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Tobacco in Australia Facts & IssuesA comprehensive online resource

Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues. Fourth Edition

A comprehensive review of the major issues in smoking and health in Australia, compiled by Cancer Council Victoria.

First edition published by ASH (Australia) Limited, Surry Hills, NSW, 1989 Second edition published by the Victorian Smoking and Health Program, Carlton South, Victoria (Quit Victoria), 1995 Third edition published by Cancer Council Victoria 2008 in electronic format only.

ISBN number: 978-0-947283-76-6

Suggested citation: Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. 4th edn. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2012. Available from www.TobaccoInAustralia.org.au OR <Author(s) of relevant chapter section>, <Name of chapter section> in Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH [editors]. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. 4th edn. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2012. <Last updated on (date of latest update of relevant chapter section)> Available from < url of relevant chapter or section>

Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues; 4th Edition updates earlier editions of the book published in 1995, 1989 and 2008. This edition is greatly expanded, comprising chapters written and reviewed by authors with expertise in each subject area. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues is available online, free of charge. A hard copy version of this publication has not been produced.

This work has been produced with the objective of bringing about a reduction in death and disease caused by tobacco use. Much of it has been derived from other published sources and these should be quoted where appropriate. The text may be freely reproduced and figures and graphs (except where reproduced from other sources) may be used, giving appropriate acknowledgement to Cancer Council Victoria.

Editors and authors of this work have tried to ensure that the text is free from errors or inconsistencies. However in a resource of this size it is probable that some irregularities remain. Please notify Cancer Council Victoria if you become aware of matters in the text that require correction.

Editorial views expressed in Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues. Fourth Edition are those of the authors.

The update of this publication was funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.

Cancer Council Victoria 1 Rathdowne Street Carlton VIC 3053

Project manager: Michelle Scollo Senior Policy Adviser, with assistance from Merryn Pearce, Policy and Projects Officer, Quit Victoria. Editorial advice and editing: Rosemary Moore Website design: Creative Services, Cancer Council Victoria Design and production: Jean Anselmi Communications Proofreading: Caz Garvey

Book excerpt List of chapters available at tobaccoinaustralia.org.auIntroduction

Chapter 1 Trends in the prevalence of smoking

Chapter 2 Trends in tobacco consumption

Chapter 3 The health effects of active smoking

Chapter 4 The health effects of secondhand smoke

Chapter 5 Factors influencing the uptake and prevention of smoking

Chapter 6 Addiction

Chapter 7 Smoking cessation

Chapter 8 Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders

Chapter 9 Smoking and social disadvantage

Chapter 10 The tobacco industry in Australian society

Chapter 11 Tobacco advertising and promotion

Chapter 12 The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes

Chapter 13 The pricing and taxation of tobacco products in Australia

Chapter 14 Social marketing and public education campaigns

Chapter 15 Smokefree environments

Chapter 16 Tobacco litigation in Australia

Chapter 17 The economics of tobacco control

Chapter 18 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Appendix 1 Useful weblinks to tobacco resources

Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues A comprehensive online resource tobaccoinaustralia.org.au

Chapter 2Trends in tobacco consumption

i

Date of last update: 6 Dec 2011

Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Chapter 2

Trends in tobacco consumption

Michelle Scollo Quit Victoria Cancer Council Victoria

Table of contents2.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.1 Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1.1 Tobacco products manufactured in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.2 Manufactured tobacco products, adjusted for imports and exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1.3 Manufactured and imported tobacco products per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2.1 Total tobacco product on which duty was levied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2.2 Tobacco products dutied per capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2.3 Tobacco products dutied per smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 Self-reported measures of tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.3.1 Self-reported consumption among adult smokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.2 Self-reported consumption among current school-aged smokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3.3 Self-reported consumption patterns by age: adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.3.4 Self-reported consumption patterns by age: secondary school students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.5 Self-reported consumption patterns by pack size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3.6 Consumption by socio-economic group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.7 Comparisons between levels of per capita tobacco consumption based on tax receipts and those based on self-report data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.4 Expenditure on tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.1 Private final consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.4.2 Household expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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2.5 Industry sales figures as estimates for consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.6 Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.6.1 Limitations of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.6.2 Consistency of changes in various datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.7 Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.8 Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.8.1 Unbranded tobacco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2.8.2 Contraband and counterfeit cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.9 Best estimate of recent tobacco consumption in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502.9.1 Total per capita tobacco consumption among adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.9.2 Tobacco consumption among Australian students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.10 Factors driving changes in tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.10.1 Stages of tobacco consumption in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.10.1.1 Increases in consumption in the inter-war and post-war periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.10.1.2 Trends in consumption during the 1960s and 1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.10.1.3 Trends in consumption during the 1980s and 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.10.2 Factors affecting trends in tobacco consumption over the last century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2.10.2.1 Policy effects on tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2.10.2.2 Effects of cultural and social forces on tobacco consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

iiiChapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Date of last update: 6 Dec 2011

Tables and figuresTable 2.1.1 Tobacco products manufactured in Australia, 1956–57 to 2003–04

(metric tonnes)

Figure 2.1.1 Tobacco products manufactured in Australia, five-yearly, 1959–60 to 2003–04, (tonnes)

Table 2.1.2 Estimated domestic consumption of cigarettes: cigarettes manufactured in and imported to Australia each year, less those exported, Australia 1970 to 2010 (millions of cigarettes)

Figure 2.1.2 Cigarettes produced in and imported into Australia per person 15 years and over, 1970 to 2010, three-year running averages (numbers of cigarettes)

Table 2.2.1 Tobacco products levied for duty for sale in Australia (total excise and customs)—cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, 1910 to 1998–99, (millions of kg)

Table 2.2.2 Estimated weight of tobacco products levied for duty: cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, and estimated total tobacco products, Australia, 2000–01 to 2010–11 (millions of kilograms)

Table 2.2.3 Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 1998–99 (grams)

Table 2.2.4 Total per capita weight of tobacco products on which duty was levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over, Australia, based on actual weights dutied selected years until 1970 then 1970–71 to 1998–99 and estimated weights 1999–2000 to 2010–11 (grams)

Table 2.2.5 Cigarettes (or cigarette equivalents) on which duties were levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over: cigarettes, other tobacco products and total estimated cigarette equivalents, Australia, 2000–01 to 2010–11 (number of pieces)

Figure 2.2.1 Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): roll-your-own tobacco, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 2010 (grams)

Table 2.2.6 Estimated consumption of cigarettes per smoker* aged 14 years and over based on excise and customs receipts, Australia: years ending June 2002 and 2005, 2008 and 2011

Figure 2.3.1 Self-reported (factory-made) cigarettes smoked per day per smoker 18 years and over*Australia—males and females, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010 (number of cigarettes)

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Date of last update: 6 Dec 2011

Figure 2.3.2 Self-reported (factory-made and roll-your-own) cigarettes smoked per adult smoker per day, Australia, 1997 to 2005 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.1a Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers, (factory-made and roll-your-own), Australia, 1997 to 2005, (number of cigarettes)

Figure 2.3.3 Percentages of daily smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers based on self-reported numbers of (factory-made and roll-your-own) cigarettes smoked per day, Australia, 1997 to 2005

Table 2.3.1b Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers (factory-made and roll-your-own), Australia 2001 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.1c Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers (factory-made only), Australia 2001 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Figure 2.3.4 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students ages 12–17, total males and females—1984, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.2 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke, ages 12–17: males and females, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.3 Self-reported (factory-made) cigarettes smoked per week by adult smokers: persons various age groups, Australia, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Figure 2.3.5 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by Australian adult smokers (factory-made cigarettes only): persons various age groups, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Figure 2.3.6 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke at least weekly: aged 12 to 15 years and 16 and 17 years, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.4 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke at least weekly: males and females ages 12 to 17, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.5 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per day among adult daily smokers by usual pack size, Australia, 1989 to 2000 (number of cigarettes)

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Date of last update: 6 Dec 2011

Table 2.3.7 Self-reported weekly consumption by regular smokers* 18 years and over in various socio-economic groups, Australia, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.3.6 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week secondary school children 12–17 years who smoked in last week by usual pack size, Australia, 1996, 1999, 2002 and 2005 (number of cigarettes)

Table 2.4.1 Private final consumption on tobacco products—in current dollars, at constant (2009–10) prices, and per capita at constant prices: Australia, 1959–60 to 2010–11

Table 2.4.2 Reported weekly expenditure on cigarettes and other tobacco products, average all households, Australia, 1984 to 2009–10 ($ current), and adjusted to current tobacco prices

Figure 2.4.1 Final private expenditure on tobacco products, per capita at constant prices, Australia: 1959–60 to 2009–10 ($2009–10)

Figure 2.4.2 Reported weekly expenditure on cigarettes and other tobacco products, average all households, Australia 1984 to 2009–10 adjusted to average tobacco prices in 2009–10

Table 2.4.3 Average weekly expenditure on tobacco products among households in each income quintile, Australia 2009–10: dollars current, and as percentage of total household income

Table 2.5.1 Value of retail sales of tobacco products, Australia 1998–99 to 2010–11 ($ million)

Table 2.5.2 Cigarettes and cigars (millions of pieces) and amount of smoking tobacco (tonnes) sold in Australia, 1998–99 to 2010–11

Table 2.5.3 Volume of smoking tobacco sold: roll-your-own, pipe and total tobacco products, Australia, 1998–99 to 2010–11 (tonnes)

Table 2.6.1 Overview of limitations of various data sources used to estimate tobacco consumption

Figure 2.6.1 Per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia 1970 to 2010 estimated according to a variety of methods

Figure 2.6.2 Estimates of per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia based on excise and customs and receipts versus estimates of smoking prevalence

Table 2.7.1 Tobacco consumption, grams per capita, population aged 15 years and over, selected countries, 1975 to 2005

Table 2.7.2 Number of cigarettes per smoker per day, population aged 15 years and over, selected countries, 2009 (or most recent estimate)

vi Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Date of last update: 6 Dec 2011

Figure 2.7.1 Estimated per capita consumption of cigarettes in 2007: OECD countries plus South Africa, China and Russian Federation

Figure 2.7.2 Percentage change in number of cigarettes consumed 2009 compared to 1999, selected European, Asian and English-speaking countries

Table 2.8.1 Responses to the question ‘How often do you smoke this type of tobacco?’, current smokers 14 years and over, Australia, 2010

Table 2.8.3 Estimated number of chop-chop cigarettes smoked in Australia in 2010 based on responses to National Drug Strategy Household Survey

Table 2.8.2 Responses to question to those who have ever used this type of tobacco, ‘Would you say that when you smoke you ...?’

Table 2.9.1 Total estimated consumption of tobacco products in Australia including two different estimates of contraband cigarettes --- cigarettes, cigars and smoking tobacco, Australia 1998–1999 to 2010–11

Table 2.9.2 Number of cigarettes smoked per Australian secondary school student per year (based on reported smoking by students who smoke at least weekly): 1984 to 2011

Figure 2.9.1 Total estimated per capita (adults 15 plus) consumption of tobacco products (licit and illicit combined for cigarettes, cigars and smoking tobacco) in Australia: 1998–99 to 2009–10

Figure 2.9.2 Per capita annual cigarette consumption as reported by Australian secondary school students aged 12–15 years and 16 & 17 years, 1996 to 2011 (number of cigarettes per annum)

Figure 2.10.1 Proportion of people regularly smoking compared to self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, 1980 to 2010

Figure 2.10.2 Tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams): 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1961, 1962 to 1982, 1983 to 2000, 2001 to 2010

Figure 2.10.3 Major developments in tobacco control versus tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams)

1Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.0Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.0

IntroductionA great deal of data exists about consumption of tobacco in Australia. However, little of it is available in a consistent format covering extended periods of time, and much of it is difficult to interpret.

The Australian Tobacco Marketing Advisory Committeei compiled very useful data on tobacco production, processing, manufacturing and duty clearances in the reports it released annually from 1966, but these ceased when the organisation was wound up in 1994.1

Data have been collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) for more than a century on the quantity and value of numerous commodities manufactured in factories around the country. Information about tobacco products manufactured in Australia was published in a variety of formats over the years.2 Data on the quantities of tobacco manufactured were included in reports published monthly until 1997,3 in quarterly reports until June 2004,4 and then electronically to 2006.5 However this source of data by itself was of limited usefulness as an estimate of consumption because it included tobacco products bound not for home consumption but for export and excluded tobacco products imported to Australia for local consumption. In any case estimates for manufactured tobacco products are no longer included in ABS publications.5

Data on the amount (weight) of tobacco product on which excise and customs duty was paid were included in various yearbooks and other publications produced by the ABS (formerly the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics) over the years,6 including overseas trade bulletins published until 1977.7ii Data on excise and customs duty payments on tobacco products between 1978–79 and 2002–03 have been requested and purchased by researchers on various occasions from the ABS International Trade Section.8,9 The ABS ceased compiling data on excise collections in 2003. Details about tobacco excise duty now must be requested from the Australian Taxation Office, which is less well equipped than the ABS to deal with requests from researchers (T Dickinson, letter to the author 2003). The Australian Taxation Office has published reports on revenue collected on tobacco products,10,11 but not so consistently on the amount of each type of tobacco product dutied. Apart from these official sources of data relevant to production and sales of tobacco products, it is also possible to generate estimates of tobacco consumption from data collected in various surveys.

Triennial household surveys conducted for Cancer Council Victoriaiii between 1974 and 200112–21 asked smokers to estimate the number of packets of cigarettes they purchased each week, however the estimates generated in these surveys may have become less accurate over time as more and more smokers came to be using larger and large pack sizes. Surveys conducted every three years to evaluate the impact of Australia’s National Drug Strategy22,23 iv also attempted to assess consumption, but the questions asked varied somewhat over the years. In the early surveys (up to 1998) smokers were asked to nominate within specified ranges the number of cigarettes they smoked each day. These categories were too broad to enable meaningful analysis of trends over time. Later surveys24–27 provide what appear to be more reliable and consistent estimates asking:

< daily cigarette smokers (roll-your-own and/or factory-made) how many they smoked each day < those who smoked at least once per week how many they smoked each week and < monthly smokers how many they smoked each month.

Additional surveys conducted for the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing to evaluate the National Tobacco Campaign between 1997 and 200528–31 asked smokers to estimate numbers of cigarettes smoked each day. The National Tobacco Campaign surveys provided a wealth of useful data on reported consumption among various categories of smoker; however this survey provides information only on trends over a very short period. It should

i Known until 1989 as the Australian Tobacco Boardii The data on amounts of tobacco cleared for excise and customs outlined in Section 2.2 have been painstakingly compiled by the author referring to more than 100 individual historical

publications (not available on-line) and 12 separate electronic data items (also not available on-line) for each of more than 20 years (further details included in the reference list for Section 2.2).

iii Known until 1995 as the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoriaiv It was launched after a Special Premiers’ Conference in 1985 as the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse; its impact has been monitored in surveys in 1985 and three-yearly since 1988.

2 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.0Date of last update: 26 March 2012

be noted that estimates of consumption by smokers based on self-report data tend to be significantly lower than those calculated using duty payments and other objective sources.

The ABS Household Expenditure Survey, first conducted in 198432 then every five33–37 and now six38 years,39 also provides several interesting snapshots of households with any expenditure on tobacco, generating data about the number and characteristics of such households and the average reported amounts spent. Quarterly and annual national accounts data provide estimates of the amount spent nationally on tobacco products.40 Because the price of tobacco products has increased greatly over time41—see Chapter 13, Section 13.3—both household expenditure and national accounts data need to be carefully re-adjusted to take account of changing prices if they are to be used as estimates of consumption.

From time to time, various business-sector organisations compile statistics concerning production and sales of cigarettes based on a mixture of official data and figures obtained from tobacco companies. International databases such as ERC Statistics International Plc’s tobacco market reports42 and Euromonitor International’s Global Market Information Database43 are extremely interesting. However generally data are available only to those who subscribe to the data service. Little is documented about sources, assumptions and estimation techniques underlying figures included in these databases, so it is difficult to know whether data are being collected in a consistent way from year to year.

Figures on tobacco use over time are much more meaningful if adjusted for population numbers. Figures may be divided by the number of persons in the population over 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 years of age. Smoking rates in those under 15 years of age are generally very low in most countries. Consumption per person 15 years and over is the most common indicator of per capita consumption internationally.

All the data known to be publicly available relevant to estimating trends in tobacco consumption in Australia are set out in the tables and figures in this chapter. The limitations of each data set are discussed further in Section 2.6. Unfortunately no single source provides a valid and reliable and consistently measured estimate of tobacco consumption over the entire 50-year period since health authorities first raised the alarm about the dangers of smoking. As discussed in Sections 2.7 and 2.8, estimating consumption and making comparisons between countries and within countries over time is increasingly difficult as illicit tobacco sales vary widely between countries and over time. Notwithstanding these difficulties and limitations, the best estimates of recent consumption available at the time of writing are set out in Section 2.9. Factors thought to be driving reductions in consumption are set out in Section 2.10.

AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to A/Prof Vicki White for advice and provision of data on reported consumption from Cancer Council Victoria and National Drug Strategy Household surveys. This material was updated by Ms Meghan Zacher for Section 2.3 in the current edition. Thank you to Ms Anne-Marie Perucic, economist, Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization, for her extremely helpful suggestions on an earlier draft. And thank you to Anita Lal for checking data against sources for the Third Edition of Tobacco in Australia in 2007.

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Section: 2.0Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Australian Tobacco Marketing Advisory Committee. Australian Tobacco Marketing Advisory Committee Annual Report 1994. Year ended 31 December 1994 regarding the operation of the

Tobacco Marketing Act 1965. Canberra: ATMAC, 1995.

2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8205.0 Information paper: availability of statistics related to manufacturing. Canberra: ABS, 1997. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/8205.01997?OpenDocument

3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8301.0 Manufacturing production, Australia, Jun 1997. Canberra: ABS, 1997. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/8885B3AD86D78719CA25722E001C021C?opendocument

4. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8301.0 Manufacturing production, Australia, Jun 2004. Canberra: ABS, 2004. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/0EE34227E473B969CA256FFD007A2D4F?OpenDocument

5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8301.0.55.001 Manufacturing production, Australia, Jun 2006. Canberra: ABS, 2006. Updated September 2006 [viewed October 2006]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/846FE96282EACCBBCA256F48007063C6?OpenDocument

6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1122.0 Historical microfiche series-Statistical publications since Federation. Canberra: ABS, 1993. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/1374D3B7A214E981CA2570AD00834422?OpenDocument

7. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 78 7535.5 Overseas Trade; Table 22 Quantities on which duty was paid, 1972-73 to 1976-77. 112. Canberra, ABS, 1979.

8. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Monthly tobacco excise receipts, unpublished data. Electronic files provided to Michelle Scollo of The Cancer Council Victoria, 1996 to 2003.

9. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs quantities and value for tobacco products 1997-98 to 2010-11, unpublished data. Canberra: ABS. Electronic files provided to 2004 to 2012.

10. Australian Taxation Office. Taxation statistics 2004-05: a summary of income tax returns for the 2004-05 income year and other reported tax information for the 2005-06 financial year. Canberra: ATO, 2007 Last modified 17 April 2006 [viewed 21 April 2006]. Available from: http://www.ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/81183.htm&page=40&H40=&pc=&mnu=38022&mfp=001&st=&cy=

11. Australian Taxation Office. Excise liabilities, 1996-97 to 2009-10 financial years, Taxation statistics, 2008-09. Canberra: Australian Tax Office 2011 [viewed 22 November 2011]. Available from: http://www.ato.gov.au/corporate/content.aspx?menuid=0&doc=/content/00268761.htm&page=19&H19

12. Gray N and Hill D. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1975;22:819–22. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1207580

13. Gray N and Hill D. Patterns of smoking in Australia II. Medical Journal of Australia 1977;20:329–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1207580

14. Hill D and Gray N. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1982;1:23–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/927253

15. Hill D and Gray N. Australian patterns of smoking and related health beliefs in 1983. Community Health Studies 1984;8:307–16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6518750

16. Hill D. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1986. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149:6–10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386578

17. Hill DJ, White VM and Gray NJ. Measures of tobacco smoking in Australia 1974–1986 by means of a standard method. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149(1):10–12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386561

18. Hill D, White V and Gray N. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1989. Medical Journal of Australia 1991;154(12):797–801. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2041504

19. Hill D and White V. Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992. Australian Journal of Public Health 1995;19:305–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7626682

20. Hill DJ, White VM and Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Medical Journal of Australia 1998;168:209–13. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/mar2/hill/hill.html

21. White V, Hill D, Siahpush M and Bobevski I. How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl. 2):ii67–74. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/ii67

22. Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health. Statistics on drug abuse in Australia. Canberra: AGPS, 1994.

