to kien_public or semipublic semiprivate - the dilemma of sidewalk in vietnam

7/29/2019 To Kien_Public or Semipublic Semiprivate - The Dilemma of Sidewalk in Vietnam

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Public or Semipublic-Semiprivate ?:The Dilemma of Sidewalk in Vietnam

ForUm for Urban Future in Southeast Asia

Public Space & Governance

Dr. To Kien

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Kyushu University, Japan

Lecturer, National University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam


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Dr. To Kien



Acknowledgment

This study and presentation has been

supported by the generous funds from German

Academic Exchange Foundation (DAAD)

for the attendance of this Seminar, and for

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

(JSPS) for the surveys of this research


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My current Postdoctoral research (Kyushu U.)

Main track

1. Asian urban spatial compactness and high density residential areas

2. Asian street space, street activities, sidewalk usage and temporal changes

3. Urban person trip survey and travel habit related to Asian compact city form

4. Vendor-shopping as alternative shopping pattern and its effectiveness

Supplemental interests

5. Comparative study of high density Chinatowns in Southeast Asia

6. Housing and community development, community-based planning

7. Gated community and socio-spatial polarization

8. Public and Semi-public spaces

9. Asian urban fringe development, urban governance, Asian Urbanism


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Dr. To Kien



General theoretical background

Conceptual benchmark 1: 3 basic type of life/space

- Public Life / Public Space- Community Life/ Community Space- Private Life/ Private Space

Conceptual benchmark 2: Conventional standard sidewalk (SW)

- Legality: Sidewalk (SW) is public (public owned/accessible)- Main designated function: Walkway for pedestrians

- Basic SW space participation:

+ Stakeholders (SH): Pedestrian

+ Designated objects (DO): Street furniture

(Bench, Trash Bin, Power/Light Poll, etc.),

Tree (where applicable), Caf/Restaurant (specific cases)

+ Temporary Obstacles (TO) : Yes, but should be limited

+ Permanent Obstacles (PO): None

SH

DO

TO

SW


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Dr. To Kien



Characteristics of SW in Asia

SW includes all 3 types of life/space: Public, Community, Private

Compared with Western/High-industrialized countries:

SW mainly for just Public, rarely for Community or Private

Temporal change of space usage

- Space usage changes by hours, or by days (weekdays, weekends)

- My new keyword of research (my own term, new approach): 4D

4D = 3 (spatial) Dimensions + 1 (temporal) Dimension

- Examples of new terms:

4D spatial planning, 4D urbanism, 4D urban governance, etc.


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SW scenes in different Asian cities

Some pictures from

My surveys in Asiaduring the last 5 years


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Singapore


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Yogyakarta


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Kuala Lumpur


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Melacca


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Fukuoka


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Seoul


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Taipei


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Historical review: SW in Hanoi in the past

Historically, there used to be no sidewalk in the old Vietnamese cities.

It was firstly designed and built during the French colony in the late 19th

Century as a product of Western urban design standard.

Before and shortly after the Economic Reform (or Doi Moi) in 1986,

there were already living and commercial activities on the sidewalk dueto traditional lifestyle, yet not very intense. Thus, it was mainly used in

the conventional way.

Only since the enhancement of the economic development during themid-90s and the economic boom after the year 2000, the sidewalk in

Hanoi as well as other big cities has been getting busier, more utilized,

more participated and more occupied.


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Ca. 1900


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1920s


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1940s


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1980s

I t d ti f t SW it ti i Vi t


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Introduction of current SW situation in Vietnam

The sidewalk in Vietnam is a cramped and shared space of a wide range

of users (e.g. pedestrians, shop runners, local residents, service users,

customers, etc.) and objects (e.g. street furniture, commercial-related

obstacles, personal stuff, parked vehicles, etc.).

The foremost and most interesting example of this situation is the case of

Hanois Old Quarter (HOQ).

In Vietnam, technically and legally speaking, the sidewalk is a public space

designed and reserved for pedestrians following conventional model.

