today we will do… notes discussion reading “nature of science” packet

TODAY we will do…

Notes

Discussion

Reading

“Nature of Science” packet

Rule for NOTES

1.Raise your hand to talk or get out of your seat …please.

Ch. 1: The Nature of Science

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Section 3: Communicating with Graphs

Section 1: The Methods of Science

Section 2: Measurement

• White = write it down

• Any other color = read & listen

Color Coding Rules

What is Science ?

I. Science ….

a) is a way to study nature by observing, experimenting, and modeling.

b) problem solving.

c) offers explanations that change over time.

• It is a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature.

What is Science? 11The Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science

Nature follows a set of rules.

• Some rules are very complex (human body).

What is Science?

The Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science

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• Some are very simple. Ex: Earth rotates about once every 24 hours.

Major Categories of Science


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II. Science consists of 3 branchesa) Biology – anatomy, zoology, botany,

and many moreb) Physical Science – chemistry &

physicsc) Earth Science – meteorology, geology,

& astronomy

In the late eighteenth century, most people thought that heat was an invisible fluid with NO MASS!

Scientists observed that heat seemed to f l o w like a fluid!

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However, the heat fluid idea did NOT explain everything. If heat were an actual fluid, an iron bar

at 1,000C should have more mass than one at 100C because it would have more of the heat fluid in it.

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This turned out to be FALSE because science CHANGES over time !

d. What is science NOT?

WRITE ONE…

• Superstition

• Folklore

• Religion

• Fake science or pseudoscience

• supernatural

• Please raise your hand to speak so that I can hear people

• No talking while I am talking

• No talking when someone else is talking

LAST day to finish all lab stations

B E L L W O R K You have 5 minutes to finish “The

Nature of Science”

Turn to “Connect It” on the last page. Make sure you answered at least 3 of these questions:

“The problem would be…”

“The scientists would need to know…”

“A hypothesis could be…”

“To experiment, they could….

III. Scientific Method – an organized way of doing an investigation (6 Steps)


Step 1: State the Problem / Question. How? What? Why? Make observations

Step 2: Gather Information (Research) – What have others found out? Read up.

Step 3: Form a Hypothesis (ifthen statement) ex: If ceramics are resistant to heat, then they might protect the space shuttle.

Researching and Gathering Information


• Before designing an experiment it is useful to learn as much as possible about the background of the problem.

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Step 4: Test the Hypothesis ( experiment )

a) Independent variable – changed by YOU! (goes on X-axis)

b) Dependent Variable – changes in response to I.V. (goes on the Y-axis).

The one you are measuring

Ex: tooth-whitening toothpaste

Ex: the whiteness of the teeth

B O O K S Go on the shelf under your desk.

Coach Reid has to sweep under the desks every day.

Room inspection for candy / gum wrappers.

d) Constants – factors that we need to keep the same b / t groups

e) Control – a standard to compare the results to

c) Variable – any factor that can cause a change in an experiment

Ex: type of toothbrush, type of toothpaste, mouthwash, length of brushing time, coffee drinkers

Ex: group that uses ONLY regular toothpaste

Put this sketch in your notes

Listen – Read – Discuss pgs. 7 - 8

1. Scientists study _________. 2. Can you skip steps in the scientific method?

Write only the answer: __________________

3. Scientists do not always follow a rigid set of _________.

4. What was the problem that NASA faced?

5. What information did NASA scientists gather? Write the answer _________________________.

6. Their hypothesis was ? _________________.

Step 5: Analysis – making charts, tables, and graphs out of _______.

Toothwhitening Toothpaste

Whiteness

(1-10)

Man

Woman

6

9

Regular Toothpaste

Man

Woman

5

7

Step 6: Conclusion – decide whether the data does or does not support your ___________.

Ex: If you use tooth-whitening toothpaste, then your teeth will get whiter. YES OR NO?