23. Adhikari P and Summerill A. 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 6, AIHW cat. no. PHE 27. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1999. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/6243

24. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 11, AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/8227

25. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug strategy series no.16, AIHW cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/phe/ndshsdf04/ndshsdf04.pdf

26. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 22, AIHW cat. no. PHE 107. Canberra: AIHW, 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10674

27. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

28. Wakefield M, Freeman J and Boulter J. Changes associated with the National Tobacco Campaign: pre and post campaign surveys compared. In Hassard K, ed. Australia’s National Tobacco Campaign: evaluation report vol. 1 Every cigarette is doing you damage. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, 1999;Available from: http://www.quitnow.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/national-tobacco-campaign-lp

29. Scollo M, Younie S, Wakefield M, Freeman J and Icasiano F. Impact of tobacco tax reforms on tobacco prices and tobacco use in Australia. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl 2):ii59–66. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/suppl_2/ii59

4 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.0Date of last update: 26 March 2012

30. Wakefield M, Freeman J and Inglis G. Chapter 5 Changes associated with the National Tobacco Campaign: results of the third and fourth follow-up surveys. In Hassard, K, ed. Australia’s National Tobacco Campaign; evaluation report vol. 3 Every cigarette is doing you damage. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2004. Available from: http://www.quitnow.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/national-tobacco-campaign-lp

31. The Social Research Centre. National Tobacco Survey: smoking prevalence and consumption 1997–2005. Sydney: Research and Marketing Group, Business Group, Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/9881124EAEC5A935CA25786000797D14/$File/ntspre05.pdf

32. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 1984. Canberra: ABS, 1986. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/2C9626068218FA63CA257679001A14CA?opendocument

33. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 1988-89. Canberra: ABS, 1990. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/E6EEB80FACD006FDCA2574C1001401AC?opendocument

34. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 1993-94. Canberra: ABS, 1995. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/520C9EFCAED3D419CA25722E001C0128?opendocument

35. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 1998-99. Canberra: ABS, 2000. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/F7FCE2D7A4BB417ECA2570590075521D?opendocument

36. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 2003-04 (re-issue). Canberra: ABS, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/8C2472C665DF480CCA25790200158ED7?opendocument

37. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6527.0 Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: user guide, 1998–99. Canberra: ABS, 2001. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/productsbyCatalogue/9D5F273F0533276FCA2570B4007954FD?OpenDocument

38. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 2009-10. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6530.02009-10?OpenDocument

39. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: user guide, 2009-10. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/C571EA00F941140ECA2571880005BEE2?OpenDocument

40. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5204.0 Australian System of National Accounts 2004–05 September 2006. Canberra: ABS, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/110953FFA28D4E52CA2572110002FF03?OpenDocument

41. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6401.0 Consumer Price Index, Australia Table 11. CPI: group, sub-group and expenditure class, index numbers by capital city. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Updated 26 October 2011 [viewed 30 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6401.0Sep%202011?OpenDocument

42. ERC Statistics International Plc. Tobacco market reports. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2011 [viewed 6 December 2011]. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/tob.html

43. Euromonitor International. Industry reports. London: Euromonitor International, 2011 [viewed January 2012]. Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

5Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.1.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.1

Production and trade data as a basis for estimating tobacco consumptionData on quantities of tobacco products manufactured in Australia are available electronically back to 1957.1 Various Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) publications have also included statistics on exports and imports of products including tobacco, for example see ABS 5368.0 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia,2 but historical data on tobacco exports and imports have not ever been compiled into a single document or time-series dataset.

2.1.1

Tobacco products manufactured in AustraliaTable 2.1.1 shows the volume of total tobacco products produced in Australia since 1957. Publication of data on production of cigarettes and other tobacco products was discontinued by the ABS in 2004.

Data for selected years are plotted in Figure 2.1.1.

The total weight of tobacco products manufactured in Australia has clearly declined substantially since it peaked at 33 300 metric tonnes in 1975.

Year ending June Metric tonnes1957 21 926 1958 22 427 1959 23 761 1960 24 655 1961 23 742 1962 25 411 1963 25 338 1964 25 944 1965 27 846 1966 27 210 1967 27 774 1968 27 336

Year ending June Metric tonnes1969 29 063 1970 30 832 1971 30 926 1972 31 903 1973 29 918 1974 32 341 1975 33 332 1976 32 606 1977 29 590 1978 31 629 1979 29 889 1980 30 586

Year ending June Metric tonnes1981 32 009 1982 32 251 1983 31 407 1984 28 801 1985 27 581 1986 28 976 1987 30 270 1988 28 090 1989 28 184 1990 27 401 1991 28 005 1992 25 509

Year ending June Metric tonnes1993 24 693 1994 24 532 1995 24 024 1996 22 252 1997 23 684 1998 22 046 1999 21 751 2000 20 661 2001 20 092 2002 19 720 2003 20 479 2004 20 069

Table 2.1.1 Tobacco products manufactured in Australia, 1956–57 to 2003–04 (metric tonnes)

Source: ABS Manufacturing production, Australia, 20063

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

40 000

Jun 2004

Jun 2000

Jun 1995

Jun 1990

Jun 1985

Jun 1980

Jun 1975

Jun 1970

Jun 1965

Jun 1960

24 655

27 84630 832

33 33230 586 27 581 27 401

24 02420 661 20 069

Figure 2.1.1 Tobacco products manufactured in Australia, five-yearly, 1959–60 to 2003–04, (tonnes)Source: ABS 8301.0.55.001 Manufacturing Production, Australia, June 2006, Time series data, Table 1 Commodity Production5

6 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.1.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.1.2

Manufactured tobacco products, adjusted for imports and exportsData on manufactured tobacco products are of limited usefulness in estimating consumption as they include tobacco products produced for export and do not include tobacco products imported into Australia.

In February 2003 the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO) released a discussion paper on trends in cigarette use that did include estimates of such exports and imports. The analysis covered several dozen countries including Australia for the years 1970 to 2000.4 These estimates were based on data from a combination of official trade statistics and data collected by research agencies in surveys of tobacco companies. The Australian data on numbers of cigarettes produced came from the United States Department of Agriculture from 1970 to 1989, and then from (private sector) market research agency, ERC Statistics International Plc.i5 Data on quantities of cigarettes imported and exported came from databases compiled by the United Nations.6, 7 Estimates for Australia are included in Table 2.1.2.ii

Using this mix of the available data sets, it would seem that the total number of cigarettes consumed in Australia peaked in 1981, increased slightly over the early 1990s and declined by about one-third between 1990 and 2000 and then increased slightly over the 2000s.

Note: these data relate to cigarettes only, not to any other type of tobacco product.

2.1.3

Manufactured and imported tobacco products per capitaTo take account of increases in population over this 30-year period, Guindon and Boisclair’s report for the WHO also included estimates of per capita consumption. Per capita consumption is calculated using the number of

i Estimates for tobacco products other than cigarettes were not included in this analysis. As can be seen in Section 2.2, smoking tobacco made up 14% of the total weight of tobacco excised in 1970 and about 5% in 2000 and about 11% in 2010.

ii The World Health Organization analysis estimates numbers of cigarettes imported and exported based on the total weight of product, assuming that an average cigarette weighed 1 g. The actual weight of cigarettes imported is considerably lower, with 99% of cigarettes imported weighing less than 0.8 g—refer row 4, Table 2.4, p10 AIHW Drugs in Australia 2010s.8

iii The export figures for 2004 to 2006 seem uncharacteristically low. They are, however, what is recorded in the ComTrade data base.

Cigarettes produced

A

Cigarettes imported

B

Cigarettes exported

C

Total estimated cigarettes consumed A + B – C

1970 26 848 606 594 26 860 1980 35 185 796 291 35 690 1990 35 575 537 647 35 465 1995 31 271 830 1 122 30 979 1996 30 767 774 3 106 28 435 1997 30 035 580 2 880 27 735 1998 29 939 640 3 339 27 240 1999 28 018 1013 1 289 27 742 2000 23 576 1444 1 170 23 850 2001 23 357 1 918 1 418 23 8572002 23 565 1 899 1 947 23 5172003 23 474 1 676 1 250 23 9002004 23 228 1 827 18iii 25 0372005 23 892 2 700 90 26 5022006 22 304 2 436 37 24 7032007 Data available

for purchase from ERC Statistics

International Plc

2 960 6 8652008 2 438 3 944

2009 2 716 3 970

2010 24 460 3 206 3 596 24 070

Table 2.1.2 Estimated domestic consumption of cigarettes: cigarettes manufactured in and imported to Australia each year, less those exported, Australia 1970 to 2010 (millions of cigarettes)

Sources: Guindon and Boisclair 2003,4 ERC Statistics International Plc 2001,5 Food and Agriculture Organization 2001,6 United Nations Statistics Division 20007 and 20119 and Eriksen, Mackay and Ross 201210

Notes: See Appendix 1, Guindon and Boisclair 2003 for the Tobacco Free Initiative of the World Health Organization 4 based on data produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (production in 1970 to 1989) 199611. ERC Statistics International Plc 20015 relates to production from 1990 to 2000. Import data to 2000 is from the Food and Agriculture Organization 2001.6 Export data to 2000 is from the United Nations

7Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.1.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

people 15 years and over.i The figures included in the WHO study and reproduced in Figure 2.1.2 (and the figures since 2001 using the additional data source indicated above) are three-year running averages based on consumption in the listed and previous two years.

These data suggest that consumption of cigarettes has declined significantly since 1970, with almost a 50% reduction in the estimated number of cigarettes consumed per capita between 1980 (at which time the average per capita cigarette consumption for the previous three years had peaked at 3215 cigarettes) and 2010 (by which time average per capita consumption for the previous three years had reduced to little more than 1250 cigarettes per person 15 years and older).

i In most countries, prevalence of smoking among young people starts to approach adult levels by the mid-teens. Countries vary widely in the proportion that children make up of the total population. Dividing total quantities of tobacco by total numbers of persons would give a misleadingly low estimate of tobacco consumption in countries where children make up a very high proportion of the population. For these reasons, most international studies of tobacco consumption divide estimates of tobacco by the number of persons 15 years and over.12

i Note that data on cigarette production reported by Euromonitor for years earlier to 2007 differs to that reported by ERC for the same years.

Figure 2.1.2 Cigarettes produced in and imported into Australia per person 15 years and over, 1970 to 2010, three-year running averages (numbers of cigarettes)Sources: Guindon and Boisclair 2003,4 ERC Statistics International Plc 2001,5 Food and Agriculture

Organization 2001,6 United Nations Statistics Division 20007 and Eriksen, Mackay and Ross10

Notes: Guindon and Boisclair for the Tobacco Free Initiative of the WHO4 based on data produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (production in 1970 and 1980),11 ERC Statistics International Plc relates to production from 1990 to 2005,5 imports from Food and Agriculture Organization6 and exports from United Nations Statistics Division7, plus population data from the United Nations7 (refer Appendices 4 and 5) Euromonitor figures for 2007 to 2009.i 14 Eriksen, Mackay and Ross use data from ERC International 2010.12

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

201020001995199019801970

8 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.1.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8301.0 Manufacturing production, Australia, Jun 2004. Canberra: ABS, 2004. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyRelea

seDate/0EE34227E473B969CA256FFD007A2D4F?OpenDocument

2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5368.0 International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/A5FB33BD2E3CC68FCA257496001547A1?OpenDocument

3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8301.0.55.001 Manufacturing production, Australia, Jun 2006. Canberra: ABS, 2006. Updated September 2006 [viewed October 2006]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/846FE96282EACCBBCA256F48007063C6?OpenDocument

4. Guindon G and Boisclair D. Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco Use. New York: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2003. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Guindon-PastCurrent-whole.pdf

5. ERC Statistics International Plc. The World Cigarette Market: The 1998 Survey. Suffolk, Great Britain: 2001. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/

6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO statistical databases. 2001. [viewed not by author]; Available from: http://www.fao.org/

7. United Nations Statistics Division. Commodity trade statistics data base. 2000. [viewed not by author]; Available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/comtrade/

8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Drug statistics series no. 27, cat. no. PHE 154. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420497&tab=2

9. United Nations Statistics Division. Commodity trade statistics data base 2001 to 2010. 2011. [viewed December 2011]; Available from: http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx

10. Eriksen M, Mackay J and Ross H. The Tobacco Atlas. 4th Edition. New York and Altanta, GA: World Lung Foundation and American Cancer Society, 2012. Available from: http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/

11. US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Centre. Tobacco Statistics (94012). 1996. [viewed not by author]; Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/InternationalFoodDemand/

12. ERC Statistics International Plc. The World Cigarette Market: the 2010 Survey - Australia. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2011. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/sample/tob/Cigarette%20Indexes/Australia.pdf

13. Chapman S. Changes in adult cigarette consumption per head in 128 countries 1986–90. Tobacco Control 1992;1:281–4. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/1/4/281

14. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database, 2010. London: Euromonitor International, 2011. Updated September 2010 [viewed 9 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

9Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.2

Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumptionThe most widely used estimate of tobacco consumption is that provided by duty-paid clearances of Australian-made and imported tobacco products destined for sale in Australia.

Excise duty is paid on cigarettes produced in Australia but not destined for export.1 Customs duty is paid on cigarettes imported for sale in Australia.2

Tobacco products produced in or imported into Australia over the years have included: < smoking tobacco in the form of:

< loose tobacco purchased by smokers to make roll-your-own cigarettes or < pipe tobacco

< factory-made cigarettes containing tobaccoi

< cigars, including large, standard and small cigarsii

< smokeless tobacco, including:3

< chewing tobacco sold in pouches in the form of long strands of loose leaves, plugs, or twists of tobacco that, when used, are commonly called ‘plugs,’ ‘wads,’ or ‘chew’iii

< snuff, a fine ground tobacco, which comes in cans or pouches and can be dry or moist.iv

Smokeless tobacco has been prohibited for sale in Australia since 1991v, but small quantities are imported by individuals for personal use.4 See Chapter 12A.3 for further details.

2.2.1

Total tobacco product on which duty was leviedTable 2.2.1 shows the total weight of tobacco products on which duty was levied in Australia for cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco product for selected years since data were first collected shortly after federation and passage of the Excise Act 19015 and the Customs Act 19016, and then in each year from 1969–70 to 1998–99. The dutiable weight was based on the total dry weight of the cigarette or other tobacco product: that is, it was adjusted for moisture content.vi It included the weight of cigarette paper and the filter but excluded the weight of packaging.

In 1999, following extensive lobbying by health groups, the manner in which excise was calculated was changed from the weight of cigarettes (with adjustment for moisture content and including filters and paper) to the number of sticks per pack—see Chapter 13, Section 13.3 for further details. Smoking tobacco including pipe tobacco and loose pouch tobacco used for roll-your-own cigarettes continued to be taxed by weight. The very small proportion of cigarettes and the very large proportion of cigars produced or imported that weighed more than 0.8 g were also still taxed by weight, excluding the weight of the filter. While estimates of the weights of cigarettes produced in recent years are available,106 these are based on weight without any adjustment for moisture content, so little is

i Herbal cigarettes are subject to duty if they contain any tobacco.ii These categories cover very small cigars know as cigarillos, as well as Indian-style bidis and cheroots.iii Most spit tobacco users place the product in their cheek or between their gum and cheek. Users then suck on the tobacco and spit out the tobacco juices, which is why smokeless oral

tobacco is often referred to as spit or spitting tobacco.iv Users take a ‘pinch’, ‘dip’, or ‘quid’ and place it between the lower lip or cheek and gum and suck on it. Snuff is also available in small, tea-bag like pouches or sachets that can be placed

between the cheek and gum; these are designed to be both ‘smoke-free’ and ‘spit-free’ and are thought to be easier and neater to use and throw away. Swedish snus is an example of this sort of product. Some people prefer to sniff or inhale snuff up their nose.

v 1986 in South Australiavi Calibrated to a particular machine operated by WD and HO Wills Holdings Ltd, one of the three major tobacco companies that operated in Australia over much of the latter half of last

century (Australian Customs Service Handbook c 1985)

10 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.2.1 Tobacco products levied for duty for sale in Australia (total excise and customs)—cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, 1910 to 1998–99, (millions of kg)

Sources:

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearancesi. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty

was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),7 1911 to 1918–19,8 1919–20 to 1928–29,9 1929–30 to 1938–39,10

ii. Excise reports: Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco etc on which duty was paid in the years 1939–40 to 1948–49,11 1949–50 to 1953–54,12 1954–55 to 1958–59,13 1958–59 to 1962–6314

iii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,15 1968–69 to 1972–7316 and 1972–73 to 1976–7717

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on excise clearancesiv. Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1973–74 to 1986–8718–27 v. Excise data for Australian tobacco products supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, for July 1977 to

June 1981, 1981 to 1988 and 1988 to 1993 on 2 February 1995 and for July 1993 to June 1994 on 2 December 1994

vi. Excise data (month-by-month) for Australian tobacco products since 1994, supplied to author by International Trade Section, ABS, 14 August 1997,13 March 1998 and monthly by electronic subscription between 1998 and 200328

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on customs clearancesa. Annual statement of the trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, general imports—Australia, 1903,29

190430 and 190531 b. Trade and customs and excise revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia, Imports—Australia, 190632

to 191333–38 and 1914–15 to 1920–2139–45

c. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian statistics of oversea imports and exports and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1920–21 and 1921–2246 through1922–23 and 1923–24 to 1936–37 to 1937–3847–62

d. Overseas trade and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1937–38 and 1938–39 to 1948–49 and 1949–5063–75

e. Overseas Trade Statistics: imports Cleared for Home Consumption—Australia 1950–51 to1958–5976–83

f. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletins, 1959–60 to 1972–7384–97

Australian Bureau of Statistics data on customs dutyg. Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74 to 1977–7898–102

h . Imports cleared for home consumption —Australia 1978–79 to 1980–81103–105

i. International Trade Branch, Import clearance data for Australian tobacco products, 1981–82 to 1987–88, and 1988–89 to 1993–94 supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, 2 December 1994 and 2 February 1995

j. Annual customs data from 1995 supplied on request to author by ABS Information service on 1st August 2007

Notes on excise and customs duty Figures before 1966 were recorded in imperial weights but have been converted to kilograms in this

table. It should be noted that excise data on roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco products was for many years compiled from at least two different product codes. Pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco appear to have been coded together with RYO over some periods of time and separately in others. In many years, some pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and even possibly RYO tobacco may have been incorrectly coded to one or more ‘other’ (miscellaneous) codes (letter to author from P Holt, Australian Customs Service, clarifying coding of RYO tobacco products, 11 October 1996). It is therefore not possible to be confident about historical data for individual product types.

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in

Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Table 2.2.1, Tobacco products levied for duty for sale in Australia (total excise and customs): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, 1910 to 1998–99 (millions of kilograms). Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the ABS. Available from URL FOR Section 2.2

Year ending 30 June ...

Cigarettes Cigars

Roll-your own tobacco, pipe tobacco,

snuff and other tobacco products

Total tobacco products

1910 0.90 0.30 4.51 5.71

1920 2.21 0.32 5.28 7.81

1930 2.81 0.20 6.53 9.53

1935 2.18 0.12 6.42 8.72

1940 3.29 0.10 9.22 12.61

1945 3.43 0.05 6.92 10.40

1950 7.83 0.09 9.24 17.16

1955 11.58 0.08 9.63 21.28

1960 17.85 0.11 7.29 25.24

1965 22.02 0.17 4.70 26.89

1970 25.25 0.24 4.13 29.61

1971 25.78 0.22 4.14 30.15

1972 26.43 0.26 4.33 31.02

1973 27.56 0.29 4.03 31.88

1974 28.35 0.34 3.85 32.54

1975 29.04 0.33 3.71 33.09

1976 28.36 0.31 3.89 32.56

1977 28.49 0.30 3.79 32.58

1978 28.48 0.26 3.46 32.20

1979 27.28 0.24 3.27 30.79

Year ending 30 June ...

Cigarettes Cigars

Roll-your own tobacco, pipe tobacco,

snuff and other tobacco products

Total tobacco products

1980 28.05 0.24 3.17 31.46

1981 28.36 0.23 2.93 31.53

1982 28.98 0.23 2.69 31.90

1983 27.52 0.20 2.65 30.37

1984 26.93 0.17 2.72 29.83

1985 26.86 0.17 2.29 29.32

1986 27.08 0.16 1.93 29.17

1987 26.23 0.14 1.74 28.12

1988 26.22 0.06 1.57 27.85

1989 25.90 0.11 1.42 27.43

1990 26.49 0.11 1.42 28.01

1991 24.79 0.09 1.56 26.44

1992 25.21 0.09 1.46 26.76

1993 22.57 0.07 1.37 24.01

1994 21.86 0.08 1.76 23.70

1995 21.89 0.07 1.53 23.48

1996 19.48 0.07 1.63 21.18

1997 19.79 0.07 1.66 21.52

1998 19.36 0.08 1.44 20.891999 18.87 0.10 1.46 20.43

11Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

known about the comparative weight of cigarettes over time. Data on cigarette amounts by weight from this more recent period listed in Table 2.2.2 are necessarily approximations only and therefore not readily comparable with data from the period prior to 1999.

