TODAY

• What are the approaches to tourism planning

• Managing tourism growth

TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Tourism Planning approaches

Managing tourism growth

Tourism Policies (Hall, 2000)International Tourism Policies from 1945-present1945-1955:

Streamlining of police and customs, currency and health regulations put in place after II WW.

1955-1975: Government involvement marketing in order to increase earning potential. 

1975-1985: Government involvement in supply of tourism infrastructure and tourism as tool for regional development.

1985-presenti. Reduced government involvement in supply of infrastructure ii. Environmental issuesiii. Emphasis on public-private partnershipsiv. Industry self-regulationv. Alternative tourism/ new approaches to tourism

APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING

• Boosterism

• An economic, industry-oriented approach

• A physical/spatial approach

• A community-oriented approach

• Sustainable tourism approach (system approach)

BOOSTERISM

• Boosterism has long been the dominant towards tourism development.

• It is simplistic attitude that tourism development is inherently good and benefits to the hosts.

• Little consideration is given to the potential negative, economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism

BOOSTERISM

• Instead, cultural and natural resources are regarded as objects to be exploited for the sake of tourism development

• Residents of tourists destination are not involved in the decision-making and planning process.

• Boosterism is still used by politicians who believe that economic growth is always to be promoted.

THE ECONOMIC TRADITION

• Tourism is seen as an industry

• Government use tourism to promote growth and development in specific areas

• Use of marketing and promotion to attract the type of visitors

• Economic goals given more priority over ecological & social issues

• Limited attention is given to impacts of tourism

THE ECONOMIC TRADITION

• Satisfaction of visitors, positive attitudes towards tourists in host communities not answered

THE PHYSICAL/SPATIAL APPROACH

• Development defined in environmental terms• Ecological basis for development• Concentration or dispersal of visitors• Visitor management• Physical carrying capacity• Limited attention is given to social and

cultural attributes of the destination.

A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH

Community-oriented approach is:

• engages with and involve local people at the destination

• enhancing their economic livelihoods while…..

• protecting their cultural values and …..

• preserving the natural environment.

A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH

• Development defined as socio-cultural terms

• Need for local control

• Search for balanced development

• Search for alternatives to “mass” tourism

• It is therefore a “bottom-up approach”

A COMMUNITY ORIENTED APPROACH

• Under this approach, residents are regarded as the focal point of the tourism planning exercise.

• Community development

• Awareness & education

• Social impact assessment

• But…….

SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO TOURISM PLANNING

• Sustainable development with its primary objectives “promising, lasting and secure livelihoods which minimize resource depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disturbance and social instability” (Timothy, 1998).

• Sustainable tourism development concept has been often criticized for its contradictory goals that never achieved.

• Achieving sustainability requires:– Co-operation– Industry co-ordination/collaboration– Consumer awareness– Producer awareness

Reflectionsthinking sustainable planning

• Global thinking must become a framework for local “action”

• Any approach to sustainable tourism planning needs to be based on triple bottom liner

• Tourism planning must be rich in theory in order to be effective in the long term

MANAGING GROWTH

• What are the reasons for controlling and managing the growth?– Allow residents to adjust– Balance with infrastructure development– Integration with the development of other

economic sectors– Minimising the impacts of the increasing

arrivals of tourists

MANAGING GROWTH

• quality of development

• quantity of development

• location of development

MANAGING GROWTHQuality

• The process for more carefully deciding whether to build things is called EIA

• This resulted in raising the public awareness

• Many communities have decided that they want such development only if they meet certain standards of quality

Case study: Indonesia

• Divided the country into 6 zones• Each zone is expected to become self-reliant• Each zone has its market opportunities,• Each zone will not compete with each other but

rather complement each other

Case study: Indonesia

Final conclusions

• Government planners have determined that mass tourism would be inappropriate in most locations

• Tourism development is to be directed only to cities and few established tourists areas

• Each of the six tourism zones has been mapped with references to its existing & potential

• Each zone has been primarily targeted for one or more development strategies on the basis of the type of tourist attracted by its special qualities

MANAGING GROWTHQuantity

• Those strategies are not new

• Many communities have increased the quantity of development in the areas in order to seek quick fix for the economy

• Many developed and developing countries have been successful promoting sustainable tourism through strategies emphasize on quality and location.

Please come...but Not too many...and Not too often

• There is no magic number that identifies the optimal of tourist destinations

• How many tourists is too many also depends on when they visit

• What the communities need is strategies to control and manage the rate, intensity and type of their tourism growth, so that impacts are favorable to those conditions the community desires

• Carrying capacity analysis, sustainable concept approach, & preservation rules strategies

Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec

Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec

• In 1990, the government of Canada and the province agreed to establish the Marine Park to conserve this exceptional marine environment

• In 1995, a management plan had been agreed upon and diverse coordinating committee conduct its initial meetings “conservation is primary goal”

• Government recognition of the importance of this Park “Multi-purpose”

• Therefore, introduction of modern methods of protecting marine ecosystems

Case study: The Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Quebec

• Key management tool to accomplish its goals is “districting according to uses”

• Quebec identifies four districts from most restrictive to least restrictive;– Comprehensive preservation– Specific protection– General protection– General use districts

• 1997- discussion paper was prepared concerning control of whale-watching activities in the park

MANAGING GROWTHLocation enhancement strategies

There are various strategies that communities enhance and enlarge and manage their tourism

• Expanding strategies• Divert/dispersal strategies• Concentration strategies

Case study: Bruges, Belgium

• Faced with an unacceptable influx of tourists automobile traffic in narrow roads

• It is well-preserved medieval city center, characterized by interesting architecture, small shops and cultural establishments.

• In 1992 study identifies serious problems• Two types of tourists visiting Bruges• 60% of travelers come by car• Resulted in threatening the environment

Case study: Bruges, Belgium

• Report also differentiated the socioeconomic of the two types of Bruges tourists

• Overnights tourists tended to spend more locally, have positive employment impacts, spread over the entire calendar year, less dependent on automobile use

• The report proposed a two-pronged strategy to manage growth in tourism and its impacts– Concentration model (cultural hub of Bruges), traffic control

plan– New Marketing efforts

Case study: Bruges, Belgium

1. Traffic control for a concentration model which has five aims:– Stimulation of the traffic flow within city center

– Restriction of through traffic in the city center

– Discouragement of the use of car as the best means to reach the city center

– Increase of the mobility of bicyclist

– Accessibility of administrative, socio-economic entities

• The new system prevented vehicles from the Market square

Case study: Bruges, Belgium

• An increased emphasis on public transport to the city center supplements the traffic restrictions

• Improvement & expansion of parking spaces• Guarded underground now provide 4,300 parking

places

2. Marketing efforts to promote the concentration model; to increase the marketing efforts in the inner city hotels; & convention & conference markets

Final conclusion

• The Bruges concentration model was well thought out and has few clear focus/aims

• One of the strengths is the policy was based on clear data

• Further regulations and monitoring should be continued to realize the effectiveness of this strategy.