Ex: If you use tooth-whitening toothpaste, then it will have NO EFFECT on teeth. YES OR NO?

a. Bias – when your expectations change how you view the _______. To prevent bias…• Do several trials• Record measurements carefully.• Don’t try to make data fit the hypothesis.

On the next page is a flowchart. Draw it in your notes (the steps and the arrows). Then do my chant.

11(question)

IV. WHAT IF AN EXPERIMENT IS IMPOSSIBLE?

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a. Test the hypothesis by a. Test the hypothesis by making observations. making observations.

b. test by building a model and relating it to real-life situations.

Test a hypothesis about a cell by building a cell model (next year)

Standards of MeasurementStandards of Measurement

V. The Fertilizer Experiment

Step 1: __________________________________

Step 2: Skip it this time !!

Step 3: If I used ________ on a plant then it will _________.


V. The Fertilizer Experiment

Step 4: How would you do the experiment ?

I.V.: _______________

D.V.: _______________

Constants: _______________________________

Control: _______________

PlantAmount of

WaterAmount of

SunFertilizer

TypeHeight after two weeks

A4 oz. every three

days 6hr/day Miracle Gro 16cm

B4 oz. every three

days 6hr/day Epsom Salt 14cm

C4 oz. every three

days 6hr/day Turf-Builder 18cm

D4 oz. every three

days 6hr/day NONE 10cm

PlantAmount of

WaterAmount of

SunFertilizer

TypeHeight after two weeks

A4 oz. every three days 6hr/day Miracle Gro 16cm

B4 oz. every three days 6hr/day Epsom Salt 14cm

C4 oz. every three days 6hr/day Turf-Builder 18cm

D4 oz. every three days 6hr/day NONE 10cm

Step 5: The results are _____________.

Step 6: A conclusion would be that the results do / don’t show that…..

ANnOuncEmeNtS

THESE STUDENTS PLEASE COME TO MY ROOM DURING ADVISORY FOR TESTING.

• Jacob P., Tommy P., Josh P., Rocky, Isaiah

I will stamp your agenda

TEST WEDNESDAYNOTES

READING

High-Tech Models


• Today, many scientists use computers to build models.

• NASA experiments involving space flight would not be practical without computers.

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C. Model – represents an idea or object to help people understand it better

V. Laws vs. TheoriesThe Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science

B. Law – statement about what happens in nature that seems to be true all the time.

• eg: law of gravity (doesn’t change)

A. Theory – explanation based on knowledge from many observations and investigations.

• Can change over time.

• eg: theory of relativity

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A law summarizes what happens while a theory explains why something happens.

VI. Pure Science vs. Technology


A. Technology – the application of science to help people.

• ex: hybrid vehicles, cell phones, microwaves, TV’s, vaccinations, satellites, etc.

B. Pure science – for the sake of knowledge itself.• ex: number of electrons in each atomic

orbital• ex: KE = ½ mv2

11

PET Scan: Science or Technology? The Methods of ScienceThe Methods of Science

11

High-Tech Models Another type of model is a simulator.

11


Sometimes people cannot see everything that they are testing.

• They might be observing something that is too large, too small, or takes too much time to see completely.

11

Test next wednesday!• Scientific Method

• Branches of Science

• Laws vs. Theories

• Technology vs. Science

• Models

1. NOT a permanent grade!

2. Check missing assignments against papers handed back.

3. Homework = 45%

Tests = 50%

Quizzes = 5%

4. 9/12/2008 Progress 72 % C

5. MSNG-R-0 is a missing assignment

6. ½ credit for missing assignments

7. F’s will be pulled out of study hall Monday


22

Section CheckSection Check

22

About Mr. See…

• 1999 graduated from CHS

• Worked in Topeka, KS as a drop bury cable contractor

• Contract cable installer in Peru, LaSalle, Joliet - Chicago

• Worked as an ice thrower for Mid-Am Ice Corp. in Clinton during summers.