But in reality, the sidewalk is actually a semipublic-semiprivate space

used in a much more complex and controversial manner, and thus,

becomes an urban governance dilemma.

Many regulations for sidewalk usage and management have been

launched from time to time, but no effective solution has been found so far.

Ch t i ti f SW i Vi t (C HOQ)


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Dr. To Kien

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Kyushu University, JapanLecturer, National University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam

Characteristics of SW in Vietnam (Case: HOQ)

Vietnam: A country of motorcycle

=> Dense motorcycle parking on SW

Disorder of walk path on SW:

Disorder zic-zac cramped

remained space for walking

or even no space left for walking

Characteristics of SW in Vietnam (Case: Hanois Old Quarter-HOQ)

includes all Asian characteristics with even more intensification & chaos


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Typical street space in Hanois Old Quarter

(Sidewalk usage is subject to change by law)

A: shop house & expanded shop space to sidewalk;B: Pedestrian walk path;C: Bike/Motorbike parking

D: Vendors temporary stop spaceE: Customers temporary stop spaceF: Carriageway

Spatial territory of research interest

(Expanded street-front space)

Street spaceStreet-frontspace

expanded Street-front space

expanded Street-front space = Street-front space (Sidewalk & above) + Street-front rooms + side part of carriageway


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Shopwidth6m

Shop depth 5m

COMPERISON of street-front spatial usageCommon model vs. Hanois theoretical model

Spatial and temporal analysis

Common model Hanois theoretical model

Sidewalk 3mStreet(Carriageway)

3m

3m

Shop depth 5m

Sidewalk 2.5m

Street(Carriag

eway)

Tree

Walkway

Walkway

Temporary-stop

vendor

Tree

Spatialterritory of

researchinterest

Spatialterritory of

researchinterest


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0h-2h

2h-4h4h-6h

6h-8h

8h-10h

10h-12h

12h-14h

14h-16h

16h-18h18h-20h

20h-22h

22h-24h

0h-2h

2h-4h4h-6h

6h-8h

8h-10h

10h-12h

12h-14h

14h-16h

16h-18h18h-20h

20h-22h

22h-24h

Depth 5m Depth 5m+Extension

Comparison of street-front spatial usageConventional model vs. Hanois theoretical model

Spatial and temporal analysis

Conventional model Hanois theoretical model


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Theoretical model of a sample shop & shop-front space

in Hanois Old Quarter

depth 4m

Carr

iageway

(averageriding

speed

25km/h)

Temporary-stop

vendor

The rear part of a

tube-house

(dwelling, yards,

kitchen, toilets)

Jewelry

shop

1.5m

1m

Money

Exchange

Extendeddisplay

S

idewalk

1m

1m

Tea stall

Under

The tree

2.5m

Motorbike

Parking

Pedestrians

0.9m

Display

Pedestrians

Limitation ofstreet space

(Also publicand private)

Semi-public

Space

Illustration image

Dil f SW i Vi t (C HOQ)


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Dilemma of SW in Vietnam (Case: HOQ)

Those who BENEFIT: Shop-owners, bus iness-owners, shop-keepers,

tempo rar i ly sto pped vendo rs, street-front resid ents, local residents&

external cu stom erswho use the commercial services, local autho r i ty

and regulat ion enforc ement teamswho corrupt, art ists, cul tur is tsand

cultu ral-or iented tou r ists, and any ci t izens who dis l ike visual order

Stakeholders:

Those who SUFFER: None-street-fron t resident s, loc al and external

pedestr ians, traff ic attendants, accident vict im s, f i re-protecto rs,

law-makers,and any ci t izens who dis l ike the visual chaos.

Mixed type: Mixed of the 2 above

Dil f SW i Vi t (C HOQ)


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Dilemma of SW in Vietnam (Case: HOQ)

To balance all aspects and satisfy all stakeholders is difficult, and is a dilemma.

Trees, str eet furn iture(power pillars, trash bins, etc),

parked bicy clesand mo torcycles, shop furn i ture, etc.

