TO DETERMINE THE NATURE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC BY IDENTIFYING THEIR ACTIONS

THAT LED TO THE CREATION OF A STATE AND SOCIETY

PRAGMATIC & PRACTICAL SENATUS POPULUSQUE

ROMANUM “THE ROMAN SENATE & PEOPLE”

CONSTITUTION CHANGED AS SOCIETY CHANGED 509 BCE VS. 27 BCE

CONSTITUTION SET OF TRADITIONAL BELIEFS, CUSTOMS & LAWS

SOCIAL DIVISIONS SHAPED POLITICS

PATRICIANS 10% PLEBIANS 90%

SENATE –STABILITY & CONTINUITY

EXECUTIVE – 2 CONSULS LEGISLATURE – STRUGGLE

OF THE ORDERS SENATE ASSEMBLY OF CENTURIES TRIBUNES – PLEBES W/ VETO ASSEMBLY OF TRIBES 12 TABLES 451 BC – 1ST

LEGAL CODE LANDMARK 287 ALL LAWS

PASSED BY PLEBEIAN ASSEMBLY HAD FORCE OF LAW & BINDING ON ALL – NO SENATE APPROVAL

LASTING LEGACY WAS STRUGGLE ORDERLY, PEACEFUL & NOT VIOLENT – PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS

ALL MALE CITIZENS = BEFORE THE LAW

PATERFAMILIAS

500-300 BCE - CONQUEST OF ITALY – GAULS – PAID OFF TO LEAVE 390BCE

SUPERIOR ORGANIZATION, INSTITUTIONS & MANPOWER WON OUT TIME AFTER TIME

COLONIZATION – SPREAD CULTURE; GENIUS WAS BRING-ING HETEROGENEOUS GROUPS INTO 1 POL. SYSTEM

2 GROUPS – THOSE IN & AROUND ROME “ROMANS” AND THOSE FURTHER FROM ROME - “ITALIANS” – NO VOTE

THIS STRATEGY ALLOWED FOR PEOPLES TO SHARE A CULTURE TO BECOME “ROMAN”

SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY

BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH

PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS

1ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE

CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

SAMNITE WARS 282 BCE: PYRRHIC VICTORY – ROME HAS DIRECT CONTACT WITH GREEKS IN S. ITALY

BY 264 BCE ALL ITALY UNDER ROMAN CONTROL EXCEPT EXTREME NORTH

PUNIC WARS WITH CARTHAGE (MAJOR MEDITERRANEAN POWER) 3 SEPARATE WARS

1ST 264-241 BCE – BEGAN IN SICILY, ROME DEVELOPED NAVY & DEFEATS CARTHAGE

CARTHAGE GAVE UP SICILY & PAID ROME INDEMNITY – 1ST ROMAN OVERSEAS PROVINCE

H. BARCA

EXTENDS C.

LAND IN SPAIN

FOR

MANPOWER

SPAIN DIVIDED

B/W C. & R.

C. PROVOKED &

DECLARES WAR

BAD FOR ROME

UNTIL BATTLE

OF ZAMA 202

BCE

R. CONTROLS

SPAIN, C. $,

WON’T DECLARE

WAR W/O PERM.

2ND PUNIC WAR 218-202 BCE – ROME SEIZED CORSICA & SARDINIA

CARTHAGE BASICALLY NEUTERED BUT SOME ROMANS WANT MORE – CONSERVATIVES CONTROL SENATE

ROME DECLARES WAR A 3RD TIME SINCE C. BROKE TREATY BUT NOT A REAL THREAT

149-146 BCE CARTHAGE NO MATCH FOR

ROMANS UNDER SCIPIO AEMILIANUS AFRICANUS THE YOUNGER

CARTHAGE ROMAN TERRITORY CALLED “AFRICA”

CITY RAZED, SURVIVORS SOLD INTO SLAVERY

CONFLICT BETWEEN ROMANS AND MACEDONIANS & SELEUCID KINGDOM

ROME CHAMPIONED GREEK STATES’ FREEDOM & INDEPENDENCE

TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES REARRANGED IN HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS AS A RESULT

FREEDOM BY 196 BCE

ROME TRIED TO STAY OUT OF GREEK AFFAIRS BUT WILL MAKE THEM PROVINCES STARTING IN 148 BCE

MACEDONIA, CORINTH, PEGAMUM DEEDED TO ROME 133 BCE – FIRST ROMAN PROVINCE IN ASIA

MARE NOSTRUM; “OUR SEA”; MASTER OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

SPAIN TO ASIA MINOR BY 130 BCE