tobacco fertilizationtobacco or row crops) 225-250 250-275 medium n (first year tobacco following...
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Tobacco Fertilization
Andy Bailey
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Plant nutrition 16 “Essential Elements”
• Non-mineral: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen • Macronutrients: Nitrogen, Potassium,
Phosporous – Needed in large amounts – Deficiency common
• Secondary: Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur – Needed in lesser amounts – “natural” supply usually sufficient
• Micronutrients: Copper, Zinc, Iron, Boron, Molybdenum, Manganese, Chlorine – Needed in very small amounts – Too much can be toxic
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General Tobacco Growth Curve
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weeks after transplant
Dry
wt (
lbs.
/A)
Not topped topped
Slow top growth Rapid root growth
Rapid top growth Nutrient uptake
Reduced nutrient uptake, Maturation
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A Typical Dark Tobacco Crop (3000 lbs/A) Removes:
• 210 lbs of N – Mid Season to Topping
• 18 lbs of P2O5 – Early
• 180 lbs of K20 – Mid Season to Harvest
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Nitrogen Recommendations for Tobacco Univ. of KY - Revised for 2006-2007 (AGR-1)
Dark and Burley Soil Drainage Class
Soil N Level Well-Drained Moderately well-drained
------------- Total lbs N/A -----------
Low N (following tobacco or row crops) 225-250 250-275
Medium N (first year tobacco following grass
or grass-legume) 200-225 225-250
High N (first year tobacco following
legume) 150-175 175-200
Tennessee recommendations: 150 to 250 lbs N/A
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Nitrogen • Tobacco highly responsive
– Deficiency • Pale green/yellow • Stunted growth
• Nitrate-N form is taken up by plants – Ammonium-N fertilizer sources have to be
converted to nitrate in soil • Lowers soil pH • Some N may be lost
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Effect of N rate and method of application on burley tobacco yield.
2000.0
2250.0
2500.0
2750.0
3000.0
0 100 200 300 400
N rate (lbs/A)
Yiel
d (lb
s/A
)Poly. (Preplant) Poly. (Split )
If 1/3 or more of N is sidedressed, Total N used can be reduced by 15 to 25 lbs/A
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Excessive rates of N • Nitrate loading in top of plant
– Green tobacco at harvest and after curing
– Fleshy yellow spots that won’t cure
– Fat stems that persist after 8 weeks curing
– Potentially high levels of nitrosamines
• Lower soil pH – Mn toxicity
• Result in loss of contract???
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Possible Effects of Excessive Nitrogen
• Increased amounts of green tobacco following curing – Delayed maturity from excessive N in plant at season’s end
• Swelled or “fat’ stems – Nitrate loading of leaf midrib causing decreased moisture loss
• Possible negative effects on cured leaf chemistry
150 300 500 1000
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Dark Tobacco Nitrogen Rate Trials 10 trials over 4 locations and 4 years
Varieties: NL Madole, DF 911, KY 171, KT D4LC
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
150 300 500 1000
Princeton 2003 Murray 2003 Christian Co. 2003 Princeton 2004Springfield 2004 Murray 2004 Christian Co. 2004 Springfield 2003Christian Co. 2005 Springfield 2006 Average
Total N Rate (lbs N/A)
Tota
l Yie
ld (l
bs/A
)
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Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Levels Immediately Following Tobacco Harvest
N Rate Trial – Springfield, TN - 2006
5.3 13.2 18.2
45.4 36.8
9272.5
181.1
020406080
100120140160180200
150 300 500 1000
NO3-N (mg/L) NO3-N (mg/kg)
Total N applied
NO
3 lef
t in
soil
follo
win
g ha
rves
t
LSD0.05 = 12.5 31.1
Res Soil N (mg/L)
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Soil pH and Mn Toxicty
• Caused by low soil pH – not enough lime – too much N fertilzer
• Stunts growth • May reduce yield 200 to
300 lbs./A • Soil test and add lime as
needed • Recommended soil pH =
6.4 to 6.6 Mn Toxicity
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Ammonium Nitrate Issues
• Most common N source for tobacco growers • Homeland security concerns
– Can be used to make explosives – Easy availability
• Some manufacturing plants have closed – Tighter supplies
• Some imported ammonium nitrate will be brought in
– Higher costs
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New N Source
• Dolomite – Ammonium Nitrate (27-0-0) – Ammonium nitrate mixed with dolomitic lime
• 80% ammonium nitrate
– Theoretically similar to ammonium nitrate • Can impregnate some chemicals ?
– Relatively high cost • Availability? • Bagged only?
– Limited practical experience
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Ammonium N Sources • Urea (46% N) – Intermediate cost – Handling similar to ammon nitrate
• Can impregnate some chemicals • Same lime requirement as AN
– Converted to nitrate in the soil • Subject to loss if surface applied
– Apply to dry soil – Incorporate or water in
• Delayed uptake (Don’t use for sidedress)
– Feasible alternative if managed properly
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Liquid N Sources
• Liquid Solutions (28 – 32% N) – Intermediate cost – Mixture of urea, ammonium nitrate, and water – Relatively easy to transport, store, and apply
• Most nurse tanks • Many types of sprayers
– Corrosive to equipment – Should be incorporated
– Feasible for tobacco production
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Nitrate N Sources • Calcium Nitrate (15.5% N) • Sodium-Potassium Nitrate (15% N) • Potassium Nitrate
– Immediate uptake (good for sidedress) – Good for low pH soils – Erratic availability – High cost
• Low analysis • high transport cost
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Conversion to Nitrate in Soil
% of Fertilizer as NO3-N N Source Weeks After Application
0 3 6 Ammonium Nitrate 50 80 90 Anhydrous Ammonia 0 20 65 Urea 0 50 75 UAN Solution 25 60 80 Nitrate Sources 100 100 100
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Phosphorous and Potassium Fertilization
• Use soil test to determine need – 70 % of tobacco patches do not need additional P – 30 % of tobacco patches do not need additional K
• Lower price and more available in Fall • Scout fields for signs of deficiency
– adjust rates to fit specific soil conditions • Do not use muriate of potash in spring
– Chloride is detrimental to leaf quality • Use animal manure in moderation
– Chicken litter – no more than 2 tons/A
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High chloride in tobacco • Poor cured leaf color
– dingy, muddy, variegated • Imparts unpleasant flavor and aroma to smoke • Reduces burn rate • Cause cured leaf to hold moisture
– moldy stems / fat stems – high case can lead to rot during storage – nitrosamines ??
• Limit on spring Muriate of Potash: – No more than 50 lbs Cl/A – Muriate of Potash = ~50% Cl (100 lbs/A 0-0-60)
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Phosphorus Deficiency
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Potassium Deficiency
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Calcium Deficiency
– Usually noticed around topping time
– Can be confused with phenoxy herbicide drift
– Temporary – Usually alleviated by change in moisture
– Worse in some burley varieties – KT 200
– Yield losses thought to be minor
MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCES
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Possible Boron Deficiency
Soil pH = 7.5 Plant Boron 24 ppm
Burley Dark
Soil pH = 7.3 Plant Boron = 14 ppm
Foliar Boron may Alleviate 0.25 lbs/A Boron = 1.5 Solubor DF/A foliar