Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3...

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1 Osnove građe Osnove građe TNZ TNZ Osnove građe Osnove građe mozgovnog mozgovnog debla i malog debla i malog mozga mozga Prof. d Prof. dr. r. sc. sc. Ivica Ivica Grković Grković Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1 Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1-929007 929007-15 15-9, Plate # 108A 9, Plate # 108A Što ćemo Što ćemo raditi na raditi na seminaru seminaru? Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovi Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grković, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General anatomy, General anatomy, 1st 1st ed. ed., Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200 Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0 , ISBN: 0-734 734-02691 2691-9 Odgovarati na slijedaća Odgovarati na slijedaća pitanja: pitanja: 1. 1. Što Što je moždano deblo je moždano deblo? 2. Gdje je moždano deblo 2. Gdje je moždano deblo smješteno? smješteno? 3. Od kojih je djelova 3. Od kojih je djelova sastavljeno? sastavljeno? 4. Zašto je moždano deblo tako 4. Zašto je moždano deblo tako važan dio CNS važan dio CNS-a ? a ? Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovi Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grković, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General General anatomy, anatomy, 1st ed. 1st ed., Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200 Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, , ISBN: 0 ISBN: 0-734 734-02691 2691-9 Odgovarati na slijedaća Odgovarati na slijedaća pitanja: pitanja: 5. Kako izgleda izvana? 5. Kako izgleda izvana? 6. Kako izgleda iznutra? 6. Kako izgleda iznutra? 7. Kakva mu je trodimenzionalna 7. Kakva mu je trodimenzionalna organizacija? organizacija? Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovi Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grković, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General General anatomy, anatomy, 1st ed. 1st ed., Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200 Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, , ISBN: 0 ISBN: 0-734 734-02691 2691-9 Moždano deblo Moždano deblo U stražnjoj lubanjskoj jami U stražnjoj lubanjskoj jami Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne dekusacije dekusacije Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0-683 683-06141 06141-0, Figure # 9.1. 0, Figure # 9.1.

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Page 1: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

1

Osnove građeOsnove građe

TNZ TNZ

Osnove građe Osnove građe mozgovnog mozgovnog debla i malog debla i malog mozgamozgaProf. dProf. dr.r. sc.sc. Ivica Ivica GrkovićGrković Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon

Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 108A9, Plate # 108A

Što ćemo Što ćemo raditi na raditi na seminaruseminaru??

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & GrkoviEizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovićć, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General anatomy, General anatomy, 1st 1st ed.ed.,, Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 20033, ISBN: 0, ISBN: 0--734734--0026912691--99

Odgovarati na slijedaća Odgovarati na slijedaća pitanja:pitanja:

1. 1. Što Što je moždano debloje moždano deblo??

2. Gdje je moždano deblo 2. Gdje je moždano deblo smješteno?smješteno?

3. Od kojih je djelova 3. Od kojih je djelova sastavljeno?sastavljeno?

4. Zašto je moždano deblo tako 4. Zašto je moždano deblo tako važan dio CNSvažan dio CNS--a ?a ?

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & GrkoviEizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovićć, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General General anatomy, anatomy, 1st ed.1st ed.,, Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 20033, , ISBN: 0ISBN: 0--734734--0026912691--99

Odgovarati na slijedaća Odgovarati na slijedaća pitanja:pitanja:

5. Kako izgleda izvana?5. Kako izgleda izvana?

6. Kako izgleda iznutra?6. Kako izgleda iznutra?

7. Kakva mu je trodimenzionalna 7. Kakva mu je trodimenzionalna organizacija?organizacija?

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & GrkoviEizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovićć, Anatomedia , Anatomedia General General anatomy, anatomy, 1st ed.1st ed.,, Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 200Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 20033, , ISBN: 0ISBN: 0--734734--0026912691--99

Moždano debloMoždano deblo

U stražnjoj lubanjskoj jamiU stražnjoj lubanjskoj jami

Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalneOd mamilarnih tijela do piramidalneOd mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne Od mamilarnih tijela do piramidalne dekusacijedekusacije

Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0--683683--0614106141--0, Figure # 9.1.0, Figure # 9.1.

Page 2: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

2

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 100A9, Plate # 100A

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 69, Plate # 6

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 98A9, Plate # 98A

Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomedia General Anatomy. 1st ed. Eizenberg, Briggs, Barker & Grkovic, An@tomedia General Anatomy. 1st ed. Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0Melbourne, Anatomedia Publishing, 2003, ISBN: 0--734734--0269102691--99

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B

Moždano debloMoždano deblo

Medula, pons i međumozak imaju tipične Medula, pons i međumozak imaju tipične površnopovršno--anatomske karakteristikeanatomske karakteristike

Page 3: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

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Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 108B9, Plate # 108B

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 108B9, Plate # 108B

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 108A9, Plate # 108A

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B

Page 4: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

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Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 10Figure # 10--22

Moždano debloMoždano deblo

Funkcionalni značajFunkcionalni značaj

--Provodna funkcijaProvodna funkcija (ascending and descending (ascending and descending tracts)tracts)tracts)tracts)

--Jezgre kranijalnih živacaJezgre kranijalnih živaca (10/12)(10/12)--IntegrativIntegrativna ulogana uloga (central core of the brainstem (central core of the brainstem

–– reticular formation)reticular formation)

Klinička ulogaKlinička uloga--Akutne ozlijedeAkutne ozlijede

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 11Figure # 11--55 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey,

Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 1109, Plate # 110

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997, ISBN: 01997, ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 12Figure # 12--66

Nolte J. The Human Brain. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999, Nolte J. The Human Brain. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999, ISBN: 0ISBN: 0--81518151--89118911--7, Figure # 117, Figure # 11--55

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Kandel, Schwartz & Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, McGrawNew York, McGraw--Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0--0707--112000112000--9, Figure # 449, Figure # 44--77

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 11Figure # 11--55

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 13Figure # 13--1111

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 128, Figure # 12--88

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 118, Figure # 11--1111

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 128, Figure # 12--1111

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Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 138, Figure # 13--88

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 138, Figure # 13--1212

Jezgre kranijalnih Jezgre kranijalnih živacaživaca

--Kako su organizirane u moKako su organizirane u moždanom debluždanom deblu??--Kako su jezgre mjeKako su jezgre mješovitih živaca ustrojenešovitih živaca ustrojene??

Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Moore, K.L. & Dalley, A.F. Clinically oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 0--683683--0614106141--0, Figure # 9.1.0, Figure # 9.1.

Kranijalni Kranijalni živciživciKoje vrste aferentnih i eferentnih vlakana imaju kranijalni Koje vrste aferentnih i eferentnih vlakana imaju kranijalni živciživci??

Senzorni/osjetni (aferentni)Senzorni/osjetni (aferentni)

1. Op1. Općići Somatski Aferentni (OSA): V, VII, IX, XSomatski Aferentni (OSA): V, VII, IX, Xdodir, bol, temperatura, exterocepcija sa kododir, bol, temperatura, exterocepcija sa kože, mukoze i mišićaže, mukoze i mišića

2. Specijalni Somatski Aferentni (SSA): VIII, I, II2. Specijalni Somatski Aferentni (SSA): VIII, I, IIsluh i ravnotesluh i ravnoteža, njuh i vid ža, njuh i vid

3. Op3. Općići Visceralni Aferentni (OVA): IX, XVisceralni Aferentni (OVA): IX, Xmehanomehano-- i kemoi kemo--senzorni iz farinksa, larinksa ,vrata i utrobesenzorni iz farinksa, larinksa ,vrata i utrobe

4. Specialni Visceralni Aferentni (SVA): VII, IX, X4. Specialni Visceralni Aferentni (SVA): VII, IX, Xokusokus

Kranijalni Kranijalni živciživciKoje vrste aferentnih i eferentnih vlakana imaju kranijalni Koje vrste aferentnih i eferentnih vlakana imaju kranijalni živciživci??

Motorni (eferentni)Motorni (eferentni)

1. Op1. Općići Somatski Eferentni (OSE): III, IV, VI, XIISomatski Eferentni (OSE): III, IV, VI, XIIskeletni miskeletni mišićišići–– iz somita (ekstraokularni i jeziiz somita (ekstraokularni i jezičnični mimišićišići))

2. Op2. Općići Visceralni Eferentni (OVE): III, VII, IX, XVisceralni Eferentni (OVE): III, VII, IX, Xglatki miglatki mišići žlijezda i stijenke šupljih organašići žlijezda i stijenke šupljih organa

3. Specialni Visceralni Eferentni (SVE): V, VII, IX, X, XI3. Specialni Visceralni Eferentni (SVE): V, VII, IX, X, XIskeletni miskeletni mišićišići–– branhiogeni (mimibranhiogeni (mimični, žvačni, ždrijelni i čni, žvačni, ždrijelni i

grkljanski grkljanski mimišići)šići)

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Moore, K.L. Moore, K.L. & Dalley, & Dalley, A.F. A.F. Clinically Clinically oriented oriented anatomy. 4th anatomy. 4th ed. ed. Philadelphia Philadelphia Lippincott Lippincott Williams & Williams & Wilkins, Wilkins, 1999, ISBN: 1999, ISBN: 00--683683--0614106141--0, Table # 0, Table # 9.1.9.1.

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 1119, Plate # 111

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 1119, Plate # 111

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Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 1119, Plate # 111

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Kandel, Schwartz & Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, McGrawNew York, McGraw--Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0--0707--112000112000--9, Figure # 449, Figure # 44--66

Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. New Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, McGrawYork, McGraw--Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0--0707--112000112000--9, Figure # 449, Figure # 44--66

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, 8, Figure # 10Figure # 10--66 Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone,

1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 138, Figure # 13--1212

Page 9: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

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Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 108B9, Plate # 108B

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997, ISBN: 0ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 138, Figure # 13--66

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 138, Figure # 13--88

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 128, Figure # 12--1111

Haines, D.E. Haines, D.E. Fundamental Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Neuroscience. 1stst

ed. New York, ed. New York, Churchill Churchill Livingstone, 1997 Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 0ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 8, Figure # 1212--1212

Page 10: Što ćemo raditi na seminaruseminaru?? đeneuron.mefst.hr/docs/katedre/neuroznanost/katedra...3 Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning

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Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 118, Figure # 11--1111

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109A9, Plate # 109A

Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1Haines, D.E. Fundamental Neuroscience. 1stst ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1997 ISBN: 01997 ISBN: 0--443443--0887408874--8, Figure # 128, Figure # 12--88

Kandel, Schwartz & Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, McGrawNew York, McGraw--Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0--0707--112000112000--9, Figure # 449, Figure # 44--88

Kandel, Schwartz & Kandel, Schwartz & Jessell, Principles of Jessell, Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. Neural Science. 4th ed. New York, McGrawNew York, McGraw--Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0Hill, 2002, ISBN: 0--0707--112000112000--9, Figure # 449, Figure # 44--66

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Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B

Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Netter, F.H. Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. New Jersey, Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1Icon Learning Systems, 2003, ISBN: 1--929007929007--1515--9, Plate # 109B9, Plate # 109B