• Became a truck driver for Mid-Am Ice


22

• Started a Tropical Sno shaved ice stand in Warsaw, MO

• Graduated from UCM with a BS in Biomedical Science

• Opened a Tropical Sno in Clinton, sold the one in Warsaw

• Taught physical science, chemistry, genetics, and botany at Adrian for 1 year.

• Came to teach physical science and chemistry at Warsaw.


22

Measuring Liquid Volume • A liter occupies the same volume as a cubic

decimeter, dm3.


• A cubic decimeter is a cube that is 1 dm, or 10cm, on each side.

22

Measuring Liquid Volume • Sometimes, liquid volumes such as doses

of medicine are expressed in cubic centimeters.


• Suppose you wanted to convert a measurement in liters to cubic centimeters.

• You use conversion factors to convert L to mL and then mL to cm3.

22

Measuring Matter

• Mass is a measurement of the quantity of matter in an object.


• A bowling ball has a mass of about 5,000 g.

22

Measuring Matter


• This makes its mass roughly 100 times greater than the mass of a golf ball and 2,000 times greater than a table-tennis ball’s mass.

22

Density• The mass and volume of an object can be

used to find the density of the material the object is made of.


22

Density


• Density is the mass per unit volume of a material.

22

Density


• You find density by dividing an object’s mass by the object’s volume.

22

Derived Units

• The measurement unit for density, g/cm3 is a combination of SI units.


• A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit.

• An SI unit multiplied by itself also is a derived unit.

22

Measuring Time and Temperature

• It is often necessary to keep track of how long it takes for something to happen, or whether something heats up or cools down.


• These measurements involve time and temperature.

• Time is the interval between two events.

• The SI unit for time is the second.

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What’s Hot and What’s Not

• Think of temperature as a measure of how hot or how cold something is.


• For most scientific work, temperature is measured on the Celsius (C) scale.

22

What’s Hot and What’s Not


• On this scale, the freezing point of water is 0C, and the boiling point of water is 100C.

• Between these points, the scale is divided into 100 equal divisions. Each one represents 1C.

22

Kelvin and Fahrenheit


• The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).

• Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is the coldest possible temperature, also known as absolute zero.

• Absolute zero is equal to -273C which is 273 below the freezing point of water.

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• Kelvin temperature can be found by adding 273 to the Celsius reading. So, on the Kelvin scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.

• The temperature measurement you are probably most familiar with is the Fahrenheit scale, which was based roughly on the temperature of the human body, 98.6.

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• These three thermometers illustrate the scales of temperature between the freezing and boiling points of water.

22

A Visual Display

• A graph is a visual display of information or data.

• This is a graph that shows a girl walking her dog.

33Communicating with GraphsCommunicating with Graphs

A Visual Display

Communicating with GraphsCommunicating with Graphs

• The horizontal axis, or the x-axis, measures time.

• Time is the independent variable because as it changes, it affects the measure of another variable.

33

A Visual Display

• The distance from home that the girl and the dog walk is the other variable.

• It is the dependent variable and is measured on the vertical axis, or y-axis.


33

A Visual Display


• Different kinds of graphs—line, bar, and circle—are appropriate for displaying different types of information.

33

A Visual Display• Graphs make it easier to understand complex

patterns by displaying data in a visual manner.

• Scientists often graph their data to detect patterns that would not have been evident in a table.


• The conclusions drawn from graphs must be based on accurate information and reasonable scales.

33

Line Graphs• A line graph can show any relationship

where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable.


33

Line Graphs

• Line graphs often show how a relationship between variables changes over time.


33

Line Graphs• You can show more than one event on the

same graph as long as the relationship between the variables is identical.

• Suppose a builder had three choices of thermostats for a new school.


• He wanted to test them to know which was the best brand to install throughout the building.

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Line Graphs• He installed a

different thermostat in classrooms, A, B, and C.

• He recorded his data in this table.


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Line Graphs

• The builder then plotted the data on a graph.

• He could see from the table that the data did not vary much for the three classrooms.