The total amount of tobacco dutied in Australia rose steadily after World War I, peaked in the mid-1970s and declined steadily over the last 25 years of the century.

While the weight of tobacco products on which excise and customs duty is levied appears to have dropped between 1998–99 and 2000–01, the total weight seems to have remained fairly steady between 2001 and 2009.

2.2.2

Tobacco products dutied per capitaTable 2.2.3 sets out the amounts of each sort of tobacco product for which duties were levied in Australia for selected years between 1910 and 1999, divided by the number of people recorded in the same year as being aged 15 years or older.

Table 2.2.4 shows the total weight of tobacco products on which duty was levied, divided by the total number of Australians aged 15 and over for the final (financial) year of each decade from 1910 to 1940, five-yearly from 1944–45 to 1969–70, and then annually until 1998–99.

Per capita tobacco consumption has varied over the years, with lower use due to economic hardship during the Depression and shortages of tobacco stock following the World Wars. It

Table 2.2.2 Estimated weight of tobacco products levied for duty: cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, and estimated total tobacco products, Australia, 2000–01 to 2010–11 (millions of kilograms)

Year ending 30 June

Cigarettes (estimated weight)*

CigarsRoll-your own, pipe tobacco, and

other tobacco productsTotal estimated weight

of tobacco products2000 18.44 0.10 1.21 19.752001 16.78 0.10 1.43 18.322002 16.43 0.10 1.44 17.972003 17.19 0.10 1.66 18.962004 16.95 0.10 1.59 18.652005 16.60 0.11 1.60 18.312006 16.26 0.10 1.62 17.982007 16.03 0.09 1.64 17.762008 16.37 0.07 1.72 18.172009 15.99 0.07 1.65 17.712010 15.34 0.08 1.69 17.112011 14.24 0.07 1.76 16.07

Sources: ABS excise data from 1996–200328 and customs data from 1995–2012107; AIHW 2007108 and 2011109 and ATO 2012110

Notes: Australian Bureau of Statistics, monthly tobacco excise receipts28 and annual customs quantities and value communications107 AIHW Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006 108 and 2007109 based on data provided by the ABS and Australian Taxation Office*

* Conservatively assuming cigarettes post-November 1999 weigh an average of 0.7 g for local cigarettes and 0.725 g for imported cigarettes (slightly adjusted—for consistency with other sections—from previous edition of Facts and Issues, which used 0.725 and 0.755).

Table 2.2.3 Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 1998–99 (grams)

Year ending June Cigarettes Cigars Other tobacco products1910 316 105 15911920 602 89 14401930 611 42 14201935 440 24 12931940 618 20 17321945 612 9 12371950 1302 16 15371955 1771 13 14731960 2485 15 10151965 2759 21 5891970 2836 26 4631975 2883 33 3691980 2553 22 2891985 2227 14 1901990 1990 8 1061995 1543 5 1081999 1260 6 97

Sources: As per Table 2.2.1, plus ABS Estimated resident population, annual to 2006111

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne,

Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Table 2.2.3, Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 1998–99 (grams). See Chapter 2 Section 2.2.

12 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.2.4 Total per capita weight of tobacco products on which duty was levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over, Australia, based on actual weights dutied selected years until 1970 then 1970–71 to 1998–99 and estimated weights 1999–2000 to 2010–11 (grams)

Year ending

June

Grams per capita of tobacco

products dutied1910 20141920 21321930 20741935 17571940 23701945 18591950 28551955 32571960 35151965 33701970 3326

Year ending

June

Grams per capita of tobacco

products dutied1971 32351972 32611973 32891974 32871975 32841976 31781977 31241978 30331979 28521980 28641981 2816

Year ending

June

Grams per capita of tobacco

products dutied1982 27891983 26091984 25181985 24311986 23681987 22361988 21701989 20961990 21051991 19591992 1956

Year ending

June

Grams per capita of tobacco

products dutied1993 17361994 16931995 16561996 14711997 14751998 14141999 13642000 13002001 11872002 11472003 1193

Year ending

June

Grams per capita of tobacco

products dutied2004 11572005 11192006 10802007 10462008 10462009 9972010 9472011 875

Sources: as for Table 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 plus ABS Estimated resident population, annual to June 2011112

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Table 2.2.4, Total per capita

weight of tobacco products on which duty was levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over, Australia, based on actual weights dutied selected years until 1970 then 1970–71 to 1998–99 and estimated weights 1999–2000 to 2010–11 (grams). Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the ABS. See Section 2.2.

Table 2.2.5 Cigarettes (or cigarette equivalents) on which duties were levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over: cigarettes, other tobacco products and total estimated cigarette equivalents, Australia, 2000–01 to 2010–11 (number of pieces)

Year ending 30 June ... Number of pieces per year Number per person per year Cigarettes and cigars lighter than 0.8 grams (millions)

All other tobacco products expressed as cigarette equivalents (1 gram = 1 cigarette)

Total estimated cigarette equivalents

Cigarettes onlyCigarettes plus

cigarette equivalents1998 29 790 1522 31 312 2016 21191999 28 965 1557 30 522 1934 20382000 26 287 1321 27 608 1731 18182001 23 933 1542 25 475 1551 16512002 23 426 1545 24 971 1496 15952003 24 518 1771 26 288 1543 16542004 24 184 1700 25 884 1500 16062005 23 687 1711 25 398 1447 15512006 23 196 1719 24 915 1393 14972007 22 873 1726 24 599 1346 14482008 23 352 1794 25 146 1345 14482009 22 791 1729 24 520 1283 13802010 21 871 1774 23 645 1210 13082011 20 289 1823 22 112 1105 1204

Sources: Calculations by author using data received from ABS 1996 to 200328 and 2011107; AIHW 2008 108 2010109 and ATO 2007114 2011115 and 2012110

* Assuming that cigarettes prior to November 1999 were an average taxable weight of 0.65 g (estimate provided to author by Australian Customs Office, 28 February 2001)

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds.. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Table 2.2.5, Cigarettes (or

cigarette equivalents) on which duties were levied (excise and customs combined) per person 15 years and over: cigarettes, other tobacco products and total estimated cigarette equivalents, Australia, 2000–01 to 2010–11 (number of pieces). Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and data provided by the ABS. See Section 2.2

13Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

increased sharply after World War II and remained steady over the 1960s and in the early 1970s, corresponding with increased uptake by young women—see Chapter 1 Section 1.1. It then started to decline following increased publicity about the health effects of smoking and adoption of various tobacco-control policies, commencing with the phasing out of cigarette advertising on television and radio in the mid-1970s—see Section 2.10 for further discussion.

Figure 2.2.1 plots the total data per capita at 10-year intervals for each type of tobacco product consumed.

Cigarettes have represented an increasing share of the total amount of tobacco on which excise and customs duty have been levied since 1910, with cigarettes exceeding other forms of tobacco products since 1955.

Table 2.2.5 shows the numbers of cigarettes dutied per capita since 2000–01, and estimated numbers for 1997–98 and 1998–99.

Per capita consumption of cigarettes appears to have fallen sharply by about 16% between 1999 and 2001—see also Section 2.5 and Chapter 13—but fell only very slightly between 2001 and 2005. Per capita consumption in 2010–11 was about 13% lower than it was in 2008–09 before the 25% increase in excise duty in April 2010.

2.2.3

Tobacco products dutied per smokerClearly, consumption of tobacco products across the total population has declined steadily over the past 30 years. But what about among those who continue to smoke? Given the amount of tobacco on which duty is levied in Australia each year, how many cigarettes and other tobacco products must be consumed each day, on average, by each person who smokes, and how is this changing over time?

Table 2.2.6 shows the average number of cigarettes that must have been consumed each year and each day by those people who could be described as current smokers in each of the latest four National Drug Strategy Household Surveys.i

Based on customs and excise receipts for cigarettes and smoking tobacco combined, estimated weekly consumption of cigarettes among remaining smokers appears to have increased between 2001 and 2004. Note that consumption per smoker could increase over any given period either because remaining smokers increased consumption or because those people who quit tended to smoke fewer cigarettes on average than those who continued smoking … or due to a combination of both. In 2010–11 an estimated 3% fewer cigarettes were consumed by smokers compared to 2001, and about 12% fewer compared to 2007–08.

i The number of Australians who smoke is as estimated from National Drug Strategy survey data for males and females 14 years and over. The number of cigarettes (and estimated number of roll-your-own cigarettes made using smoking tobacco) on which duty was levied in each year is then divided by the estimated number of smokers in the same year.

Figure 2.2.1 Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): roll-your-own tobacco, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 2010 (grams)Sources: As per Table 2.2.1 and 2.2.3 plus ABS Estimated resident population, annual to 2010113

Suggested citation for those reproducing this figure Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption.In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts

and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Figure 2.2.1, Weight of tobacco products dutied per year per person 15 years and over (excise and customs combined): roll-your-own tobacco, cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, Australia, selected years 1910 to 2010 (grams). See Section 2.2

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

316602 611

618

1302

24852836

2553

1990

1214

10589 42

2016

15

2622

8 61592 1441 1420 1732 1537 1015 463 289 106 80 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

20142132 2074

2370

2855

35153326

2864

2105

1300

849

494

947

Cigarettes

Cigars

Smoking and pipeand smokeless tobacco

14 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.2.6 Estimated consumption of cigarettes per smoker* aged 14 years and over based on excise and customs receipts, Australia: years ending June 2002 and 2005, 2008 and 2011

2001–02 2004–05 2007–08 2010–11Estimated total number of Australian smokers, 14 years and over*

3 645 700 3 395 100 3 345 000 3 238 900

Cigarettes (and roll-your-own cigarette equivalents) on which duty was excise or customs duty was levied (billion)

25.0 25.4 25.1 22.1

Estimated number of cigarettes consumed per smoker per year

6849.4 7480.9 7517.7 6642.3

Estimated number of cigarettes consumed per smoker per week

132 144 145 128

Sources: AIHW 2002,116 2005,117 2008118 and 2011119 ATO 2012110 and calculations by author

Notes: Estimated number of smokers* from AIHW reports on National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2001116 2004117 2007118 and 2010118; estimated numbers of cigarettes from authors calculations using ABS excise28 and customs107 data and data reported in AIHW Drug Statistics in Australia publications for 2006108‡ and 2010109 which referred to data supplied by ABS and ATO.

* Includes people who reported smoking daily, weekly and less frequently than weekly

15Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

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4. Michael C Tate Minister of State for Justice and Consumer Affairs. Consumer protection notice no. 10. S 144 Tuesday 4th June, Australian Government Publishing Service, 1991. Available from: http://www.accc.gov.au/content/item.phtml?itemId=780174&nodeId=d10cf869175f91b5edccea8d08a7e332&fn=Permanent%20ban%20on%20tobacco%20products%20(smokeless)%20-%20Consumer%20Protection%20Notice%20No.%2010%20of%201991.pdf

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8. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Excise 1911 to 1918-19.Table XXXII Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1911 to 1918-19. p 604. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

9. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1919-20 to 192-29.Table XXXIV Comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1919-20 to 1928-29. p 838. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

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11. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Excise 1939-40 to 1948-49.Table XXXIV Quantity of spirits, beer, petrol, tobacco etc on which excise duty was paid in Australia during the years 1939-40 to 1948-49. p 998. Canberra, ABS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

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15. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 35 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1963-64 to 1967-68. p 1050. Canberra, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument

16. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade; Table no 32 Quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid and the gross excise paid, 1968-69 to 1972-73. p 632. Canberra, ABS, 1975. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument

17. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 78 7535.5 Overseas Trade; Table 22 Quantities on which duty was paid and the gross excise duty paid by item, 1972-73 to 1976-77. 112. Canberra, ABS, 1979. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/86297695c3fb9c514b2562ea001374a0!Open Document

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20. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1979-80. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1982. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

16 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

21. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1980-81. p 21. Canberra, ABS, 1983. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

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23. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 7 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1982-83. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1985. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

24. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1983-84. p 24. Canberra, ABS, 1986. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

25. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1984-85. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1987. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

26. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 6 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1985-86. p 23. Canberra, ABS, 1988. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

27. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs and Excise Revenue, Australia, Annual Summary Tables; Table 5 Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1986-87. p 22. Canberra, ABS, 1989. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/e9539f06633446884b2562ea00160351!OpenDocument

28. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Monthly tobacco excise receipts, unpublished data. Electronic files provided to Michelle Scollo of The Cancer Council Victoria, 1996 to 2003.

29. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table III General imports, 1903 - Australia. p 119-20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1904. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument

30. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table V General imports, 1904 - Australia. p 118-20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1905. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument

31. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. General imports, 1905 - Australia. p 132-33. Melbourne, CBCS, 1906. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument

32. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. Imports, 1906 - Australia. p 125-6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1907. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

33. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1907 - Australia. p 147-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1908. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

34. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1908 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1909. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

35. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1909 - Australia. p 72-76. Melbourne, CBCS, 1910. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

36. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1911 - Australia. p 62-5. Melbourne, CBCS, 1912. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

37. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1912 - Australia. p 62. Melbourne, CBCS, 1913. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

38. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1913 - Australia. p 61-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1914. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

39. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1914-15 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1916. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

17Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

40. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1915-16 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1917. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

41. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1916-17 - Australia. p 58-60. Melbourne, CBCS, 1918. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

42. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1917-18 - Australia. p 56-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1919. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

43. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1918-19 - Australia. p 53-4. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

44. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1919-20 - Australia. p 54-6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1921. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

45. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 - Australia. p 55-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1922. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

46. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 and 1921-22 - Australia. p 56-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1923. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

47. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1921-22 and 1922-23 - Australia. p 70-1. Melbourne, CBCS, 1924. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

48. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1922-23 and 1923-24 - Australia. p 65-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1925. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

49. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1923-24 and 1924-25 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1926. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

50. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1924-25 and 1925-26 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1927. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

51. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1925-26 and 1926-27 - Australia. p 241-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1928. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

52. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1926-27 and 1927-28 - Australia. p242-4. Canberra, CBCS, 1929. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

53. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1927-28 and 1928-29 - Australia. p 235-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

54. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1928-29 and 1929-30 Australia. p 196-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1931. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

55. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1929-30 and 1930-31 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1932. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

56. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1930-31 and 1931-32 - Australia. p156-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1933. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

57. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1931-32 and 1932-33 - Australia. p 150-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1934. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

18 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

58. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1932-33 and 1933-34 - Australia. p 160-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1935. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

59. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1933-34 and 1934-35 - Australia. p170-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1936. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

60. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1934-35 and 1935-36 - Australia. p 167-9. Canberra, CBCS, 1937. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

61. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1935-36 and 1936-37 - Australia. p 176-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1938. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

62. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1936-37 and 1937-38 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1939. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

63. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1937-38 and 1938-39 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

64. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1938-39 and 1939-40 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1941. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

65. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1939-40 and 1940-41 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1942. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

66. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1941-42 - Australia. p182-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1943. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

67. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1942-43 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1944. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

68. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1943-44 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1945. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

69. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1944-45 - Australia. p154-6. Canberra, CBCS, 1946. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

70. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 - Australia. p 292-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1947. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

71. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 and 1946-47 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1948. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

72. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1946-47 and 1947-48 - Australia. p 358-60. Canberra, CBCS, 1949. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open Document

73. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table IV. Imports, 1947-48 and 1948-49 - Australia. p 338-40. Canberra, CBCS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open Document

74. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1948-49 and 1949-50 - Australia. p343-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1951. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

75. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1949-50 and 1950-51- Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1952. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument

76. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1951-52; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1953. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

77. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1952-53; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1954. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

78. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1953-54; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

19Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

79. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1954-55; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1956. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

80. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1955-56; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1957. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

81. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1956-57; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1958. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

82. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1957-58; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1959. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

83. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1958-59; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

84. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1959-60; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1961. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

85. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1960-61; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1962. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

86. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1961-62; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1963. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

87. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1962-63; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1964. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

88. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1963-64; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

89. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1964-65; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1966. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

90. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1965-66; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1967. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

91. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1966-67; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1968. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

92. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1967-68; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1969. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

20 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

93. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1968-69; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

94. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1969-70; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1971. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

95. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1970-71; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1972. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

96. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1971-72; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1973. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

97. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1972-73. p 46-7. 1974. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

98. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973-74. p 46-7. 1975. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

99. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1974-75. p 40-1. 1976. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

100. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1975-76. p 41-1. 1977. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

101. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1976-77. p 47-8. 1978. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

102. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1977-78. p 43-4. 1979. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/0c5d42ba9c4a3c2c4b2562ea0010d509!OpenDocument

103. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption, Australia; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1978-79. p 108-9. 1980. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/4715fe180fbf856e4b2562ea0010d50e!OpenDocument

104. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption, Australia; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1979-80. p 118-19. 1981. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/4715fe180fbf856e4b2562ea0010d50e!OpenDocument

105. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5412.0 Imports Cleared for Home Consumption, Australia; Imports cleared for home consumption, 1980-81. p 101-2. 1981. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/4715fe180fbf856e4b2562ea0010d50e!OpenDocument

106. Australian Government. Australian cigarette ingredient information. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2011 [viewed 9 December 2011]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-drugs-tobacco-ingredients.htm

107. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Customs quantities and value for tobacco products 2003-04 to 2010-11, unpublished data. Canberra: ABS. Electronic files provided to 2004 to 2011.

108. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006. Drug statistics series no. 18, cat. no. PHE 80W. Canberra: AIHW, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10393

109. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Drug statistics series no. 27, cat. no. PHE 154. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420497&tab=2

110. Australian Taxation Office. Taxation Statistics 2009-10: a summary of income tax returns for the 2009-10 income year and other reported tax information for the 2010-11 financial year. Canberra: ATO, 2012 Last modified 30 April 2012 [viewed 30 April 2012]. Available from: http://www.ato.gov.au/content/downloads/cor00305922_2010TAXSTATS.pdf

111. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3201.0 Population by age and sex, Australia, states and territories. Table 9 Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia. Canberra: ABS, 2006. [viewed 12 September 2006]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3201.0Jun%202006?OpenDocument

112. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3101.0 Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2011, Table 59. Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/B52C3903D894336DCA2568A9001393C1?opendocument

113. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3201.0 Population by age and sex, Australian states and territories, Jun 2010; Table 9. Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2010. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/B52C3903D894336DCA2568A9001393C1?opendocument

114. Australian Tax Office. Taxation Statistics 2004-05: A summary of income tax returns for the 2004-05 income year and other reported tax information for the 2005-06 financial year. Canberra: Australian Tax Office 2007 Last modified 17 April 2006 [viewed 21 April 2006]. Available from: http://www.ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/81183.htm&page=40&H40=&pc=&mnu=38022&mfp=001&st=&cy=

115. Australian Taxation Office. Taxation Statistics 2008-09: a summary of income tax returns for the 2008-09 income year and other reported tax information for the 2009-10 financial year. Canberra: ATO, 2011]. Available from: http://www.ato.gov.au/content/00268761.htm

116. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 11, AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/8227

21Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.2.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

117. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug strategy series no.16, AIHW cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/phe/ndshsdf04/ndshsdf04.pdf

118. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 22, AIHW cat. no. PHE 107. Canberra: AIHW, 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10674

119. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

22 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.3.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.3

Self-reported measures of tobacco consumptionThe tables in Section 2.1.3 and 2.2.2 provide estimates of consumption among adult smokers in Australia based on official sources that record the volume of tobacco products on which duties (excise or customs) are collected. The data presented in this section, by contrast, show the average number of cigarettes smoked as reported by cigarette smokers when questioned about their personal consumption in national surveys.i

2.3.1

Self-reported consumption among adult smokersFigure 2 3.1 shows estimated daily consumption based on reports since 1980 just by those smokers who usually smoked factory-made cigarettes.

Reported numbers of cigarettes consumed by smokers of factory-made cigarettes appear to increase over the 1980s. Reported consumption declined over the 1990s with the biggest declines after 1998. The decline between 2001 and 2010 was also significant for both men (p<0.5) and for women (p<001). Compared with 1980, reported average consumption in 2010 was about 21% lower in males and 22% lower in females.

In a series of surveys designed to evaluate the impact of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign (NTC), which was launched in May 1997, researchers asked questions about consumption not just of those who reported mainly using factory-made cigarettes but also of those who used mainly roll-your-own cigarettes. Rather than asking about the number of packets smoked per week, smokers were asked directly to estimate the number of cigarettes they smoked each day.

