Today is a great day to learn about your

BRAIN!!!

Human BrainHuman Brain

How do we know about How do we know about the brain?the brain?

• EEG- electrical activity of brain

• CAT- 3D images • MRI- image of radio waves/

Hydrogen atom energy• PET- visual image of trace

chemical activity after injection of radioactive substance

•Electroencephalogram (EEG)•Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface

•Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)

•A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain

•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

•A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain

•Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

•A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

• Accidents• Case study analysis of victims

of suffer from a brain injury, resulting in variations in normal behavior

• IE. Phineas Gage

• Lesions• Lesioning is the removal or

destruction of part of the brain.• IE. Lobotomy

Let’s ReviewLet’s Review

•Get the most important idea worksheet

•At your tables come up with what you think is the most important idea and then 5 supporting ideas

THE BRAIN AND ITS

FUNCTIONS

I. The HindbrainI. The Hindbrain

•The hindbrain is the oldest and innermost region of the brain

HindbrainHindbrain

•The functions of the hindbrain are mostly done outside of our awareness, and occur without any conscious effort.

FunctionsFunctions

•The functions of the hindbrain control basic biological functions that keep the human body alive.

Hindbrain partsHindbrain parts•There are three brain areas

associated with the Hindbrain (some parts are associated with Brain Stem):–Medulla–Cerebellum–Pons

MedullaMedulla

•The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is called the MEDULLA

•The MEDULLA controls heartbeat and breathing, blood pressure, and attention

CerebellumCerebellum•Extending from the rear of the

brainstem is the CEREBELLUM

•The CEREBELLUM coordinates voluntary movements and balance (along with the BASIL GANGLIA)

PONSPONS•The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions

Okay let’s teachOkay let’s teach

•Time to move•Shake hands with 4 different

people. •Next touch 6 different walls•Stop await instructions

Partner UpPartner Up

•Get a simile summary for the group of two

•You may pick any part of the hindbrain and make up a simile

•Have fun with this!

THE MIDBRAINTHE MIDBRAIN

II. The MidbrainII. The Midbrain•The Midbrain is located

between the hindbrain and the forebrain

•This area is responsible for coordinating simple muscle movements with changes in sensory information

Reticular formationReticular formation

•The major area of the Midbrain is the RETICULAR FORMATION

•The RETICULAR FORMATION extends from the spine to the thalamus, and is responsible for arousal/wakefulness and attentiveness

MIDBRAINMIDBRAIN

•The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight

•Pupil dilation and eyeball movement

THE THE FOREBRAINFOREBRAIN

III. The ForebrainIII. The Forebrain• Areas of the forebrain control

thought and reason.• There are five main regions of the

forebrain to study:– Thalamus– Hypothalamus– Amygdala– Hippocampus– The Cerebral Cortex

ThalamusThalamus•On top of the hindbrain is the

THALAMUS•The THALAMUS receives

sensory input from all of the senses except smell, and routes it to the proper area of the brain for processing

•The THALAMUS also helps to control the electrical currents in the brain

HypothalamusHypothalamus•The HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for several maintenance activities, including eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual arousal

HypothalamusHypothalamus

•It does this by controlling the pituitary gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream

HippocampusHippocampus•The HIPPOCAMPUS is essential to memory processing

AmygdalaAmygdala

•The AMYGDALA is tied to emotions, especially those of aggression, rage, and fear

•In stressful situations, where teens make some of their decisions

Limbic SystemLimbic System

• A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex

• Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst

• Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

Get the important ideas Get the important ideas formform

•Look at the forebrain and go over the most important ideas

•Assign a job description to each part

Cerebral Cerebral CortexCortex

Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

• The body’s ultimate control and information processing center

• Covers the brain’s lower level structures

• Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells

Glial CellsGlial Cells• The CEREBRAL CORTEX is the

intricate, wrinkled covering of the brain (FISSURES)

• In addition to interneurons, it contains GLIAL CELLS, which guide neural connections, provide nutrients to myelin, and mop up neurotransmitters

•The Cerebral Cortex is split into two halves, or Hemispheres:–Right Hemisphere–Left Hemisphere

Corpus callosumCorpus callosum•The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM

Hemispheres of the BrainHemispheres of the Brain

•Each hemisphere of the brain has different functions. This is called hemispheric specialization.

LET’S LOOK AT LET’S LOOK AT THE LOBES!!!!THE LOBES!!!!

•The Cerebral Cortex is split into four LOBES, with half of each one on the left, and half of each one on the right:–The FRONTAL LOBE –The PARIETAL LOBE–The OCCIPITAL LOBE–The TEMPORAL LOBE

Frontal LobesFrontal Lobes

• The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead

• Is involved in making plans and judgments

• abstract thought, speaking, muscle movements

Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe

• The primary visual processing area

• Located in the back of the head

Parietal LobesParietal Lobes

• Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning

• Designated as the association lobes

• Behind the frontal lobes

• Processes taste, smell, and feeling

• Motion – motor cortex

Temporal LobesTemporal Lobes

• Found near the ears• Involved in hearing• Memory retrieval

Motor CortexMotor Cortex

• Area at the rear of the frontal lobes

• Controls voluntary movement

• Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body.

• The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa.

Motor CortexMotor Cortex

•The motor cortex receives messages from the rest of the brain and then sends messages back to the muscles of the body in order to control voluntary movements.

Somatosensory CortexSomatosensory Cortex

• Located in the front of the parietal lobes

• Registers and processes body senses

• Soma is Greek for “body.”

Hemispheric Hemispheric DifferencesDifferences

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

Hemispheric DifferencesHemispheric Differences

• “Left-brained” and “right-brained” debunked

• Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.

• Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.

Hemispheric Hemispheric Differences: Differences:

Language and Language and Spatial AbilitiesSpatial Abilities

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

The Brain’s Left HemisphereThe Brain’s Left Hemisphere

• For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.

• For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.

The Brain’s Right HemisphereThe Brain’s Right Hemisphere

• Houses the brain’s spatial abilities

• Our spatial ability allows us to perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.

• Helps in making connections between words

Broca’s AreaBroca’s Area

• Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere

• Responsible for the muscle movements of speech

• If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

PET Scan of Broca’s Area PET Scan of Broca’s Area

Wernicke’s AreaWernicke’s Area

• Located in the temporal lobe

• Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us

• Usually in the left temporal lobe

PET Scan of Wernicke’s AreaPET Scan of Wernicke’s Area

Brain PlasticityBrain Plasticity

Module 8: The BrainModule 8: The Brain

PlasticityPlasticity

• The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions

• Greatest in childhood

• Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed

Corpus callosum