adverbial clause in the form of abridgment

(peringkasan)1.Abridgment in nominal sentence.

Conjunction + Adjective AC full : although he is rather unwell,

the speaker will take part in the seminar.

AC abridgment : although rather unwell, the speaker will take part in

the seminar.AC full : when you are ready, you can

begin ypur speech.AC abridgment : when ready, you can

begin your speech.

2. Abridgment in verbal sentenceActive : conjunction + Ving (present

participle)Passive : conjunction + V3 (past participle)

Example :Active : although he feels rather sick, the

speaker will take part in the seminar.Abridgment : although feeling rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.

Passive : once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.

Abridgment : once submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.

3. Adverbial clause in reducing form. (menghilangkan conjunction dan

subjectnya, kemudian finite verbnya diubah menjadi Ving untuk kalimat active dan

menjadi V3 untuk kalimat passive)Actice : Ving + Complement, S + Finite

Verb.Passive : V3 + (by agent), S + finite verb.

Complete : after they had finished their supper, the boys went out to play.

Reducing : Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.

Complete : because it is built by hand, the car is in superb condition.

Reducing : built by hand, the car is in superb condition.

Exercise!

1. Having finished lunch, _______________a. The detectives began to discuss the

case.b. The case was discussed again by the

detectives.c. They discussed the case.

d. A bunch of detectives discussing the case.

2. Having been asked to speak at the convebtion, ______________

e. Some notes were prepared for Dr. Casagrande.

f. Dr. Casagrande prepared some notes.g. The convention members were pleased

to hear Dr. Casagrande.h. Some notes were prepared by Dr.

Casagrande.

Noun clauseNo.

Noun cluse from :

Conj.

function Example

1. State-ment

That

Subject of verb

That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all.

Subject after it

It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil.

Subjective comple-ment

My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil.

Object of verb

I know that coffee grows in Brazil.

Appositive His belief that coffee grows in Brazil is correct.

Noun clauseNo.

Noun cluse from :

Conj. function Example

2.

Question a. Yes or no question

wheter (or not)if

Subject of verb

Whether (or not) he gets the money doesn’t concern me.

Subjective comple-ment

The question is whether he will get the money.

Object of verb

Do you know whether (or if) he will get the money?

Object of preposi-tion

We were concerned about whether he would get the money.

Noun clauseNo.

Noun cluse from :

Conj. function Example

2.

b.Infor-mation question

who, what, which, when, where, why, how

Subject of verb

How he gets the money is his own affair.

Subjective comple-ment

The question is how he will get the money.

Object of verb

I don’t know how he will get the money.

Object of preposi-tion

We were concerned about how he will get the money.

Noun clauseccc

Noun cluse from :

Conj. function Example

3. Request That

Object of verb

He suggested that I write the letter soon.

4. Exclama-tion

WhatHow

Object of verb

I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was.

Object ofpreposi-tion

We talked about how pretty the girl was.

Exercise!

____ 1. the game show contestant was able to response to whatever we asked.

____ 2. you should find out which the best physics department.

____ 3. when the season starts is determined by the weather.

Adjective clauseThe function as adjective. Because the function as adjective, adjective clause is to clarify noun or pronoun.

Its position is in behind noun or pronoun as head.

The woman is filling the glass that is on the table.

The glass that is on the table contains milk.

4. Compound-Complex sentence

A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.Some examples:1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Exercise!

1. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and _____ continually change.

a. Enmities that c. Enmities that areb. That are enmities d. That enmities 2. At the end of the nineteenth century, Alfred Binet

developed a test for measuring intelligence _____ served as the basis of modern IQ test.

c. Has c. Andd. it has d. Which has

Enough....Thank you so much