Figure 2.3.2 shows average consumption among cigarette smokers—both smokers of factory-made and smokers of roll-your-own cigarettes—as reported by respondents in the pre-NTC survey in May 1997 and in evaluation surveys conducted each year in November between 1997 and 2005.

Reported numbers of cigarettes smoked each day fell by about 10% between November 1997 and 2002 and then declined further between 2002 and 2005.

i As with all survey data, estimates are subject to sampling error. Confidence intervals associated with this data could be supplied on request.

Figure 2.3.1 Self-reported (factory-made) cigarettes smoked per day per smoker 18 years and over*Australia—males and females, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2010 (number of cigarettes)Sources: V White, personal communication, using data collected in triennial surveys conducted by

Cancer Council Victoria and reported in Hill and Gray 19821 and 1984;2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1991;3, 4 Hill and White 1995;5 Hill, White and Scollo 1998;6 White et al 20037† and AIHW 2001,8 2004,9 200710 and 201011‡

* Note that for the Cancer Council surveys until 1998, estimates of numbers of cigarettes smoked daily are calculated using reported number of cigarette packets smoked each week, taking into account the total number of packets reported and the size of the usual packet smoked. The figures relate only to smokers who mostly smoked factory-made cigarettes. People who smoked mostly cigars, pipes or roll-your-own tobacco were not asked about numbers of cigarettes smoked in Cancer Council Victoria surveys (1980 to 2001).

† Figures included in reports of Hill et al surveys prior to 1998 were based on smoking among people 16 years and over. Consumption estimates have been recalculated here for smokers 18 years and over.

‡ Figures included in reports of the National Drug Household Surveys were based on smoking among people 14 years and older. Consumption estimates have been recalculated here for smokers 18 years and over.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

20102007200420011998199519921989198619831980

20.422.8 22.6

24.221.8

19.8 20.2

16.9 16.317.8

20.1 19.921.8

19.218.3 17.8

15.5 14.916.4

14.716.1

13.9

MaleFemale

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Nov2005

Nov2004

Nov2003

Nov2002

Nov2001

Nov2000

Nov1999

Nov1998

Nov1997

May 1997

15.4 15.7 15.314.8 14.1 13.7 14.4 13.5 13.3 13.0

Figure 2.3.2 Self-reported (factory-made and roll-your-own) cigarettes smoked per adult smoker per day, Australia, 1997 to 2005 (number of cigarettes)Sources: Wakefield and Bobevski 200312 and The Social Research Centre 200613

23Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.3.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Another way of looking at consumption trends over time is to compare the percentages of smokers who can be categorised as light, moderate and heavy smokers. Figure 2.3.3 shows for each year since the beginning of the NTC in 1997, the percentages of daily smokers who, based on the reported number of cigarettes they smoked each day, could be classified as light (14 cigarettes or fewer), moderate (15 to 24 cigarettes per day) and heavy (25 or more cigarettes per day) smokers. In addition to the percentage of regular smokers falling into each category, Table 2.3.1a shows the mean number of cigarettes smoked by both daily and weekly smokers.

After 1999 when the price of cigarettes—particularly cigarettes in large pack sizes—increased significantly after tax reforms, the percentage of heavy smokers decreased sharply, with a corresponding increase in the percentage of light smokers.

Data on reported daily consumption were also collected in the National Drug Strategy Household Survey from 2001—see Table 2.3.1b and c, which show percentages of light, moderate and heavy smokers and mean numbers of cigarettes smoked by all current smokers (2.3.1b) and by smokers of factory-made but not roll-your-own cigarettes (2.3.1c)

10

20

30

40

50

60

Nov2005

Nov2004

Nov2003

Nov2002

Nov2001

Nov2000

Nov1999

Nov1998

Nov1997

May1997

% light smokers (14 or fewer per day)

% moderate smokers (15 to 24 per day)

% heavy smokers (25 or more per day)

Figure 2.3.3 Percentages of daily smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers based on self-reported numbers of (factory-made and roll-your-own) cigarettes smoked per day, Australia, 1997 to 2005Sources: Wakefield and Bobevski 200312 and The Social Research Centre 200613

Table 2.3.1a Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers, (factory-made and roll-your-own), Australia, 1997 to 2005, (number of cigarettes)

Daily smokers Weekly smokers

% light smokers

(14 or fewer per day)% moderate smokers

(15 to 24 per day)% heavy smokers

(25 or more per day)Mean number of

cigarettes per day Mean number of

cigarettes per dayMean number of

days smokedMay 1997 42 33 26 16.7 3.7 3.3November 1997 41 34 26 17 4.0 3.1November 1998 42 33 24 16.8 3.1 3.1November 1999 43 34 23 16.2 3.5 3.1November 2000 45 36 18 15.5 3.8 3.1November 2001 48 33 19 15.0 3.3 3.1November 2002 48 33 19 15.7 3.1 3.1November 2003 50 34 16 14.9 2.7 3.2November 2004 51 34 15 14.4 3.2 3.1November 2005 52 33 15 14.3 3.2 2.9

Source: Wakefield and Bobevski c 1997 to 2002, produced March 200324 and The Social Research Group, February 200626

24 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.3.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.3.2

Self-reported consumption among current school-aged smokersCancer Council Victoria (formerly the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria) has co-ordinated surveys examining smoking prevalence of children attending Australian secondary schools every three years since 1984. In each survey, students have been asked whether they have smoked in the last month, week and day, and those who have reported smoking at least weekly are asked to estimate how many cigarettes they have smoked in the last week.

The percentage of children smoking is described in full in Chapter 1, Section 1.6.

Weekly consumption reported in each year by students who smoked at least one cigarette in the last week (classified as ‘current smokers’) is set out in Figure 2.3.4 and Table 2.3.2.

Reported consumption per week in 2008 among secondary school students who smoke at least once per week is just under 22 cigarettes. Compared with consumption in 1984, consumption in 2011 is 41% lower in boys and 24% lower in girls.

Table 2.3.1b Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers (factory-made and roll-your-own), Australia 2001 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Daily smokersWeekly smokers

% light smokers

(14 or fewer per day)

% moderate smokers (15 to 24 per day)

% heavy smokers

(25 or more per day)

Mean number of cigarettes

per day

Mean number of cigarettes

per day2001* 47.2 34.6 18.2 19.0 12.02004 37.4 36.6 26.0 18.7 8.22007 37.2 36.9 25.9 18.7 8.42010 38.1 35.2 26.7 19.2 7.6

Sources: AIHW 2001,8 2004,9 200710 and 201011

*Consumption assessed using a different method in 2001 to that used in later years.

Table 2.3.1c Percentage of current smokers who are light, moderate and heavy smokers, and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by daily smokers and mean self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by weekly smokers (factory-made only), Australia 2001 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Daily smokersWeekly smokers

% light smokers

(14 or fewer per day)

% moderate smokers (15 to 24 per day)

% heavy smokers

(25 or more per day)

Mean number of cigarettes

per day

Mean number of cigarettes

per day2001* 51.4 34.8 13.9 17.4 5.32004 39.9 37.0 23.0 17.0 2.62007 39.9 38.6 21.5 16.8 2.62010 41.8 36.5 21.7 16.6 2.8

Sources: AIHW 2001,8 2004,9 200710 and 201011

*Consumption assessed using a different method in 2001 to that used in later years.

0

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27 28 2826 26 25 26

2321.6

16.6

Figure 2.3.4 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students ages 12–17, total males and females—1984, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011 (number of cigarettes)Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, Willcox, Gardner and Houston;14

Hill, White, Pain and Gardner 1990;15 Hill, White, Williams and Gardner 1993;16 Hill, White and Segan 1995;17 Hill, White and Letcher 1999;18 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;19 and White and Hayman 2004,20 2006,21 White and Smith 200922 and White and Bariola 201223

25Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.3.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.3.2 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke, ages 12–17: males and females, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Year Males Females1984 30 251987 32 251990 31 25

Year Males Females1993 28 241996 29 241999 27 23

Year Males Females2002 27 252005 25 222008 25 19

Year Males Females2011 18 16

% lower in 2011 c.f 1984

41% 24%

Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, Willcox, Gardner and Houston;14 Hill, White, Pain and Gardner 1990;15 Hill, White, Williams and Gardner 1993;16 Hill, White and Segan 1995;17 Hill, White and Letcher 1999;18 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;19 White and Hayman 2004,20 2006,21 White and Smith200922 and White and Bariola 201223

2.3.3

Self-reported consumption patterns by age: adultsThe reported number of cigarettes smoked per day by adult cigarette smokers in various age groups between 1980 and 2010 is shown in Figure 2.3.5 and set out in full in Table 2.3.3.

Middle-aged smokers generally have smoked more heavily than younger or older smokers. Reported cigarette consumption has declined in all age groups, with marked reductions in the numbers of cigarettes reported smoked each day in groups under 40 years of age but much smaller reductions among older groups.

Table 2.3.3 Self-reported (factory-made) cigarettes smoked per week by adult smokers: persons various age groups, Australia, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

18–24 years

25–29 years

30–39 years

40–59 years

60 years and over

1980 16.0 18.9 20.9 20.9 17.61983 18.5 20.0 23.1 23.4 20.41986 17.0 20.0 22.3 23.5 21.61989 18.6 22.6 23.8 24.7 23.41992 16.6 19.7 20.6 22.9 20.81995 14.8 16.1 20.5 21.2 19.21998 14.1 15.5 19.3 21.8 20.02001 12.3 13.5 15.9 19.6 17.02004 11.2 13.4 14.8 18.6 17.52007 11.6 12.5 14.7 18.2 18.42010 11.0 11.2 13.6 18.0 16.9% decline between 1980 and 2010

32% 41% 35% 14% 4%

Sources: Hill and Gray 1982 and 1984;1, 2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1991;3, 4 Hill and White 1995;5 Hill White and Scollo 1998;6 White et al 20037 and AIHW 2002,8 2005,9 200810 and 201111

0

5

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20

25

30

20102007200420011998199519921989198619831980

18–24 years

25–29 years

30–39 years

40–59 years

60 years and over

Figure 2.3.5 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per day by Australian adult smokers (factory-made cigarettes only): persons various age groups, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)Sources: Hill and Gray 1982 and 1984;1, 2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1991;3, 4 Hill and White

1995;5 Hill White and Scollo 1998;6 White et al 20037 and AIHW 2002,8 2005,9 200810 and 201111

26 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.3.5Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.3.4

Self-reported consumption patterns by age: secondary school studentsWeekly consumption reported in each year by secondary school students of each age between 12 and 17 who smoked at least one cigarette in the last week (classified as ‘current smokers’) is set out in Table 2.3.4.

Figure 2.3.6 sets out weekly consumption reported in each survey year by secondary school students who report regular smoking in the ranges of 12-to-15 and 16-and-17 years.

Among those students who say they smoke at least weekly, over the entire 20-year period over which surveys have been conducted, reported consumption among younger students has remained at about 20 cigarettes per week. Among older students, reported consumption has declined markedly in the six years to 2008, from an average of about 33 cigarettes per week in 2002 and over most of the survey period, to about 25 cigarettes per week in 2008.

Table 2.3.4 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke at least weekly: males and females ages 12 to 17, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)

Age 12 13 14 15 16 17Average for all students 12–17 years

Males1984 14 19 23 34 35 42 301987 11 15 27 36 37 38 321990 9 19 22 33 38 43 311993 9 12 19 29 37 44 281996 11 15 25 33 34 37 291999 11 16 24 28 30 37 272002 13 12 22 24 35 34 272005 15 16 23 28 27 26 252008 7 11 24 28 26 28 252011 3 15 21 20 21 25 18Females1984 7 13 18 27 34 34 251987 10 12 20 26 30 30 251990 8 13 22 27 28 30 251993 7 13 19 24 31 32 241996 6 13 20 23 31 34 241999 7 12 19 25 28 30 232002 10 12 18 22 33 39 252005 7 11 16 27 21 28 222008 5 9 17 19 23 22 192011 3 9 17 20 22 22 16

Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, Wilcox and Gardner 1987;14 Hill, White, Pain and Gardner 1990;15 Hill, White, Williams and Gardner 1993;16 Hill, White and Segan 1995;17 Hill, White and Letcher 1999;18 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;19 White and Hayman 200420 and 2006;21 White and Smith 200922 and White and Bariola 201223

Figure 2.3.6 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week by Australian secondary school students who smoke at least weekly: aged 12 to 15 years and 16 and 17 years, 1984 to 2011 (number of cigarettes)Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, Wilcox, Gardner and Houston 1987;14 Hill, White, Pain and

Gardner 1990;15 Hill, White, Williams and Gardner 1993;16 Hill White and Segan 1995;17 Hill, White and Letcher 1999;18 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;19 White and Hayman 200420 and 2006;21 White and Smith 200922 and White and Bariola 201223

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22.323.6 23.0

19.520.9 20.4 20.7 21.1

35.633.7 34.1 35.2

33.230.7

33.1

24.9

18.9

24.7

17.2

22.7

12-to-15-year-olds16-and-17-year-olds

2.3.5

Self-reported consumption patterns by pack sizeUntil the mid-1970s, cigarettes in Australia were, as elsewhere in the world, sold almost exclusively in packets of 20. As described more fully in Chapter 13, the race to larger and larger pack sizes began with Winfield 25s in the early 1970s. During the 1980s, manufacturers introduced progressively larger packs until, by 1995, nine different brand families were sold as 30s, seven as 35s, three as 40s and three as packets of 50.23

27Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.3.6Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.3.5 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per day among adult daily smokers by usual pack size, Australia, 1989 to 2000 (number of cigarettes)

Pack size 1989 1992 1995 1998* 1999* 2000*20 15 13 13 10 10 1025 18 17 16 13 13 1330 22 20 17 15 16 1535 25 24 18 18 16 1440 34 24 23 18 17 1750 n/a 26 25 22 22 18

Sources: Scollo 1996;24 Hill and White 1995;5 Hill, White and Scollo 1998;6 and Scollo, Younie et al 200325

*Scollo, Younie et al for years 1998 to 200025

Tables 2.3.5 and 2.3.6 show the number of cigarettes reported smoked per day by adults and by children in each year that smokers were asked about pack size.

Both adults and children who purchased larger pack sizes reported markedly higher levels of cigarette consumption than those who purchased smaller pack sizes.

2.3.6

Consumption by socio-economic groupTable 2.3.7 shows changing patterns of reported consumption among various socio-economic groups over the years for which survey data are available.

Table 2.3.6 Self-reported cigarettes smoked per week secondary school children 12–17 years who smoked in last week by usual pack size, Australia, 1996, 1999, 2002 and 2005 (number of cigarettes)

Pack size

Cigarettes per week1996 1999 2002 2005

20s 15.9 12.2 13.2 11.725s 25.2 25.4 27.7 25.830s 31.8 28.9 32.0 27.840s 32.9 33.0 41.3 33.550s 33.1 32.6 32.8 47.1

Total 26.2 24.3 26.8 23.6

Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, White and Letcher 1999;18 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;19 and White and Hayman 200420 and 200621*

* Students reporting smoking more than one pack size were excluded from the analysis.

Table 2.3.7 Self-reported weekly consumption by regular smokers* 18 years and over in various socio-economic groups, Australia, 1980 to 2010 (number of cigarettes)

Year Lower blue collar Upper blue collar Lower white collar Upper white collar Not in labour force1980 144.9 141.4 129.5 131.6 131.61983 168.7 147.7 140.0 163.8 149.11986 161.0 149.8 138.6 157.5 147.01989 167.3 163.8 151.2 165.9 162.41992 148.4 156.1 122.5 140.0 151.21995 137.2 140.7 118.3 133.0 137.21998 134.4 144.2 114.1 138.6 136.52001 140.6 123.7 109.1 105.7 134.42004 134.9 119.7 103.8 104.8 133.12007 132.8 121.4 105.4 101.1 133.52010 148.0 115.2 104.8 97.6 135.5% change 1980–2010 +2% –19% –19% –26% +3%% change 2001–10 +5% –7% –4% –8% +1%

Sources: V White, personal communication, using data from: Hill and Gray 1984;2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1991;3, 4 Hill and White 1995;5 Hill, White and Scollo 1998;6 White et al 20037 and AIHW 2002,8 2005,9 200810 and 201111

* Smokers who smoke daily or at least weekly; includes smokers or both factory-made and roll-your-own cigarettes.

28 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.3.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Smokers in lower socio-economic status (SES) groups report higher consumption of cigarettes than smokers in higher SES groups in all survey years.26 The reported number of cigarettes smoked per week for the population as a whole has decreased over time, but this obscures marked differences across SES groups. Reported consumption declined by about 26% between 1980 and 2010 in upper white collar groups and by about 20% in lower-white and upper-blue groups. A different picture emerges among blue collar smokers and the unemployed, among whom reported consumption may not have changed at all. i

2.3.7

Comparisons between levels of per capita tobacco consumption based on tax receipts and those based on self-report dataSee Section 13.7.8.2 for an analysis of the extent to which reported consumption generates lower estimates of total population consumption than estimates based on receipts for payments of customs and excise duty.

For further discussion about the relative validity of various methods of estimating consumption, see Section 2.6.

i Note that there have been several major changes over the period in the sorts of jobs (and the numbers of people in such jobs) that could be classified ‘blue collar’. It is possible that in 2010 this category represents a more ‘disadvantaged’ group of people than it has in previous years.

29Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.3.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Hill D and Gray N. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1982;1:23-5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/927253

2. Hill D and Gray N. Australian patterns of smoking and related health beliefs in 1983. Community Health Studies 1984;8:307-16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6518750

3. Hill D. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1986. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149:6-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386578

4. Hill D, White V and Gray N. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1989. Medical Journal of Australia 1991;154(12):797-801. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2041504

5. Hill D and White V. Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992. Australia Journal of Public Health 1995;19(3):305-8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7626682

6. Hill DJ, White VM and Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Medical Journal of Australia 1998;168:209-13. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/mar2/hill/hill.html

7. White V, Hill D, Siahpush M and Bobevski I. How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl. 2):ii67-ii74. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/ii67

8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 11, AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/8227

9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug strategy series no.16, AIHW cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/phe/ndshsdf04/ndshsdf04.pdf

10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 22, AIHW cat. no. PHE 107. Canberra: AIHW, 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10674

11. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

12. Wakefield M and Bobevski I. Changes associated with the National Tobacco Campaign: Preliminary report on smoking prevalence and consumption, 1997-2002. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2003. Available from: no longer on line

13. The Social Research Centre. National Tobacco Survey: smoking prevalence and consumption 1997-2005. Sydney: Research and Marketing Group, Business Group, Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/quitnow/publishing.nsf/Content/9881124EAEC5A935CA25786000797D14/$File/ntspre05.pdf

14. Hill D, Willcox S, Gardner G and Houston J. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary schoolchildren. Medical Journal of Australia 1987;146(3):125–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3494905

15. Hill D, White V, Pain M and Gardner G. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary school students in 1987. Medical Journal of Australia 1990;152:124-30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300011

16. Hill D, White V, Williams R and Gardner G. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary school students in 1990. Medical Journal of Australia 1993;158:228-34. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426543

17. Hill D, White V and Segan C. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Australian secondary school students in 1993. Australian Journal of Public Health 1995;19:445-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8713191

18. Hill D, White V and Letcher T. Tobacco use among Australian secondary students in 1996. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999;23(3):252-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388168

19. Hill D, White V and Effendi Y. Changes in the use of tobacco among Australian secondary students: results of the 1999 prevalence study and comparisons with earlier years. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2002;26(2):156-63. Available from: http://www.phaa.net.au/anzjph/journalpdf_2002/april_2002/p.%20156-63.pdf

20. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary school students in 2002. National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 54. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2004. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/content/mono54

21. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary students in 2005. National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 59. Canberra: Drug Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/mono59

22. White V and Smith G. 3. Tobacco use among Australian secondary students. Australian secondary school students’ use of tobacco, alcohol, and over-the-counter and illicit substances in 2008. Canberra: Drug Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009;Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/Publishing.nsf/content/school08

23. White, V. and E. Bariola, 3. Tobacco use among Australian secondary students in 2011, in Australian secondary school students’ use of tobacco, alcohol, and over-the-counter and illicit substances in 20112012, Drug Strategy Branch Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing: Canberra http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/Publishing.nsf/content/school11

24. Scollo M. Closing the Loophole--the need for action in 1997. Melbourne: Anti-Cancer Council of Australia, 1996.

25. Scollo M, Younie S, Wakefield M, Freeman J and Icasiano F. Impact of tobacco tax reforms on tobacco prices and tobacco use in Australia. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl 2):ii59-66. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/suppl_2/ii59

26. Siahpush M. Socioeconomic status and tobacco expenditure among Australian households; results from the 1998-99 Household Expenditure Survey. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2003;57:798-801. Available from: http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/10/798

27. Warner K. Possible increase in the underreporting of cigarette consumption. Journal of the American Statistics Association 1978;73(362):314-18.

28. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006. Drug statistics series no. 18, cat. no. PHE 80W. Canberra: AIHW, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10393

30 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.4.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.4

Expenditure on tobacco productsAnother way of estimating tobacco consumption is to quantify spending by consumers on tobacco products.

2.4.1

Private final consumptionThe Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) publishes quarterly reports of the amount spent by consumers on various products and services as part of a major quarterly report quantifying Australia’s gross national product.1 Its private final household consumption data include estimates of household spending on a range of goods and services; data for each category of expenditure for each quarter back to 1971 is available electronically.2

Table 2.4.1 and Figure 2.4.1 show ABS estimates of total amounts Australians spent on cigarettes and other tobacco products between 1960 and 2011. To provide an estimate of trends in the quantity smoked per person (rather

Table 2.4.1 Private final consumption on tobacco products—in current dollars, at constant (2009–10) prices, and per capita at constant prices: Australia, 1959–60 to 2010–11

Year ending June

Current $

million

Current (trend) $ million

Chain volume* (original) $

million

Chain volume* (trend) $ million

Chain trend per capita, $†

1960 354 359 15 567 15 600 21721961 371 371 16 210 16 215 22121962 378 377 16 439 16 393 21901963 388 388 16 979 17 029 22281964 400 401 17 436 17 413 22311965 437 436 17 635 17 675 22151966 477 475 17 645 17 674 21611967 495 495 18 149 18 112 21711968 528 521 18 613 18 552 21771969 546 547 19 357 19 382 22241970 569 570 19 798 19 834 22281971 620 626 20 102 20 150 21621972 675 675 20 274 20 227 21271973 744 742 20 425 20 432 21081974 834 833 20 689 20 679 20891975 991 981 21 281 21 237 21081976 1204 1204 21 422 21 389 20881977 1318 1315 21 720 21 711 20821978 1336 1343 21 508 21 587 20331979 1514 1513 21 353 21 288 19721980 1644 1643 20 883 20 918 19041981 1765 1768 21 374 21 405 19121982 1943 1945 22 059 22 012 19241983 2108 2114 20 442 20 532 17641984 2452 2447 19 600 19 566 16521985 2674 2673 19 403 19 348 1604

Year ending June

Current $

million

Current (trend) $ million

Chain volume* (original) $

million

Chain volume* (trend) $ million

Chain trend per capita, $†

1986 2950 2955 19 163 19 193 15581987 3303 3303 19 164 19 167 15241988 3545 3544 19 080 19 070 14861989 3862 3867 19 047 19 049 14551990 4358 4355 19 040 19 027 14301991 4730 4742 18 452 18 465 13681992 4822 4818 17 248 17 263 12621993 5411 5417 16 135 16 132 11661994 5690 5683 14 903 14 904 10651995 5777 5779 13 968 13 955 9841996 6293 6285 13 068 13 060 9071997 6680 6674 13 342 13 344 9151998 6878 6885 13 342 13 351 9041999 7318 7316 13 678 13 687 9142000 7769 7761 13 607 13 514 8902001 8616 8613 13 258 13 333 8642002 9033 9049 12 921 12 943 8272003 9492 9466 12 943 12 907 8122004 9634 9657 12 715 12 736 7902005 10 262 10 270 13 046 13 067 7982006 10 340 10 328 12 633 12 611 7582007 10 520 10 534 12 155 12 166 7162008 10 880 10 868 12 024 12 014 6922009 10 972 10 768 11 595 11 598 6532010 11 409 11 427 11 407 11 387 6302011 13 479 13 463 11 261 11 279 614

Source: ABS 20112 and 20104

* Historical chain volume estimates of consumption are frequently revised to take account of changes in relative prices. Readers are advised to refer to latest available data in the source document.

† Per Australians aged 15 years and over

31Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.4.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

than just changing prices of cigarettes and the growing population), the second column adjusts these figures to take into account changes in the average price of tobacco products before and since 2005, and also divides them by the number of people 15 years and over.

Note that ABS estimates of final private consumption of tobacco products are based not on sales data but rather on excise and manufacturing figures adjusted for imports, exports and changes in inventory.3 They also take into account the estimated impact of increases in duty on the retail price of cigarettes, using the tobacco component of the Consumer Price Index.

As can be seen from Table 2.4.1, total spending on tobacco products over the 50 years until June 2011 has increased almost 40-fold. However it must be remembered that the price of tobacco products has increased significantly over that period, well beyond increases in the Consumer Price Index. Taking into account price increases in tobacco products, Australians in 2010 were consuming 50% less than what they were spending on tobacco products at the peak of consumption in the early 1977. It also must be remembered that the population increased substantially over that period, from about 7 million adults in 1960 to more than 18 million in 2010. Based on private final consumption figures it is estimated that by 2010, Australians were consuming 70% less tobacco products per capita than they were consuming at the height of consumption in 1976.

2.4.2

Household expenditureAn alternative estimate of trends in tobacco consumption is provided by average household spending on tobacco products as reported in the ABS’s (approximately) six-yearly surveys of household expenditure.5

The ABS estimates of household expenditure are compiled from diaries of spending by all members of the household but are calculated for the household as a whole, regardless of numbers and employment status of people in the household. The data included in Table 2.4.26 are averages across all household types. Figure 2.4.2 shows the same information, adjusted to take into account increases in tobacco prices over the same period.

Average household expenditure more than doubled in the 25 years from 1984. However when the substantial increases in tobacco prices over that period are taken into account, it would seem that households in 2009–10 are purchasing on average just over one-fifth of the quantity of tobacco products they were purchasing in 1984.

Table 2.4.3 sets out average expenditure as reported in the ABSs Household Expenditure Survey for households with various levels of income.

Figure 2.4.1 Final private expenditure on tobacco products, per capita at constant prices, Australia: 1959–60 to 2009–10 ($2009–10)Source: ABS Private Final Consumption data, Australian National Accounts2 and 20104

0200400600800

10001200140016001800200022002400

20102005200019951990198519801975197019651960

Table 2.4.2 Reported weekly expenditure on cigarettes and other tobacco products, average all households, Australia, 1984 to 2009–10 ($ current), and adjusted to current tobacco prices

YearAverage weekly

household expenditure

Spending as a % of total weekly

expenditure

Average weekly household expenditure adjusted for

tobacco prices1984 $5.73 1.6% $59.981988–89 $6.89 1.4% $38.551993–94 $9.19 1.5% $26.671998–99 $10.74 1.5% $21.382003–04 $11.55 1.3% $15.312009–10 $12.57 1.0% $12.57Change since 1984 +120% –40% –80%

Sources: ABS 20116, Table 1 Household expenditure

32 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.4.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

While households with lower-than-average income tend to spend (on average) about the same amounts on tobacco products as higher income households, average spending on tobacco products as a percentage of total weekly expenditure is higher among low income households.8 Patterns of personal expenditure among different socio-economic groups are explored in more detail in Chapter 9, Section 9.4.

Figure 2.4.2 Reported weekly expenditure on cigarettes and other tobacco products, average all households, Australia 1984 to 2009–10 adjusted to average tobacco prices in 2009–10Sources: ABS 2011 6 and 2011 7

Notes: Refer ABS 2011 Table 16 and ABS 2011 Cigarettes and tobacco sub-index7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2009–102003–041998–991993–941988–891984

$59.98

$38.55

$26.67$21.38

$15.31$12.57

Table 2.4.3 Average weekly expenditure on tobacco products among households in each income quintile, Australia 2009–10: dollars current, and as percentage of total household income

Raw quintiles

Quintile adjusted for household

number

Expenditure as a % of ‘equivalised’

household incomeLowest income quintile* $8.03 $10.62 1.6%Second income quintile $12.18 $13.38 1.4%Third income quintile $15.22 $14.34 1.2%Fourth income quintile $15.58 $15.46 1.0%Highest income quintile $11.83 $10.02 0.5%

Source: ABS 20116 (refer Tables 3 and 5)

* Includes a high proportion of households comprising older single people on pensions, with a higher proportion of females than males

33Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.4.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5204.0 Australian System of National Accounts 2010-11. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCat

alogue/110953FFA28D4E52CA2572110002FF03?OpenDocument

2. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5206.0 Australian National Accounts: national income, expenditure and product, Table 8. Household final consumption (HFCE) Australia. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Updated 7 December 2011 [viewed 10 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5206.0Sep%202011?OpenDocument

3. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5216.0 Australian National Accounts: concepts, sources and methods, 2000. Canberra: ABS, 2000. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyCatalogue/8AC0D9921051E17BCA2570B300807D36?OpenDocument

4. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3201.0 Population by age and sex, Australian states and territories, Jun 2010; Table 9. Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2010. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/B52C3903D894336DCA2568A9001393C1?opendocument

5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: User Guide, 2003-04. Canberra: ABS, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/4545461BB7FEB73CCA25718C001AB99C?opendocument

6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 2009-10. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6530.02009-10?OpenDocument

7. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6401.0 Consumer Price Index, Australia Table 11. CPI: group, sub-group and expenditure class, index numbers by capital city. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Updated 26 October 2011 [viewed 30 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6401.0Sep%202011?OpenDocument

8. Siahpush M, Borland R and Scollo M. Smoking and financial stress. Tobacco Control 2003;12:60-6. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/1/60

34 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.5Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.5

Industry sales figures as estimates for consumptionData provided by tobacco companies to various market research companies and compiled by international research agencies such as Euromonitor International1 and specialist tobacco research group, ERC Statistics International Plc,2 also provide information relevant to estimates of consumption tobacco products in Australia. Table 2.5.1 shows the type of data available from the Euromonitor and ERC reports on the tobacco market or the tobacco market reports produced by ERC on the estimated total value of retail sales of tobacco products sold in Australia over the 13 years since 1998–99.

The total value of retail sales has increased by about 20% over the last 12 years. Note however, that the retail price of tobacco products increased significantly between November 1999 and February 2001 and again in April 2010. It increased in line with inflation in the intervening 10 years.5

Table 2.5.2 shows the kind of data available from Euromonitor and ERC on the number of cigarettes and cigars and the amount of smoking tobacco sold over the same period.i

Industry figures are in line with figures derived from customs and excise receipts, which suggest that the number of cigarettes sold in Australia fell steeply in the years 2000 and 2001 following changes to the tax system and have declined more slowly since that time. Sales following the increase in excise and customs duty on tobacco products in Australia in April 2010 declined markedly. Data from Euromonitor indicate that most of the (non-cigarette) smoking tobacco sold over this period was in the form of roll-your-own rather than pipe tobacco.

i Euromonitor data are revised every year as improved sources emerge. Because data previous to five years earlier are not revised, it is difficult to discern longer term trends.

Cigarettes CigarsSmoking tobacco

(RYO and pipe tobacco)

Total tobacco products

1996–97

Data available on subscription to or purchase from Euromonitor3 or to purchase from ERC4

1997–981998–991999–20002000–012001–022002–032003–042004–052005–062006–072007–082008–092009–102010–11

Table 2.5.1 Value of retail sales of tobacco products, Australia 1998–99 to 2010–11 ($ million)

Source: Euromonitor International 20123 and 4

Note: Global Market Information Database, Euromonitor International 20113 produced using ‘official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, store checks, trade interview and Euromonitor International estimates’ or ERC Statistics International Plc tobacco market reports for Australia 20114

35Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.5Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Roll-your-own tobacco Pipe tobaccoTotal smoking tobacco (roll-

your-own plus pipe) (tonnes)1996–97

Data available on subscription to or purchase from Euromonitor3 or to purchase from ERC2

1997–981998–991999–20002000–012001–022002–032003–042004–052005–062006–072007–082008–092009–102010–11

Table 2.5.3 Volume of smoking tobacco sold: roll-your-own, pipe and total tobacco products, Australia, 1998–99 to 2010–11 (tonnes)

Source: Euromonitor International 20123 and 4

Note: Global Market Information Database, Euromonitor International 2012,3 produced using ‘official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, store checks, trade interview and Euromonitor International estimates’ or ERC Statistics International Plc tobacco market reports for Australia 20114

Cigarettes (million of pieces)

Cigars (millions of pieces)

Smoking tobacco (roll-your-own and pipe tobacco) (tonnes)

1996–97

Data available on subscription to or purchase from Euromonitor3 or to purchase from ERC4

1997–981998–991999–20002000–012001–022002–032003–042004–052005–062006–072007–082008–092009–102010–11

Table 2.5.2 Cigarettes and cigars (millions of pieces) and amount of smoking tobacco (tonnes) sold in Australia, 1998–99 to 2010–11

Source: Euromonitor International 20123 and 4

Note: Global Market Information Database, Euromonitor International 2012,3 produced using ‘official statistics, trade associations, trade press, company research, store checks, trade interview and Euromonitor International estimates’ or ERC Statistics International Plc tobacco market reports for Australia 20114

36 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.5Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Euromonitor International. Industry reports. London: Euromonitor International, 2012 [viewed August 2012]. Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

2. ERC Statistics International Plc. Tobacco market reports. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2011 [viewed 6 December 2011]. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/tob.html

3. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database, 2011. London: Euromonitor International, 2012. Updated September 2010 [viewed August 2012]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

4. ERC Statistics International Plc. The World Cigarette Market: the 2011 Survey - Australia. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2012. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/sample/tob/Cigarette%20Indexes/Australia.pdf

5. Scollo M, Younie S, Wakefield M, Freeman J and Icasiano F. Impact of tobacco tax reforms on tobacco prices and tobacco use in Australia. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl 2):ii59-66. Available from: http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/suppl_2/ii59

37Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.6.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.6

Comparisons of quality and results using various estimates of tobacco consumption in AustraliaEach of the alternative sources of data used to estimate tobacco consumption—production and trade data, tax receipts, sales data, self-reported use of cigarettes and self-reported expenditure on tobacco products—has advantages and disadvantages. And readers will have noted that each provides different estimates of total and per capita consumption.

2.6.1

Limitations of dataWhile quantifying the number of cigarettes produced in Australian factories or levied for duty prior to sale may seem like a straightforward, highly objective process, it must be remembered that data on manufacturing and duties is generated by individuals interpreting and reporting on data entered into electronic databases by other individuals. There is still room for error and inconsistency over time and between individuals in the way that products are coded and the ways that quantities are recorded and aggregated.

One can be reasonably confident about the accuracy of data provided by Australian tobacco companies to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, which is covered by an act of law1 requiring companies to comply with official requests. International research agencies compiling data on numbers of cigarettes produced or sold by contrast have no such legal sway over respondents, and no legislative requirement to disclose and correct errors if these emerge.

Production and trade data may be lower or higher from year to year not because retail sales have decreased, but rather because of changes in timing of production schedules, importing and exporting opportunities and warehousing practices. Some commentators suspect that tobacco companies may even alter production schedules to reduce or increase apparent production over particular periods to attempt to persuade governments that certain tobacco-control initiatives are ineffective.2

Data on weight of tobacco products manufactured or excised over the years provide only a rough estimate of the numbers of cigarettes consumed, given that cigarettes weights have declined over time, with little information available about the average weight in each year. Estimates of cigarette imports to and exports from Australia based on weight may somewhat underestimate the actual numbers of cigarettes being imported and exported if these are based on international rather than Australian averages of cigarette weight.

It is important to remember that the quantities of tobacco products on which duties are levied and the quantities of tobacco products sold by licensed tobacco companies and wholesalers underestimate consumption to the extent that they miss illicit tobacco and contraband cigarettes.

Self-reports of amounts of tobacco consumed are notoriously unreliable. Questions concerning daily (or weekly or monthly) consumption by smokers in Australia have generally asked smokers for global estimates of smoking in recent periods of time; however it is known that global retrospective reports generate significantly lower estimates than do reports generated when people are required to keep electronic or paper-based diaries.3,4 Some of the disparity between the figures based on official records and self-report data may also be accounted for by stock that is past the use-by date or damaged and returned not sold. The estimate of total annual consumption built up from self-report data included in Table 2.2.6 (see Section 2.2) does not take into account cigarettes smoked by children under 14 years of age. On the other hand, estimates of tobacco sales and consumption based on excise and customs receipts do not include products on which such duties have been evaded. It is clear that smokers must significantly underestimate the amount they smoke each day. There is no evidence, however, that the tendency or extent of under-reporting has changed over recent times.

Industry sales data found periodically on the websites of tobacco companies or published in trade magazines should also be interpreted with caution. Methods of collecting the data and sources are often not reported.

38 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.6.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Sometimes such data are based on raw figures; sometimes they represent 12-month running averages. Often the basis for estimates is not reported. For instance, researchers rarely explain how they estimate cigarette numbers from data based on weight and vice versa. Not infrequently, figures are revised without explanation, and without corresponding revision of historical figures included in data tables.

Table 2.6.1 attempts to compare and contrast the various limitations associated with each source of data relevant for estimating tobacco consumption in Australia.

Frustration about lack of reliable data on tobacco consumption has led researchers and policy experts to call for the government to require tobacco companies to report on sales using their own records of stock supplied to and returned from wholesalers and retailers.5, 6 Companies could be required to report quarterly and annually on sales of various categories of tobacco products on a regional, state and national basis. In this way health authorities could judge the relative success of tobacco-control strategies in each jurisdiction. Such reporting of sales is required under the Smokefree Environments Act 2000 in New Zealand7 and the Tobacco Reporting Regulations in Canada.8

Table 2.6.1 Overview of limitations of various data sources used to estimate tobacco consumption

Completeness of data

Relevance to actual consumption by consumer

Consistency of collection methods

Frequency of data collection

Legal requirement to provide complete and correct information; subject to external independent audit?

Estimated or directly measured?

Includes consumption of illicit stock?

Availability over time

Production figures compiled by the Australian Bureau of Statistics

Very high Low HighHas been frequent

Yes Direct Not all of it Stops at 1994

Production figures compiled by private-sector research agencies

Not known Moderate Unknown AnnualYes for data provided to regulators and investors

Direct Not all of itNeed to subscribe or purchase

Excise and customs data

Complete High High

Has been frequent, but no longer easily accessible

Yes Direct No

Excise data available only 10 months after end of financial year and in highly aggregated form

Self-report data

Samples only; excludes consumption estimates for people using products other than cigarettes

Very highHigh in Australia

Three yearly (annual nationally and in some states to evaluate National Tobacco Campaign and other campaigns)

No – subject to under-reporting

Direct Yes

1983 to 1998 based on weekly no of packs; 2001 to 2010 for daily, weekly or monthly

Private final consumption

Complete Moderate High Quarterly n/a Estimated No1960 to current

Household spending figures based on expenditure surveys

Samples only

Consumption by households rather than individuals

HighOnly every six years

No Direct Yes 1984 to 2009

Sales figures compiled by industry research bodies

Unknown Very high Unknown

Annual, but outside industry, usually able to be purchased only several years later

Yes for data provided to regulators and investors

Mixture of direct and estimated

Estimates onlyEuromonitor data from 1998 to 2011

39Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.6.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

All the limitations described above warn against unqualified acceptance of any one figure as a definitive estimate of consumption in Australia. Interpreting changes over time and comparisons between countries is especially fraught.

2.6.2

Consistency of changes in various datasetsFigure 2.6.1 sets out per capita estimates based on all the various sources of data that provide insights into tobacco consumption in Australia

Although the various estimates of consumption are calculated from very different data sources, the overall trends—the steepness of decline in particular periods—are surprisingly similar.

While we might not be able to say exactly what current tobacco consumption actually is at present in Australia, from the similarity of the pattern of reductions in all the data sources, we can be certain that it has been reducing.

Figure 2.6.2 plots per capita consumption against smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2010.

Trends in our best estimates of per capita consumption of tobacco products seemed to closely mirror trends in population smoking prevalence until 1991. Between 1991 and 2004 (a period of rapid adoption of smokefree policies) consumption appears to have fallen more steeply than prevalence. This is consistent with reviews that demonstrate a reduction in cigarettes per day among smokers who are subjected to workplace smoke-free laws26–29 Since 2004, consumption and prevalence appear once again to be falling in parallel.