Obstacles:

Walking , Bic yc leand mo torcycle parking, merchandise disp lays,

food s tal lsand tea stal ls, ch i ldren playing , communic at ion p lace, etc.

Activities:

- International and regional context

- Traditional living culture

- Habitual lifestyle- Education and common consensus

- Market economy

- Law, regulations and policy

Influential factors:

Case study: Hanois Old Quarter


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Some pictures from

My surveys in HOQduring the last 10 years


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Case study: Hanoi s Old Quarter

Survey component 1:

Documentation of SW usage(sample plan, elevation)



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Plan of Ta Hien Street



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Elevation of Hang Dao Street

ca.30m


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B

DA

E

F

HI

Street portion

Street section

Street corner

C

G

A Arterial mainstreets

B Secondary arterialmain Streets, also

former China town

C Small street,Alley

D Typical compactstreet corner

E Peripheral

Arterial mainstreets

F Caf Street

G

H

I

Citys Heart

Main streets



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Survey component 2:

Residential questionnaire test(Showing some data)

Survey stakeholders: residents, shop owners, shop keepers, customers, local authority


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Survey stakeholders: residents, shop owners, shop keepers, customers, local authority



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Survey component 3:

Temporal change of SW usage(2 observation surveys: day-scale & hour-scale)

Early morning


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Early morning

Noon


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Noon

Afternoon


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Afternoon

Evening


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Evening

Late evening


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Late evening

Night


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Night



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y

Hour-scale survey:

- Location: 1 ma May St, HOQ (In front of Align Caf)

-Survey time: 19h00 19h50 (19 Dec 2009, Saturday)

- Big event of the day: None

- Sidewalk width: 2.8 m

- SW condition: bike parking

- Form of vacant passage: Zic-zac


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19:00 19:00

19:03 19:25


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19:37 19:49

Sub-conclusion of the survey:

- Temporal change is a very interesting and essential issue of urban

spatial studies of Asian cities

- In some cases, the changes happen very quickly (like the case of

vendor stopping), so the space usage efficiency is very high


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DLOCATION

LittleHanoiTerritory for measurement

1

2

3

4

5

6

7



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y

Survey component 4:

Pedestrian behavior(sample data)



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y

Survey index

- Location: 53 Hang Ngang St, HOQ

- Survey time: 16h30 17h30 (17 Dec 2009, Thursday)

- Big event of the day:

A Southeast Asia football match to be held at 19h,in which the Vietnamese team plays

- Sidewalk width: 3.4 m

- SW condition: bike parking(1.8m width vacant passage left for walking)

- Length of vacant passage: app. 25m


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Observation

location


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303 /hour

312 /hour

No of pedestrians on roadside


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Sub-conclusion of the survey:

- Walking on the roadside has become a habit of local people

despite rather favorable sidewalk condition

- The higher percents of foreigners to walk on sidewalk showed

the habitual cultural aspect of the issue

49%51%

No. of pedestrians on roadside

No. of pedestrians on sidewalk (Many are foreigners)

Conclusion


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Dr. To Kien

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Kyushu University, JapanLecturer, National University of Civil Engineering, Vietnam

Unlike conventional SW technically designed and functionally reserved

for pedestrians and street furniture, the SW in Vietnam is a

semipublic-semiprivate space (or temporarily private public space)used, utilized and occupied by a wide range of stakeholders with a

number of activities, and by different obstacles.

Through the case of Vietnam, especially the interesting and typical case

study in Hanois Old Quarter, the research has shown the complexity ofsidewalk usage in Vietnam and its dilemma.

It has urged that sidewalk usage should not only simply assessed by the

conventional technical concept and perception since its birth, but should

also be assessed and/or reassessed from the local context, with a broaderinterdisciplinary point of view considering different stakeholders and

factors, different merits and demerits broadly impact on the society. In

short, it urged the need for reconceptualization of Street and Street space.


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to kien_public or semipublic semiprivate - the dilemma of sidewalk in vietnam

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