• So he chose small intervals for the y-axis and left part of the scale out (the part between 0 and 15).

33

Line Graphs

• This allowed him to spread out the area on the graph where the data points lie.

• You can see easily the contrast in the colors of the three lines and their relationship to the black horizontal line.


• The black line represents the thermostat setting and is the control.

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Constructing Line Graphs

• The most important factor in making a line graph is always using the x-axis for the independent variable.


• The y-axis always is used for the dependent variable.

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• Another factor in constructing a graph involves units of measurement.


• You might use a Celsius thermometer for one part of your experiment and a Fahrenheit thermometer for another.

• You must first convert your temperature readings to the same unit of measurement before you make your graph.

33


• Scientists use a variety of tools, such as computers and graphing calculators to help them draw graphs.


33

Bar Graphs

• A bar graph is useful for comparing information collected by counting. For example, suppose you counted the number of students in every classroom in your school on a particular day and organized your data in a table.


33

Bar Graphs

• You could show these data in a bar graph like the one shown.


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Bar Graphs


• As on a line graph, the independent variable is plotted on the x-axis and the dependent variable is plotted on the y-axis.

33

Bar Graphs


• You might need to place a break in the scale of the graph to better illustrate your results.

33

Circle Graphs

• A circle graph, or pie graph, is used to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts.


• The circular pie represents the total.

• The slices represent the parts and usually are represented as percentages of the total.

33

Circle Graphs

• This figure illustrates how a circle graph could be used to show the percentage of buildings in a neighborhood using each of a variety of heating fuels.


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Circle Graphs


• To create a circle graph, you start with the total of what you are analyzing.

33

Circle Graphs


• This graph starts with 72 buildings in the neighborhood.

33

Circle Graphs


• For each type of heating fuel, you divide the number of buildings using each type of fuel by the total (72).

33

Circle Graphs


• You then multiply that decimal by 360 to determine the angle that the decimal makes in the circle.

• Eighteen buildings use steam. Therefore, 18 72 x 360 = 90 on the circle graph.

• You then would measure 90 on the circle with your protractor to show 25 percent.

33


A. The cm3 is a derived unit because it is a combination of two or more SI base units.

B. The cm3 is a derived unit because it is cubed.C. The cm3 is a derived unit because all SI units are

derived from other units.D. The cm3 is a derived unit because Mr. See said so.

33Question 1

In a complete sentence, tell me why a cm3 is an example of a derived unit.


A. B. C.D.

33Question 1

In a complete sentence state two advantages to worldwide use of the SI system.


A. B. C.D.

33Question 1

In a complete sentence state two disadvantages to worldwide use of the SI system.


A. D = m/v (D=density, m=mass, v=volume)B. D = v/m (D=density, m=mass, v=volume)C. D = mv (D=density, m=mass, v=volume)D. D = m/v (D=density, m=meters, v=volts)

33Question 1

What is the formula for density and what does each letter stand for?


A. 7.52 / 970 = 0.178 g/cm3

B. 970 / 7.53 = 2.30 g/cm3

C. 970 / 7.52 = 1.67 g/cm3

D. 7.53 / 970 = 0.342 g/cm3

33Question 1

A cube 7.5 cm on each side has a mass of 970 g. Find the density of the cube (show your work!)


A. the medical and pharmaceutical fieldsB. science and technology fieldsC. track and field events D. the football field

33Question 1

SI units are used in each of these fields except for _______.


A.B. C. D.

33Question 1

In a complete sentence tell me why we need a standard system for making measurements.


A. Celcius, °CB. Fahrenheit, °FC. Kelvin, KD. Heat, H

33Question 1

In concept map of SI base units, what would be the unit and symbol for temperature?


A. controlB. constantC. depended variableD. independent variable

33Question 1

A standard for comparison that helps to ensure that the experimental result is caused only by the condition being tested is the ______.

End of Chapter Summary File

today we will do… notes discussion reading “nature of science” packet

Documents

science changes

methods of science section

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