Figure 2.6.1 Per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia 1970 to 2010 estimated according to a variety of methodsSources: Guindon and Bosclair 2003,2 Scollo 2012,9 ABS 201110,11 and Euromonitor International 201112

Note: ABS household expenditure data adjusted for tobacco prices. 13 All data divided by ABS 2010 estimates of resident population, Australia ages 15 and over ABS 201014

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

20102005200019951990 1985198019751970

Final household consumption: 2010 tobacco prices, $ per year per person 15 years and over

Household expenditure: average reported spending per year per household, 2010 tobacco prices

Industry reports of sales: No. of cigs per year per person 15 years and over

Manufacturing statistics: adjusted for exports and imports, no. of cigs per person 15 years and older

Weight of dutied tobacco products: gms per person 15 years and older

Estimated no. of cigarettes dutied: per person 15 years and older

Industry reports of sales

Estimated no. of cigarettes dutied

Household expenditureFinal household consumption

Weight of dutied tobacco products

Manufacturing statistics

40 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.6.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Figure 2.6.2 Estimates of per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia based on excise and customs and receipts versus estimates of smoking prevalenceSources: ABS 2010;14 Hill and Gray 1982;15 Hill and Gray 1984;16 Hill 1988;17 Hill, White and

Gray 1988;18 Hill, White and Gray 1991;19 Hill, White and Scollo 1998;20 White, Hill et al 2003;21 and AIHW 2002,22 2005,23 200824 and 201125

Notes: Excise and customs receipts (see large number of sources for Table 2.2.1) divided by population 15 years and over14 and prevalence figures from CBRC re-analysis of data from surveys conducted by the Anti-Cancer Council Victoria between 1980 and 199815–21 and the National Drug Strategy Household Survey from 2001 to 201022–25

0

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20102005200019951990198519800

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Prevalence among adults

No. of cigarettes exised

41Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.6.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Census and Statistics Act 1905 (Cth). Available from: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/C0DDEB8441B062B8CA2571550081B668/$file/

CensStatisAct+1905_WD02.pdf

2. Guindon G and Boisclair D. Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco Use. New York: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2003. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/Guindon-PastCurrent-whole.pdf

3. Shiffman S. How many cigarettes did you smoke? Assessing cigarette consumption by global report, Time-Line Follow-Back, and ecological momentary assessment. Health Psychology 2009;28(5):519–26. Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2009-14439-001&CFID=25424632&CFTOKEN=11215373

4. Pierce J. Electronic recording, self-report, and bias in measuring cigarette consumption. Health Psychology 2009;28(5):527–8. Available from: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2009-14439-002&CFID=25424632&CFTOKEN=11215373

5. VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Tobacco Control: A Blue Chip Investment in Public Health. Melbourne: The Cancer Council Victoria, 2003 Last modified July 2004 [viewed. Available from: http://www.vctc.org.au

6. Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. Meeting the challenges of the next five years - 7: Ideas and resources for improving information to fine-tune policy. National Tobacco Strategy, supporting documents. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, 2005. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/phd-pub-tobacco-tobccstrat2-cnt.htm/$FILE/tobacco_information.pdf

7. Smoke-free Environment’s Act 2000. New Zealand Available from: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/browse_vw.asp?content-set=pal_statutes

8. Tobacco Reporting Regulations, 2000. Canada. Available from: http://www.canlii.org/ca/regu/sor2000-273/

9. Scollo M. 2.2 Dutiable tobacco products as an estimate of tobacco consumption, 1903 to 2010-11. In Scollo, M, ed.Tobacco in Australia: facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012 Available from: Section 2.2

10. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 5206.0 Australian National Accounts: national income, expenditure and product, Table 8. Household final consumption (HFCE) Australia. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Updated 7 December 2011 [viewed 10 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5206.0Sep%202011?OpenDocument

11. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6503.0 Household Expenditure Survey and Survey of Income and Housing: summary of results, 2009-10. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6530.02009-10?OpenDocument

12. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database, 2011. London: Euromonitor International, 2012. [viewed 9 August 2012]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

13. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 6401.0 Consumer Price Index, Australia Table 11. CPI: group, sub-group and expenditure class, index numbers by capital city. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Updated 26 October 2011 [viewed 30 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6401.0Sep%202011?OpenDocument

14. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3201.0 Population by age and sex, Australian states and territories, Jun 2010; Table 9. Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2010. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/B52C3903D894336DCA2568A9001393C1?opendocument

15. Hill D and Gray N. Patterns of tobacco smoking in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia 1982;1:23-5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/927253

16. Hill D and Gray N. Australian patterns of smoking and related health beliefs in 1983. Community Health Studies 1984;8:307-16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6518750

17. Hill D. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1986. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149:6-10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386578

18. Hill DJ, White VM and Gray NJ. Measures of tobacco smoking in Australia 1974-1986 by means of a standard method. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149(1):10-12. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3386561

19. Hill D, White V and Gray N. Australian patterns of tobacco smoking in 1989. Medical Journal of Australia 1991;154(12):797-801. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2041504

20. Hill DJ, White VM and Scollo MM. Smoking behaviours of Australian adults in 1995: trends and concerns. Medical Journal of Australia 1998;168:209-13. Available from: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/mar2/hill/hill.html

21. White V, Hill D, Siahpush M and Bobevski I. How has the prevalence of cigarette smoking changed among Australian adults? Trends in smoking prevalence between 1980 and 2001. Tobacco Control 2003;12(suppl. 2):ii67-ii74. Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_2/ii67

22. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2001 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 11, AIHW cat. no. PHE 41. Canberra: AIHW, 2002. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/8227

23. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug strategy series no.16, AIHW cat. no. PHE 66. Canberra: AIHW, 2005. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/phe/ndshsdf04/ndshsdf04.pdf

24. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: detailed findings. Drug statistics series no. 22, AIHW cat. no. PHE 107. Canberra: AIHW, 2008. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10674

25. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

26. Brownson RC, Hopkins DP and Wakefield MA. Effects of smoking restrictions in the workplace. Annual Review of Public Health 2002;23:333–48. Available from: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140551?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov

27. Chapman S, Borland R, Scollo M, Brownson RC, Dominello A and Woodward S. The impact of smoke-free workplaces on declining cigarette consumption in Australia and the United States. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89(7):1018–23. Available from: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/89/7/1018

28. Fichtenberg C and Glantz S. Effect of smokefree workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2002;325(7357):188. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7357/188?view=long&pmid=12142305

29. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Tobacco Control, vol. 13 Lyon, France: IARC, 2009. Available from: http://com.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook13/

42 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.7

Per capita consumption in Australia compared with other countriesPer capita tobacco (or cigarette) consumption—the amount of tobacco (or number of cigarettes) per person per year sold for domestic consumption—is a useful index with which to try to compare different levels of tobacco use in different countries. However, as outlined in the section above, these indices should be interpreted with great care. Figures calculated by different researchers may be based on varying ways of estimating either or both the tobacco numerator and the population denominator.

Estimates of the numbers of cigarettes sold are sometimes based on production and trade data, sometimes on customs and excise data and sometimes on industry sales figures. Often sources are incompletely or inconsistently reported or not reported at all.

Even for studies that exclusively compare the same type of consumption data, inconsistencies may still remain.

Different countries levy excise and customs duty on tobacco in different ways. Some levy it per cigarette stick sold. Others levy it on the basis of the weight of tobacco sold. Others still levy it on the value of tobacco sales. Among countries where tobacco is levied by weight, some include the weight of the filter and some don’t. In some countries the weight excised is net of moisture content; in some countries the moisture is included in the excisable weight. To enable comparison with countries that tax tobacco on the basis of weight, figures from countries that levy tax per cigarettes are converted to weight, mostly assuming that one cigarette is equal to one gram. However one gram is probably an overestimate of the weight of cigarettes in most countries, and actual average weight must have varied considerably between countries and over time.

It is also necessary to be careful where numbers of cigarettes are used in the numerator. Some estimates include only cigarettes and some convert cigars, pipe, roll-your-own and other tobacco to ‘cigarette equivalents’. If only cigarettes are included, cigarettes per capita will underestimate tobacco consumption depending on the extent of use of these other products.

Record-keeping systems in national tax offices are designed not to provide valid estimates of tobacco consumption, but, rather, primarily, to accurately record revenue. In some countries, for instance, it is not easy to distinguish imports of manufactured smoking tobacco from imports of manufactured tobacco sheet or even raw tobacco that are destined not for retail sale but for factories that produce tobacco products that will be subject to excise duty. Inclusion of such items in estimates of imported tobacco products results in double counting and an overestimate of the amount of tobacco consumed.

And, of course, official tax receipts also underestimate consumption in that smuggled cigarettes are not included; consumption of illicit products is a much more significant proportion of total consumption in some countries than in others.

Population figures used to calculate such indexes of tobacco consumption are also not entirely straightforward. Sometimes these are based on the total population. Other times the figure includes only adults, sometimes adults 18 and over, sometimes adults 16 and over, and sometimes people 15 and over. In countries with very low female smoking prevalence, overall consumption figures will be lower than in countries with higher female smoking prevalence, even though cigarette consumption among males may be very high. In some analyses, researchers have calculated per capita consumption for some products just for males. Some researchers have included and some have excluded armed services personnel in population estimates.1 Estimates of resident population are higher at the end of a year than at the beginning, and they are also subject to revision. In Australia estimates of resident population are revised following collection of data in the five-yearly census.

Finally, of course, consumption in various countries in one particular year says nothing about the relative reductions in consumption in such countries over time.

43Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Table 2.6 of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare’s Statistics on Drug Use in Australia 2006 (reproduced in Table 2.7.1) included some estimates of per capita consumption for 15 OECD countries over the 30 years to 2005.2 i

In the 28 years from 1975, per capita consumption fell by about 60% in Australia, substantially more than the falls in most of Europe, roughly the same as the fall in the 30 years since 1975 in the US, slightly more than the fall over a similar period in the UK and somewhat less than the falls in New Zealand and Canada.

Table 2.8 of Drugs in Australia 20104 includes data on daily consumption from a number of countries. This is reproduced in Table 2.7.2. It is not clear if this is self-report data, or estimates calculated by dividing the number of cigarettes dutied by the estimated number of smokers.

These figures suggest that smokers in Australia smoke less than their counterparts in the US, Canada and France but more than smokers in Italy, the UK and New Zealand.

Figure 2.7.1 plots per capita data on cigarettes collected for an atlas published by the American Cancer Society in conjunction with the World Lung Foundation. It compares various indicators of tobacco use and tobacco control across all countries.5 These figures update those compiled a few years earlier for the second edition of the atlas,6 and are also more recent than those collected for the second edition of American Cancer Society’s Tobacco Country Profiles published in 2003.7

These figures include manufactured cigarettes only, and exclude roll-your-own tobacco. A higher percentage of smokers in the UK, New Zealand and several other countries smoke roll-your-own than do smokers in Australia. (For recent estimates of total per capita consumption of tobacco products in New Zealand see http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/health/cigarette-smoking.html)

Data from the ERC report cited at Figure 2.7.2 suggest that consumption in Australia over the past 10 years until 2009 has fallen less in Australia than in New Zealand, the UK and the US, and substantially less than in Canada.

i It appears that information on per capita consumption is no longer compiled by the OECD. Data at www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/tobacco-consumption-2009_20758480-2009-table14 while labelled ‘tobacco consumption’ seems to relate only to prevalence.3

Table 2.7.1 Tobacco consumption, grams per capita, population aged 15 years and over, selected countries, 1975 to 2005

1975 1985 1995 2005Change 1975

to 2005Greece 3230 3538’2

Germany 2673 2388 2250 2046 –23%Turkey 1388 1259 2329 1869’1 35%Hungary 2890 2705 1833 1786’2 –38%Sweden 2040 2040 1675 1654’1 –19%Denmark 2179 2000 1692 1567’1 –28%Iceland 2992 2833 2059 1532’1 –49%United States 3506 2676 1905 1452 –59%France 2409 2075 1321Australia 3205 2393 1488 1315’2 –59%United Kingdom 2600 2348 1871 1178’1 –55%Norway 2130 1960 1661 1142 –46%Canada 3136 2610 1672 1108’1 –65%New Zealand 3232 2493 1474 1033 –68%Finland 1746 1379 1072 1077’1 –38%

Note: ‘1 ‘2 data from 1 or 2 previous years.

Source: AIHW 20072 Table 2.6. Original table uses data from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 2006. Statistics and indicators for 30 countries (CD-ROM). Paris: OECD (no longer available on-line).

Table 2.7.2 Number of cigarettes per smoker per day, population aged 15 years and over, selected countries, 2009 (or most recent estimate)

Cigarettes per smoker per day

Spain 20.93

Austria 16.73

United States 15.91

Turkey 15.81

Korea 15.51

Canada 15.01

Slovak Republic 15.03

Germany 15.04

Finland 14.71

Czech Republic 14.41

Cigarettes per smoker per day

France 14.43

Ireland 14.02

Australia 13.92

Denmark 13.54

Italy 13.51

United Kingdom 13.01

New Zealand 13.11

Norway 11.8Switzerland 11.72

Netherlands 11.4

1 = data from 2008

2 = data from 2007

3 = data from 2006

4 = data from 2005

Source: AIHW 20114 Original table uses data from OECD 2010. OECD health data 2010: statistics and indicators. Online version. Paris: OECD.

44 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Figure 2.7.1 Estimated per capita consumption of cigarettes in 2007: OECD countries plus South Africa, China and Russian FederationSource: Mackay et al 20065

Notes: Mackay et al 20065 use data from ERC Statistics International Plc 20118 (Also reproduced on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cigarette_consumption_per_capita )

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

GreeceRussian Federation

JapanPoland

BelguimSwitzerland

ChinaHungary

ItaliyDenmark

IrelandUnited States of America

IsraelAustraliaGermany

FinlandCanada

NetherlandsFrance

United KingdomSweden

New ZealandSouth Africa

Norway 493511565751790876888897956112511301173119613911495159616231646169817631810202823193017

Figure 2.7.2 Percentage change in number of cigarettes consumed 2009 compared to 1999, selected European, Asian and English-speaking countriesSource: ERC Statistics International Plc 20119

Note: Relates to cigarette consumption trends. The ERC report does not specify how it calculates consumption.

-60% -40% -20% 0 20% 40% 60%

Australia -17%Canada -43%

China 39%Denmark 10%

France -34%Finland -38%Germany -39%Hong Kong -12%Italy -7%

India 10%Ireland -29%Israel -11%Japan -30%Malaysia -13%

Netherlands 12%New Zealand -24%Norway -23%Poland -32%Portugal -32%Singapore -38%South Africa -19%

Spain 6%Sweden -7%Switzerland -15%

Thailand 6%UK -26%USA -28%

Total 14%

45Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.7Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Psoter W and Morse D. Annual per capita apparent consumption of tobacco products in the United States: 1900-1990. Preventive Medicine 2001;32(1):1–9. Available from: http://www.

ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/pm/2001/00000032/00000001/art00780

2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Statistics on drug use in Australia 2006. Drug statistics series no. 18, cat. no. PHE 80W. Canberra: AIHW, 2007. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10393

3. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Health Data 2011 - Frequently Requested Data. Paris: 2011 [viewed 6 January 2012]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3746,en_2649_34631_2085200_1_1_1_1,00.html

4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Drug statistics series no. 27, cat. no. PHE 154. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420497&tab=2

5. Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H and Mackay J. The tobacco atlas, 3rd edn. American Cancer Society, 2010. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/AboutUs/GlobalHealth/CancerandTobaccoControlResources/the-tobacco-atlas-3rd-edition

6. Mackay J, Eriksen M and Shafey O. The Tobacco Atlas, Second Edition. Washington: The American Cancer Society and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer, 2006. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/AA/content/AA_2_5_9x_Tobacco_Atlas.asp

7. American Cancer Society, International Union against Cancer and World Health Organization. Tobacco Country Profiles 2nd Edition. Atlanta Georgia,: ACS, 2003. Available from: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTHEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/EXTETC/0,,contentMDK:20225516~menuPK:376607~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:376601,00.html

8. ERC Statistics International Plc. Tobacco market reports. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2011 [viewed 6 December 2011]. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/tob.html

9. ERC Statistics International Plc. Tobacco Business - May 2010. London: ERC Statistics International Plc, 2011 [viewed 6 December 2011]. Available from: http://www.erc-world.com/sample/Tob%20Business%20May%2010.pdf

46 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.8.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.8

Tobacco consumption not captured in government or industry figuresNot all tobacco consumed in Australia is reflected in official records of manufacturing and imports–exports or excise and customs receipts. In many countries around the world smokers are able to buy cigarettes from informal channels. Illicit tobacco products are significantly cheaper because suppliers have avoided paying excise or customs duty and goods and services tax (GST), which in Australia make up about 70% of the retail value of tobacco products sold through legitimate channels. In the early 1990s cigarettes could be purchased cheaply where suppliers had managed to avoid paying state franchise fees through a variety of means—see Chapter 13, Section 13.7.5 for further details. Since 1997 (at which time state franchise fees were abolished), illicit tobacco products have included:

< roughly processed tobacco sold without branding in plastic bags either loose or rolled up into cigarettes (widely known in Australia as ‘chop-chop’)

< contraband cigarettes, which are produced by legitimate manufacturers either in Australia or overseas but on which excise or customs duty and/or GST has not been paid. Some of these cigarettes would be:

< counterfeit cigarettes produced to look like those produced by registered manufacturers. Not all counterfeit cigarettes are contraband: some enter the legal market

While it is possible to ask smokers about their use of unbranded tobacco, it is extremely difficult to assess the extent of use of contraband and counterfeit cigarettes.

2.8.1

Unbranded tobaccoEstimates of the total volume of chop-chop sold in 1999–2000 range from 400 to 2 600 tonnes.1 Australian Tax Office estimates of the quantities of tobacco diverted illegally in the following years were:

< 243 000 kg for 2001–02 < 295 000 kg for 2002–03 < 313 000 kg for 2003–04 < 347 000 kg for 2004–05.2

The amount of unbranded tobacco purchased by consumers since 2004 can be estimated from estimates of numbers and reports of the frequency of use by respondents in the Australian Government’s 2004, 2007 and 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Surveys. As indicated in Table 2.8.1, while 24% of smokers in 2010 had tried unbranded tobacco at least once, almost 80% of those who had tried it no longer ever used it.

Of the 5% of smokers who did currently use unbranded tobacco, almost 70% smoked it only occasionally. Only 1.5% of smokers smoked unbranded tobacco half the time or more.

The percentages indicated in Table 2.8.2 can be used to estimate the number of cigarettes made from unbranded tobacco smoked in Australia.

Table 2.8.1 Responses to the question ‘How often do you smoke this type of tobacco?’, current smokers 14 years and over, Australia, 2010

Of current users of unbranded

tobacco

Of current smokers who have

ever used illicit

Of all current smokers

Currently use every day, some days or only occasionally

100% 20.5% 4.9%

Have used it but no longer use it n/a 79.5% 19.0%Have never used unbranded n/a n/a 76.1%Total 100% 100% 100%

Source: AIHW 20113

Note: Relates to AIHW National Drug Household Survey 2010, Table 3.1, p 39

47Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.8.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Allowing for the possibility that smokers who use unbranded tobacco might be somewhat heavier smokers than average, it is estimated that the 162 200 people currently using unbranded tobacco products would smoke about 348 million cigarettes made from unbranded tobacco per year. Even if such cigarettes weighed as much as 1 g (25% more than the weight of the heaviest factory-made cigarettes manufactured in Australia), the total amount of unbranded tobacco products purchased in 2010 would be no more than 348 000 kg, almost identical to tax office estimates for six years earlier. Total use of unbranded tobacco for 2007 calculated using the same methodology would have been about 310 000 kg. This would make the increase of use of unbranded tobacco between 2007 and 2010 about 12%—from 1.2% to 1.4% of the total tobacco market in Australia.

2.8.2

Contraband and counterfeit cigarettesEstimating the extent of use of contraband or counterfeit cigarettes is inherently difficult.

A Deloitte report commissioned by Australian tobacco companies6 stated that 5% of all tobacco users have smoked counterfeit and 5% contraband cigarettes—see Table 6.3 of Deloitte report. While it is reasonably clear that unbranded tobacco is an illicit product, it is not clear in the report how respondents to the Roy Morgan survey on which the report was based were asked to judge whether branded products were counterfeit or contraband. It is possible that some people confused discount cigarettes with contraband. While the most popular brands in Australia retailed in convenience outlets in 2011 for about $16.50 for a packet of 25, many cheap imports sell for considerably less, a couple for as little as $10: it would seem likely that people may conclude that such very cheap cigarettes might be counterfeit.

Another possible explanation for over-inflated estimates of counterfeit cigarettes might be that consumers are inaccurately interpreting small variations in taste of manufacturers’ products as a sign that products are counterfeit. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey reported that 4.6% of smokers had within the last month purchased cigarettes that tasted or looked slightly different from usual. This is an interesting result, with many possible explanations. A 2011 study published in the British Medical Journal’s Tobacco Control journal found that 41.7% of smokers noticed changes in their regular brand of cigarettes following the introduction of reduced ignition

Table 2.8.2 Responses to question to those who have ever used this type of tobacco, ‘Would you say that when you smoke you ...?’

Of current users of unbranded

tobacco

Of all current smokers

Only smoke this type of tobacco 12.7 0.6%Mainly smoke this type of tobacco 11.9 0.6%Smoke this tobacco about half of the time 6.1 0.3%Smoke this tobacco less than half the time 2.2 0.1%Occasionally smoke this type of tobacco 67.1 3.1%Have never used unbranded or no longer use it 95.3%Total (valid cases only) 100% 100%

Source: National Drug Strategy Household Survey, 2010 (computer file). Canberra: Australian Data Archive, The Australian National University, 2011, absolute person weights used, applied to all current smokers.4

Table 2.8.3 Estimated number of chop-chop cigarettes smoked in Australia in 2010 based on responses to National Drug Strategy Household Survey

Users who use: % No. of smokersNo. of cigarettes

per year per smoker

Total number of cigarettes per year by all chop-chop

smokersOnly this tobacco 12.70% 20 599 6 570 135 333 052Mainly this tobacco 11.9% 19 301 5 256 101 446 508This tobacco half the time or more 6.1% 9 894 3 285 32 501 245Less than half the time 2.20% 3 568 1 971 7 033 056Only occasionally 67.10% 108 832 657 71 502 738Total 100% 162 194 347 816 599

Source: Quit Victoria 2011.5

48 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.8.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

propensity laws in the US state of Massachusetts.7 Regulations to reduce the fire risk of cigarettes came into force over the survey period in Australia,8 so it may be that some smokers picked up in the estimate here are perceiving slight variations in the performance of cigarettes resulting from changes in manufacturing procedures required to comply with this legislation. These kinds of false attributions are likely to be high in an environment where tobacco companies have been speaking frequently in the media about the issue of illicit tobacco.

International business information consultancy, Euromonitor, estimates that contraband cigarettes—manufactured cigarettes on which neither excise or customs duty has been paid—comprised about 3% of the total number of cigarettes smoked in Australia between 1999–20009 and 2008–09.10 The sources for these estimates are listed as ‘Australian Customs Service and industry sources’; however no information is provided on the assumptions or data variables selected.

See Chapter 13, Section 13.7.8 for further calculations and discussion of the extent of illicit trade in Australia.

49Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.8.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Research Report on the Illegal Tobacco Market. Sydney: for British American Tobacco Australia, 2004. Available from: http://www.bata.com.au/oneweb/sites/

BAT_53RF5W.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/80256AED003D81CC80256AC4002DFEB2?opendocument&SID=&DTC=&SWHT=&SQRY=Illegal%20Tobacco&SSTART=&SEND=&DFB=%20AND%20

2. The Auditor-General. Administration of Petroleum and Tobacco Excise Collections: A Follow-up Audit, 33 2005-06 Performance Audit. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office, 2006. Available from: http://www.anao.gov.au/director/publications/auditreports/2005-2006.cfm?item_id=1EB393419FB39C1B5F3F8574CAD4AB76

3. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: survey report. Drug statistics series no. 25, AIHW cat. no. PHE 145. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=32212254712&libID=32212254712&tab=2

4. Australian Data Archive Social Sciences collection. National Drug Strategy Household Survey, 2010. Canberra: Australian National University, 2011. [viewed December 2011]; Available from: http://www.ada.edu.au/social-science/01237

5. Quit Victoria. Illicit trade of tobacco in Australia: a report prepared by Deloitte for British American Tobacco, Philip Morris Ltd and Imperial Tobacco: a critique prepared March 2011, updated August and November 2011. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2011. Available from: http://www.cancervic.org.au/plainfacts/browse.asp?ContainerID=plainfacts-myths

6. Deloitte. Illicit trade of tobacco in Australia. Sydney: Prepared for British American Tobacco Australia Limited, Philip Morris Limited and Imperial Tobacco Australia Limited, 2011. Available from: http://www.bata.com.au/group/sites/BAT_7WYKG8.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO7WZEX6?opendocument&SKN=1

7. Seidenberg AB, Rees VW, Alpert HR, O’Connor RJ, Giovino G, Hyland A, et al. Smokers’ self-reported responses to the introduction of reduced ignition propensity (RIP) cigarettes. Tobacco Control 2011;Published online July 12, 2011 Available from: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2011/07/12/tc.2011.043257.abstract

8. Trade Practices (Consumer Product Safety Standard) (Reduced Fire Risk Cigarettes) Amendment Regulations 2009 (No. 1) (Cth). Available from: http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2009L01271

9. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database. London: Euromonitor International, 2006. [viewed 14 December 2006]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

10. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database, 2010. London: Euromonitor International, 2011. Updated September 2010 [viewed 9 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

50 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.9.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.9

Best estimate of recent tobacco consumption in AustraliaSo, how much tobacco really is currently being consumed in Australia?

2.9.1

Total per capita tobacco consumption among adultsAccurate estimates of total consumption in Australia would take account of both the number of tobacco products levied for excise and customs duty and estimated sales of contraband cigarettes and illicit tobacco. Estimates of total tobacco consumption taking into account both official tax receipts and best available estimates of counterfeit and smuggled cigarettes and chop-chop in Australia—from the analysis described in Section 2.8— are presented in Table 2.9.1.

It seems that the total number of tobacco products consumed in Australia fell sharply over the first few years of the 2000s. This corresponded with increased quitting activity around the start of the new millennium, the extension of smokefree policies in public places in most states and territories, and the reform of tobacco taxes between November 1999 and February 2001. The change to a per stick system of levying duty together with the imposition of

Table 2.9.1 Total estimated consumption of tobacco products in Australia including two different estimates of contraband cigarettes --- cigarettes, cigars and smoking tobacco, Australia 1998–1999 to 2010–11

Cigarettes including

Euromonitor estimate of contraband

cigarettes (millions of pieces)

Cigars (millions of pieces)

Smoking tobacco including estimate of chop chop use based on figures

from National Drug Strategy

Household Surveys (tonnes)

Totall all tobacco products --Cigarettes,

cigars and smoking tobacco (inluding

Euromonitor estimates of contraband) -

millions of cigarettes or cigarette equivalents

Cigarette equivalents per capita including

Euromonitor estimates of

contraband -- millions of pieces of

cigarettes or cigarette equivalents

Totall all tobacco products --Cigarettes,

cigars and smoking tobacco (inluding

estimates of contraband as per Chapter 13) -

millions of cigarettes or cigarette equivalents

Cigarette equivalents per capita including

Chapter estimates of contraband

-- millions of pieces of cigarettes or

cigarette equivalents1998–99 30 480 55 1 689 32 224 2 152 31 534 21061999–00 29 674 65 1 731 31 470 2 072 30 765 20262000–01 27 030 67 1 509 28 607 1 854 27 877 18072001–02 24 700 72 1 677 26 449 1 689 25 689 16412002–03 24 242 72 1 733 26 046 1 639 25 236 15882003–04 25 386 76 1 971 27 433 1 702 26 568 16482004–05 25 113 74 1 940 27 127 1 657 26 200 16002005–06 24 673 82 1 926 26 681 1 603 25 693 15432006–07 23 951 71 1 934 25 957 1 528 25 316 14902007–08 23 565 71 1 960 25 596 1 474 24 982 14382008–09 24 043 56 2 052 26 151 1 472 25 528 14372009–10 23 511 53 2 002 25 567 1 414 24 910 13782010–11 22 628 56 2 040 24 725 1 347 24 032 1309

Sources: AIHW 2011,1 Euromonitor International 20052 and 2012,3 Auditor-General 2006,4 Quit Victoria 20115 and ABS 20106

Note: Customs and excise data1 plus Global Market Information Database estimates of illicit tobacco products 2,3; Australian Tax Office estimates of illicit tobacco up to 20064 then estimates based on self-report data from 2007 and 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Surveys5; ABS resident population estimates6; alternative estimate

* Assuming that each cigar and roll-your-own cigarette weighs an average of 1 g.

51Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.9.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

the goods and services tax (GST) triggered very large increases in the price of large cigarette packs and moderate rises in the price of smaller pack sizes—see Chapter 13 for further details. Falling cigarette sales appear to have been only marginally offset by increased use of smoking tobacco and cigars. Even taking into account a possible increase in use of contraband cigarettes and chop-chop, in the three-year period between 1998–99 and 2001–02, total sales fell by about 18%. Total per capita sales fell by about 20% or more than 7% per annum. Since that time the annual rate of decline has fallen to less than 2.5%.

2.9.2

Tobacco consumption among Australian studentsWhile tobacco consumption among the population as a whole has recently reduced by more than 25%—from just under 2000 to just under 1400 cigarettes per smoker 15 years and over per day over the 10 years since 1999–2000—the reduction among Australian secondary school students appears to have been even more dramatic.

As outlined in Section 2.3.5, over the six years from 2002, the number of cigarettes smoked by weekly smokers aged 16 and 17 years declined by about 30%. As outlined in Chapter 1, Section 1.6 the percentage of secondary school students reporting smoking at least once weekly also declined dramatically between 1999 and 2008, both among the older and the younger age groups.

Table 2.9.2 sets out per capita reported consumption of cigarettes by secondary school students in Australia between 1984 and 2008. Per capita consumption is calculated by taking the total number of students enrolled in secondary schools in each year in which surveys of smoking were conducted, and dividing this figure by an estimate of the total number of cigarettes smoked in that year by all students. The total number of cigarettes smoked in each year is calculated from self-reported numbers of cigarettes smoked by those who indicated that they had smoked at least once in the last week. The resulting figures for each year (the average number of cigarettes smoked per year, per student) could be thought of as an index of overall youth smoking that combines consideration of both smoking prevalence and reported consumption.

As can be seen from Table 2.9.2 and Figure 2.9.1, per capita cigarette consumption across the whole population of secondary school students has declined dramatically. Secondary school students in Australia in 2011 on average were smoking about 75% fewer cigarettes than they were in 1996.

Table 2.9.2 Number of cigarettes smoked per Australian secondary school student per year (based on reported smoking by students who smoke at least weekly): 1984 to 2011

Number of secondary school students in

Australia

Total numbers of Australian secondary school students who report smoking in the

last week, aged 12–17 years

Average reported cigarette consumption among

secondary school students who smoke at least weekly

Reported total number of cigarettes smoked each week by secondary school students

who smoke at least weekly

Estimated number of cigarettes smoked each

year per Australian secondary school student

1984 1 225 371 278 227 27 7 142 072 3031987 1 263 582 221 871 28 5 983 320 2461990 1 229 973 235 831 28 6 411 582 2711993 1 228 343 261 981 26 6 679 791 2831996 1 250 695 276 740 26 7 059 647 2941999 1 296 884 268 919 25 6 636 501 2662002 1 322 437 205 517 26 5 380 957 2122005 1 367 668 140 359 23 3 211 698 1222008 1 406 765 111 857 22 2 425 531 902011 1 534 073 102 011 20 2 069 893 70

Sources: L Stinson personal communication7 using data published in ABS 1993,8 1996,9 1999,10 2002,11 and 200512; V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, Wilcox, Gardner and Houston 1987;13 Hill, White, Pain and Gardner 1990;14 Hill, White, Williams and Gardner 1993;15 Hill, White and Segan 1995;16 Hill, White and Letcher 1999;17 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;18 and White and Hayman 200419 and 200620

52 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.9.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Figure 2.9.1 Total estimated per capita (adults 15 plus) consumption of tobacco products (licit and illicit combined for cigarettes, cigars and smoking tobacco) in Australia: 1998–99 to 2009–10Sources: AIHW 2011,1 Euromonitor International 20052 and 2010,3 Auditor-General 2006,4 Quit

Victoria 20115 and ABS 20106

Note: Customs and excise data1 plus Global Market Information Database estimates of illicit tobacco products 2,3; Australian Tax Office estimates of illicit tobacco up to 20064 then estimates based on self-report data from 2007 and 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Surveys5; ABS resident population estimates6

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2009–102008–09

2007–082006–07

2005–062004–05

2003–042002–03

2001–022000–01

1999–001998–99

Figure 2.9.2 Per capita annual cigarette consumption as reported by Australian secondary school students aged 12–15 years and 16 & 17 years, 1996 to 2011 (number of cigarettes per annum)Sources: L Stinson personal communication7 using data published in ABS 1993,8 1996,9 1999,10

2002,11 200512 and 200821; V White, personal communication, using data from Hill, White and Letcher 1999;17 Hill, White and Effendi 2002;18 White and Hayman 200419 and 200620 and White and Smith 200922

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

201120082005200219991996

208185

13284

58

513465

397

213162

37

152

12 to 1516 & 17

53Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.9.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

References1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Drug statistics series no. 27, cat. no. PHE 154. Canberra: AIHW, 2011. Available from:

http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420497&tab=2

2. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database. London: Euromonitor International, 2006. [viewed 14 December 2006]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

3. Euromonitor International. Tobacco in Australia, Global Market Information Database, 2010. London: Euromonitor International, 2011. Updated September 2010 [viewed 9 December 2011]; Available from: http://www.euromonitor.com

4. The Auditor-General. Administration of Petroleum and Tobacco Excise Collections: A Follow-up Audit, 33 2005-06 Performance Audit. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office, 2006. Available from: http://www.anao.gov.au/director/publications/auditreports/2005-2006.cfm?item_id=1EB393419FB39C1B5F3F8574CAD4AB76

5. Quit Victoria. Illicit trade of tobacco in Australia: a report prepared by Deloitte for British American Tobacco, Philip Morris Ltd and Imperial Tobacco: a critique prepared March 2011, updated August and November 2011. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2011. Available from: http://www.cancervic.org.au/plainfacts/browse.asp?ContainerID=plainfacts-myths

6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3201.0 Population by age and sex, Australian states and territories, Jun 2010; Table 9. Estimated resident population by single year of age, Australia Canberra: ABS, 2010. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/B52C3903D894336DCA2568A9001393C1?opendocument

7. Leo Stinson Schools Collection Manager, ABS Melbourne. Estimates of numbers of secondary school students aged 12 to 17 years (personal communication). Vicki White Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer TCCV, 2006.

8. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools Australia, 1993. Canberra: ABS, 1994. Available from: http://144.53.252.30/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4221.01993?OpenDocument

9. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools Australia 1996. Canberra: ABS, 1997. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=4221.0&viewtitle=Schools,%20Australia~2006~Latest~26/02/2007&&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=4221.0&issue=2006&num=&view=&

10. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools Australia 1999. Canberra: ABS, 2000. Available from: http://144.53.252.30/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4221.01999?OpenDocument

11. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools, Australia 2002. Canberra: ABS, 2003. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=4221.0&viewtitle=Schools,%20Australia~2006~Latest~26/02/2007&&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=4221.0&issue=2006&num=&view=&

12. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools Australia 2005. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=4221.0&viewtitle=Schools,%20Australia~2006~Latest~26/02/2007&&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=4221.0&issu-e=2006&num=&view=&

13. Hill D, Willcox S, Gardner G and Houston J. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary schoolchildren. Medical Journal of Australia 1987;146(3):125–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3494905

14. Hill D, White V, Pain M and Gardner G. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary school students in 1987. Medical Journal of Australia 1990;152:124-30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300011

15. Hill D, White V, Williams R and Gardner G. Tobacco and alcohol use among Australian secondary school students in 1990. Medical Journal of Australia 1993;158:228-34. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426543

16. Hill D, White V and Segan C. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Australian secondary school students in 1993. Australian Journal of Public Health 1995;19:445-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8713191

17. Hill D, White V and Letcher T. Tobacco use among Australian secondary students in 1996. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 1999;23(3):252-9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388168

18. Hill D, White V and Effendi Y. Changes in the use of tobacco among Australian secondary students: results of the 1999 prevalence study and comparisons with earlier years. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2002;26(2):156-63. Available from: http://www.phaa.net.au/anzjph/journalpdf_2002/april_2002/p.%20156-63.pdf

19. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary school students in 2002. National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 54. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2004. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/content/mono54

20. White V and Hayman J. Smoking behaviours of Australian secondary students in 2005. National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 59. Canberra: Drug Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/mono59

21. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4221.0 Schools Australia 2010. Canberra: ABS, 2011. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/4221.02010?Open Document

22. White V and Smith G. 3. Tobacco use among Australian secondary students. Australian secondary school students’ use of tobacco, alcohol, and over-the-counter and illicit substances in 2008. Canberra: Drug Strategy Branch, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009;Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/Publishing.nsf/content/school08

54 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.10

Factors driving changes in tobacco consumptionChanges in per capita consumption of tobacco products result from the combined effects of:1. changes in the proportion of people in the population who

regularly smoke and2. changes in the amounts of tobacco smoked by regular

smokers.

Figure 2.10.1 plots changes in smoking prevalence against reported numbers of cigarettes smoked by regular smokers since 1980.

Reported consumption per smoker increased in the 1980s at the same time as prevalence of smoking declined. Between 1992 and 1998 reported consumption fell while prevalence stayed flat. Prevalence and consumption appear to have fallen in parallel between 1989 and 1992 and between 1998 and 2004. Reported consumption appears to have flattened since 2004 and 2010, while prevalence has continued to decline. (These observations are consistent with data presented in Table 2.2.6 in Section 2.2, which are based on excise receipts rather than reported consumption.)

Changes over time in the proportion of people smoking and the amounts smoked by (remaining) regular smokers are driven by factors including:

< demographic trends such as the post-war baby boom and increasing life expectancy < marketing practices of tobacco companies, including promotion and the nature of the product itself, both of which can increase the uptake of smoking and resumption of smoking among those who have quit

< characteristics of smokers who quit versus those who continue to smoke < the affordability of tobacco products driven by economic trends, industry pricing, and government excise and customs duties and other charges and taxes

< the effects of other policy measures introduced by government < changing social factors such as increasing public awareness of the health risks of smoking and levels of public tolerance about exposure to tobacco smoke.

Each of these factors is touched on in Section 2.10.1 and discussed in more detail in Section 2.10.2.

2.10.1

Stages of tobacco consumption in AustraliaPer capita consumption of tobacco appears to have gone through a number of stages in Australia as indicated by the trend-lines in Figure 2.10.2.

Figure 2.10.1 Proportion of people regularly smoking compared to self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day, 1980 to 2010Sources: Hill and Gray 1982;1 Hill and Gray 1984;2 Hill 1988;3 Hill, White and Gray 1988; 4 Hill,

White and Gray 1991;5 Hill and White 1995;6 Hill, White and Scollo 1998; 7 White et al 2003; 8 AIHW 2002,9 2005, 10 2008,11 201112

Note: CBRC re-analysis of data from surveys conducted by the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria between 1980 and 19981–8 and the National Drug Strategy Household Survey 20019 200410 200711 and 201012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2010200520001995199019851980

Prevalence regular smoking, 18 plus

Reported daily consumption per smoker

55Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.10.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1910 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Figure 2.10.2 Tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams): 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1961, 1962 to 1982, 1983 to 2000, 2001 to 2010

Sources:

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16 ii. Excise reports: Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco etc on which duty was paid in the years 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320 iii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1968–69 to 1972–7322 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on excise clearances

iv. Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1973–74 to 1986–8724–33 v. Excise data for Australian tobacco products supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, for July 1977 to June 1981, 1981 to 1988 and 1988 to 1993 on 2 February 1995 and for July 1993 to June 1994 on 2 December 1994 vi. Excise data (month-by-month) for Australian tobacco products since 1994, supplied to author by International Trade Section, ABS, 14 August 1997,13 March 1998 and monthly by electronic subscription between 1998 and 200334

Australian Institute of Health and welfare

vii. Excise receipts supplied by Australian Taxation Office to AIHW for Drug use in Australia 200635 and 201012

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on customs clearances a. Annual statement of the trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, general imports—Australia, 1903,36 190437 and 190538 b. Trade and customs and excise revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia, Imports—Australia, 190639 to 191340-45 and 1914–15 to 1920–2146-52 c. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian statistics of oversea imports and exports and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1920–21 and 1921–2253 through1922–23 and 1923–24 to 1936–37 to 1937–3854–69 d. Overseas trade and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1937–38 and 1938–39 to 1948–49 and 1949–5070-82 e. Overseas Trade Statistics: imports Cleared for Home Consumption—Australia 1950–51 to1958–5983-90 f. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletins, 1959–60 to 1972–7391-104

Australian Bureau of Statistics data on customs duty

g. Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74 to 1977–78105-109 h . Imports cleared for home consumption —Australia 1978–79 to 1980–81110–112 i. International Trade Branch, Import clearance data for Australian tobacco products, 1981–82 to 1987–88, and 1988–89 to 1993–94 supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, 2 December 1994 and 2 February 1995 j. Annual customs data from 1995 supplied on request to author by ABS Information service on 1st August 2007

Notes on excise and customs duty

Figures before 1966 were recorded in imperial weights but have been converted to kilograms in this table.

It should be noted that excise data on roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco products was for many years compiled from at least two different product codes. Pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco appear to have been coded together with RYO over some periods of time and separately in others. In many years, some pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and even possibly RYO tobacco may have been incorrectly coded to one or more ‘other’ (miscellaneous) codes (letter to author from P Holt, Australian Customs Service, clarifying coding of RYO tobacco products, 11 October 1996). It is therefore not possible to be confident about historical data for individual product types.

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table

Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Figure 2.10.2, Tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams): 1910 to 1945, 1946 to 1961, 1962 to 1982, 1983 to 2000, 2001 to 2010. Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and AIHW and data provided by the ABS. See Section 2.10

56 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.1.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.10.1.1

Increases in consumption in the inter-war and post-war periodsFigure 2.10.2 shows that overall per capita consumption of tobacco products in Australia dipped in the wake of shortages during Depression years and immediately following World War II, and then rose steadily until the early 1960s. The increase between the late 1940s and early 1960s can be attributed to the combined effect of:

< rising levels of affluence and disposable income during the 1950s combined with little increase in the real price of tobacco products, resulting in cigarettes becoming more affordable—see Chapter 13, Section 13.3

< progressive increases in marketing to and subsequent use of tobacco products by women < progressive increases in marketing and subsequent use of factory-made cigarettes by men as well as by women—much more convenient to smoke than roll-your-own and other tobacco products—leading to higher consumption per smoker.

< Per capita consumption of tobacco products peaked in Australia in 1960 following the introduction of television and before the restriction of broadcasting of tobacco advertisements—see Chapter 11, Section 11.0.

< It is possible that early media coverage about the health risks of smoking in publications such as the Reader’s Digest may have contributed to a number of short-term dips in consumption in the late 1950s.

2.10.1.2

Trends in consumption during the 1960s and 1970sFigure 2.10.2 shows a marked decline in per capita consumption in the early and mid-1960s, which was the time during which landmark reports about the health effects of smoking were released in Britain (in 1962113) and in the US (in 1964114 and 1967115). Per capita consumption rallied again over the 1970s as the baby boomers ‘came of age’, many seeing smoking as a badge of rebellion in the so-called ‘youth revolution’, and a marker of the sexual liberation and economic emancipation of women.116 The early 1970s also saw more vigorous marketing of tobacco products on billboards, through sponsorships and in magazines following the phasing out of advertising on TV and radio—see Chapter 11, Section 11.0.

2.10.1.3

Trends in consumption during the 1980s and 1990sPer capita consumption of tobacco products reduced steeply over the 1980s and 1990s following the commencement of Quit campaigns (see Chapter 14, Section 14.2) and the imposition of (and subsequent frequent increases in)117 franchise fees on sales of tobacco products in each Australian state and territory—see Chapter 13, Section 13.2. The rapid spread of smokefree policies in workplaces and hospitality venues must have contributed substantially to declines in consumption over this period—see Chapter 15.

Changes in the proportion of people in the population who regularly smokeThere is strong evidence that the introduction of118–120 and increases in funding for120 social marketing campaigns have contributed to reductions in the proportion of people who smoke in Australia. Analysis of monthly changes in smoking prevalence between 1995 and 2006 indicates that increases in the price of tobacco products have been the most significant policy factor driving reductions in smoking prevalence with increases in exposure to mass media campaigns also playing a significant role.121

57Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.10.1.3Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Changes in the amounts smoked by regular smokersWhile per capita consumption was flat during the 1970s and declined during the 1980s—and while it is known that the proportion of the population regularly smoking declined between 1976 and 1992 (see Chapter 1, Section 1.3)—there is evidence that consumption by (remaining) regular smokers increased quite markedly over this period. Edition two of Facts and Issues122 included estimates of the average annual numbers of cigarettes consumed for 1945, 1964 and three-yearly from 1983 to 1992 (years in which survey data provided estimates of the numbers of regular smokers in Australia)i. Using limited data available on average weights of cigarettes in each of the years, it was estimated that the number of cigarettes consumed per adult, per day, increased from about three per day in 1945 to 17 in 1964 to about 27 in 1992.ii

Increased consumption per smoker during the 1970s and 1980s was thought to be attributable to: < earlier average age of uptake than in previous decades, and consequently heavier lifetime use, particularly among women

< lower nicotine levels in cigarettes corresponding with greater market demand for cigarettes labeled ‘low tar’ and thought to be less dangerous, compelling smokers to smoke more cigarettes to maintain blood nicotine levels similar to those they became used to before switching to lower-tar brands

< the growing trend to smaller, lighter cigarettes, which were faster to smoke < the shift to larger and larger pack sizes, which resulted in cheaper cigarettes and additional increased consumption among those smokers who tend to calibrate the number of cigarettes they smoke to take account of the number they have left in the pack.

Self-report data show a sharp decline in the number of cigarettes smoked per day between 1989 and 1992 and a more gradual decline between 1992 and 1998. This pattern of change is consistent with the very large increase in the adoption of smokefree workplaces following the release of a judgment in a major legal case about the health effects of secondhand smoke in February 1991—see Chapter 16, Section 16.2.2 and the subsequent increases in adoption of smokefree homes—see Chapter 15, Sections 15.4 and 15.6. Adoption of smokefree policies has been firmly associated with declines in tobacco consumption by individual smokers in numerous studies both in Australia123 and internationally124 and has been associated with profound declines in most social groups of the acceptability of smoking around others.

Trends in consumption during the 2000sThe large decline in consumption between 1998 and 2001 resulted from the reduction in both the proportion of people smoking and the amount smoked per smoker following the National Tobacco Campaign and reform of taxes on tobacco products resulting in large increase in the price of budget brands—see Chapter 13, Section 13.5

Figure 2.10.2 indicates a continuing though somewhat flatter rate of decline in per capita consumption over the 2000s corresponding with the continued decline in the prevalence of smoking since 2001 (see Chapter 1, Section 1.3); the fall between 2001 and 2004 in reported consumption by remaining smokers (see Section 2.3.1) is likely to be in response to extension of smokefree policies throughout the hospitality industry (see Chapter 15, Section 15.4, 15.5 and 15.7).

i See Table 2.3, p 25.ii The total number of cigarettes consumed in Australia was estimated from the total weight of tobacco excised divided by an estimate of the average weight of cigarettes in that year. (The

average weight for some years was based on information from the Australian Customs Service. In later years it was based on data from a study conducted by the Australian Government Analytical Laboratory, which weighed a very large number of cigarettes.) The total number of Australians who smoked was estimated from population statistics and data from surveys conducted by the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria. Self-report data between 1980 and 1989 also suggested an increase in numbers of cigarettes smoked per (remaining) smoker—see Section 2.3.1 and Figure 2.10.1.

58 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.2.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

2.10.2

Factors affecting trends in tobacco consumption over the last centuryAs is evident in the discussion above, factors that drive changes over time in the proportion of people smoking regularly and the amount smoked by regular smokers include:

< demographic trends < characteristics of smokers < marketing practices of tobacco companies < the affordability of tobacco products < policies and programs adopted and funded by governments < social and cultural factors.

2.10.2.1

Policy effects on tobacco consumptionApart from increasing taxes and social marketing campaigns, which have been demonstrated to reduce the prevalence of smoking,120 and smokefree policies demonstrated to reduce consumption by remaining smokers,124 it seems highly likely that many other tobacco-control initiatives have also contributed to declining tobacco consumption, albeit in ways that are difficult to detect125,126 in standard economic analysis.121 Consumer information on tobacco products (health warnings) can be undermined by increased attention to colour and branding as part of pack design. However there is evidence that strengthened warnings are more prominent to teenagers127 and that pictorial warnings have increased knowledge about the health effects of smoking and reduced positive feelings about tobacco products.128 Laws that have substantially reduced sales to minors also appeared to have contributed to declines in teenage smoking both in Australia129,130 and other countries131,132 The effects on per capita consumption of measures such as tightening of access laws and strengthening of health warnings that mainly affect young people would not be detectable in total consumption patterns immediately following implementation but are likely to exert an effect, the strength of which would increase gradually over time, as people born after 1980 make up an increasingly larger proportion of the Australian population.

Studies on the impacts of policies on the prevalence of smoking in Australia have so far not been able to detect an effect at the population level of deregulation of nicotine replacement therapies and the subsidy of other treatments for tobacco dependence in Australia.120 Such therapies have all been established to increase success rates of quitters in clinical trials.133–135 The subsidy of such medicines has most certainly increased their use in Australia since 2001—see Chapter 7, Section 7.16—and could well have increased the frequency with which doctors have advised patients to quit. Controlling for the tendency of more heavily dependent smokers to use such medications, there is some evidence that NRT has increased quit rates in real world as well as in clinical settings.136,137 While the effects of increasing success rates among quitters is quite small and would be difficult to detect in population surveys138 it is plausible that policies that have contributed to greater use of anti-smoking medicines in Australia are also exerting a downward effect on population prevalence and consumption by decreasing the numbers of smokers who relapse following quit attempts.

Researchers have not found a way to quantify precisely the contribution of each of the policy factors highlighted in Figure 2.10.3, however it is probable that these would have all contributed in some way—either directly or indirectly, in the longer if not the short term—by having:

< reduced the glamour and appeal of tobacco products < increased knowledge about health effects < reduced cues or opportunities to smoke < reduced the social acceptability of smoking

59Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.10.2.1Date of last update: 26 March 2012

Figure 2.10.3 Major developments in tobacco control versus tobacco products dutied for sale per person 15 years and over, Australia, 1906 to 2009–10 (grams)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1910 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Price of leading

brand, $89-90Grams per person 15 years plus

Release US Surgeon General’s report 1967

Publicity by health groups from mid-1960s

State Quit Campaigns from 1983

Smokefree workplaces from 1986

New health warnings 1987, 1995 and 2006

Smokefree public places from late 2000

National Tobacco Campaign from 1997

Sources:

Prices:

NSW Retail Tobacco Traders Association. Cigarette price lists. The Australian Retail Tobacconist139

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320 ii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1967–68 to 1972–73 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on excise clearances i. Excise reports: comparative statement of quantity of spirits, beer and tobacco on which excise duty was paid in the Commonwealth during the years 1907–1912 (calendar years),13 1911 to 1918–19,14 1919–20 to 1928–29,15 1929–30 to 1938–39,16 ii. Excise reports: Quantity of spirits, beer, tobacco etc on which duty was paid in the years 1939–40 to 1948–49,17 1949–50 to 1953–54,18 1954–55 to 1958–59,19 1958–59 to 1962–6320 iii. Overseas trade bulletins: quantity of goods on which excise duty was paid, 1963–64 to 1967–68,21 1968–69 to 1972–7322 and 1972–73 to 1976–7723

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on excise clearances

iv. Excisable tobacco products: quantity cleared and revenue collected by state 1973–74 to 1986–8724–33

v. Excise data for Australian tobacco products supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, for July 1977 to June 1981, 1981 to 1988 and 1988 to 1993 on 2 February 1995 and for July 1993 to June 1994 on 2 December 1994 vi. Excise data (month-by-month) for Australian tobacco products since 1994, supplied to author by International Trade Section, ABS, 14 August 1997,13 March 1998 and monthly by electronic subscription between 1998 and 200334

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

vii. Excise receipts supplied by Australian Taxation Office to AIHW for Drug use in Australia 200635 and 201012

Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics data on customs clearances a. Annual statement of the trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, general imports—Australia, 1903,36 190437 and 190538 b. Trade and customs and excise revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia, Imports—Australia, 190639 to 191340-45 and 1914–15 to 1920–2146-52 c. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian statistics of oversea imports and exports and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1920–21 and 1921–2253 through1922–23 and 1923–24 to 1936–37 to 1937–3854–69 d. Overseas trade and customs and excise revenue, Imports—Australia, 1937–38 and 1938–39 to 1948–49 and 1949–5070-82 e. Overseas Trade Statistics: imports Cleared for Home Consumption—Australia 1950–51 to1958–5983-90 f. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletins, 1959–60 to 1972–7391-104

Australian Bureau of Statistics data on customs duty

g. Imports cleared for home consumption, 1973–74 to 1977–78105-109 h . Imports cleared for home consumption —Australia 1978–79 to 1980–81110–112

i. International Trade Branch, Import clearance data for Australian tobacco products, 1981–82 to 1987–88, and 1988–89 to 1993–94 supplied to author by John Broweleit, ABS, 2 December 1994 and 2 February 1995 j. Annual customs data from 1995 supplied on request to author by ABS Information service on 1st August 2007

Notes on excise and customs duty

Figures before 1966 were recorded in imperial weights but have been converted to kilograms in this table.

It should be noted that excise data on roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco products was for many years compiled from at least two different product codes. Pipe tobacco and chewing tobacco appear to have been coded together with RYO over some periods of time and separately in others. In many years, some pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco and even possibly RYO tobacco may have been incorrectly coded to one or more ‘other’ (miscellaneous) codes (letter to author from P Holt, Australian Customs Service, clarifying coding of RYO tobacco products, 11 October 1996). It is therefore not possible to be confident about historical data for individual product types.

Suggested citation for those reproducing this table

Scollo M. Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption. In: Scollo M and Winstanley M, eds. Tobacco in Australia, facts and issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria, 2012. Figure 2.10.3, Tobacco products levied for duty for sale in Australia (total excise and customs): cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products, 1910 to 1998–99 (millions of kilograms). Produced using data in historical publications published by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, publications produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and data provided by the ABS. See Section 2.10

60 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

< reduced withdrawal symptoms during quitting, or < increased smokers’ knowledge about how to manage the quitting process.

In combination, all these factors would likely have made some contribution to reducing motivation to smoke and creating an environment that supports non-smoking.

2.10.2.2

Effects of cultural and social forces on tobacco consumptionGovernment policies are not the only factors that influence smoking attitudes and behaviours.140

Seeing other people smoking, whether in real life, on TV, in magazines or in movies, can prompt smokers to light up141, 142 and is likely to make smoking seem more normal and acceptable to children. Portrayal of glamorous women and women enjoying new-found independence smoking factory-made cigarettes in Hollywood movies must have been a particularly powerful influence on the uptake of smoking among young women in the inter-war period—see Chapter 5, Section 5.16 for further discussion.

Pierce has demonstrated a measurable effect of print media coverage about the health risks of smoking on cessation rates in the US.143 Media coverage about health risks appeared on several occasions during the 1950s and 1960s to exert a detectable effect on per capita consumption in Australia. These effects no doubt continued during the following four decades, with continuing high levels of media interest in the smoking issue in this country.144, 145

Humans are highly social animals, and peer example also exerts powerful effects. Children are much more likely to take up smoking if their parents or peers are smokers,146,147 and adults are much more likely to quit over time if family and friends have quit.148 Thus, changes in behavior by small numbers of individuals can quickly result in changes across much larger groups in the manner of a contagious disease quickly becoming an epidemic.148

Apart from social modeling of smoking and awareness of the health effects, decisions about uptake and quitting and about where and when to smoke are also profoundly influenced by the social acceptability of smoking. Alamar and Glantz computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals’ responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. The researchers estimated that if, through an active tobacco-control campaign, the average individual’s views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would have been a 15% drop in cigarette consumption, equivalent to a US$1.17 increase in the excise tax on cigarettes.149

61Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.10.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

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62 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

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36. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table III General imports, 1903 - Australia. p 119-20. Melbourne, CBCS, 1904. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument

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38. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table IX. General imports, 1905 - Australia. p 132-33. Melbourne, CBCS, 1906. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/d57894183e061d404b25616a0004bea7/75e723dab2d300b94b2562ea000fa2bc!OpenDocument

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40. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1907 - Australia. p 147-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1908. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

41. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1908 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1909. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

63Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

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42. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1909 - Australia. p 72-76. Melbourne, CBCS, 1910. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

43. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1911 - Australia. p 62-5. Melbourne, CBCS, 1912. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

44. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1912 - Australia. p 62. Melbourne, CBCS, 1913. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

45. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1913 - Australia. p 61-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1914. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!Open Document

46. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1914-15 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1916. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

47. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1915-16 - Australia. p 60-2. Melbourne, CBCS, 1917. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

48. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1916-17 - Australia. p 58-60. Melbourne, CBCS, 1918. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

49. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1917-18 - Australia. p 56-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1919. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

50. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1918-19 - Australia. p 53-4. Melbourne, CBCS, 1920. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

51. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1919-20 - Australia. p 54-6. Melbourne, CBCS, 1921. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

52. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue of the Commonwealth of Australia; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 - Australia. p 55-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1922. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ecd02fd626a885304b2562ea00144c46!OpenDocument

53. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1920-21 and 1921-22 - Australia. p 56-8. Melbourne, CBCS, 1923. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

54. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1921-22 and 1922-23 - Australia. p 70-1. Melbourne, CBCS, 1924. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

55. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1922-23 and 1923-24 - Australia. p 65-7. Melbourne, CBCS, 1925. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

56. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1923-24 and 1924-25 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1926. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

57. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table II. Imports, 1924-25 and 1925-26 - Australia. p 67-9. Melbourne, CBCS, 1927. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

58. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1925-26 and 1926-27 - Australia. p 241-3. Melbourne, CBCS, 1928. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

59. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1926-27 and 1927-28 - Australia. p242-4. Canberra, CBCS, 1929. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

64 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

60. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table IV. Imports, 1927-28 and 1928-29 - Australia. p 235-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1930. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

61. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1928-29 and 1929-30 Australia. p 196-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1931. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

62. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1929-30 and 1930-31 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1932. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

63. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1930-31 and 1931-32 - Australia. p156-7. Canberra, CBCS, 1933. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

64. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1931-32 and 1932-33 - Australia. p 150-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1934. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

65. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1932-33 and 1933-34 - Australia. p 160-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1935. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

66. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1933-34 and 1934-35 - Australia. p170-1. Canberra, CBCS, 1936. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

67. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1934-35 and 1935-36 - Australia. p 167-9. Canberra, CBCS, 1937. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

68. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1935-36 and 1936-37 - Australia. p 176-8. Canberra, CBCS, 1938. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/53593c50c2f916b14b2562ea00136b19!OpenDocument

69. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade Bulletin: Australian Statistics of Oversea Imports and Exports and Customs and Excise Revenue+; Table III. Imports, 1936-37 and 1937-38 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1939. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

70. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1937-38 and 1938-39 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1940. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

71. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1938-39 and 1939-40 - Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1941. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

72. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1939-40 and 1940-41 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1942. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

73. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1941-42 - Australia. p182-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1943. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

74. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1942-43 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1944. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

75. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table II. Imports, 1943-44 - Australia. p 152-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1945. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

76. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1944-45 - Australia. p154-6. Canberra, CBCS, 1946. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

77. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 - Australia. p 292-3. Canberra, CBCS, 1947. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

78. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1945-46 and 1946-47 - Australia. Canberra, CBCS, 1948. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

79. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table III. Imports, 1946-47 and 1947-48 - Australia. p 358-60. Canberra, CBCS, 1949. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open Document

80. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue; Table IV. Imports, 1947-48 and 1948-49 - Australia. p 338-40. Canberra, CBCS, 1950. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!Open Document

81. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1948-49 and 1949-50 - Australia. p343-5. Canberra, CBCS, 1951. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/ded5e7adf71b84584b2562ea00136b0e!OpenDocument

65Chapter 2: Trends in tobacco consumption

Section: 2.10.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

82. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Oversea Trade; Table IV. Imports, 1949-50 and 1950-51- Australia. Melbourne, CBCS, 1952. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/603c764b887ca6544b2562ea00136b09!OpenDocument

83. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1951-52; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1953. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

84. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1952-53; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1954. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

85. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1953-54; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1955. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

86. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1954-55; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1956. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

87. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1955-56; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1957. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

88. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1956-57; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1958. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

89. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1957-58; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1959. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

90. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Overseas trade statistics: imports cleared for home consumption 1958-59; Quantity from each major importer, codes 822 (cut, not elsewhere included), 829 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 830 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 840 cigars, 851 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1960. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/2dfaf37019b13dba4b2562ea0013748a!OpenDocument

91. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1959-60; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1961. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

92. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1960-61; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1962. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

93. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1961-62; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1963. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

94. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1962-63; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1964. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

95. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1963-64; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1965. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

96. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1964-65; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars,

66 Tobacco in Australia:Facts and Issues

Section: 2.10.2.2Date of last update: 26 March 2012

8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1966. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

97. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1965-66; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1967. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

98. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1966-67; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1968. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

99. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1967-68; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1969. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

100. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1968-69; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1970. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

101. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1969-70; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1971. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

102. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1970-71; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1972. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

103. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Imports cleared for home consumption bulletin 1971-72; Quantity from each major importer, codes 8210 (tobacco, cut, other), 8290 Manufactured other than cut (the manufacture of UK containing not less than 15% Australian leaf), 8300 (22A cigarettes of UK origin and 22B1 cigarettes not of UK origin), 8400 cigars, 8510 snuff. Melbourne, CBCS, 1973. Catalogue information available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/Websitedbs/A3220106.nsf/ab9f34e4b5765ad84b25616a000499a5/b2a677f8b3b9a1054b2562ea0010d50a!OpenDocument

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