tntp irreplaceables study — july 30, 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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[ogkqvwnogjom whk Qknb Qkwkowjdo Fqjvjv jo Nikqjfnv [qano Vfhddbv
Kianqmd ldq qkbknvk3 Idognz" C{bz 65" 15>1>355 UI KVW
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WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV[ogkqvwnogjom whk Qknb Qkwkowjdo Fqjvjv jo Nikqjfnv [qano Vfhddbv
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JOWQDG[FWJDO3BDVV DL N MQKNW WKNFHKQ
D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMDL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQ
KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNBWKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJV
QKFDIIKOGNWJDOV3VINQW QKWKOWJDO
WKFHOJFNB NUUKOGJX
ODWKV
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NF@OD]BKGMIKOWVInoz jogj|jg{nbv nfqdvv WOWU }kqk jovwq{ikownb jo fqknwjom whjv qkudqw/ Ikbjvvn ]{ bkg d{q w}d)zknq qkvknqfh klldqw
nog d{q wnbkowkg nonbzvw wkni3 @kbbj Idqmno" Ckoojlkq H{q" @ziakqbjk Vfhjlqjo" Bjvn Mdqgdo" Mjon Q{vvkbb" Hnj H{zoh nog
Vnogz Vhnoodo/
Nogz Cnfda" Kbjsnakwh \jgznqwhj nog @nwhbkko Fnqqdbb bkg }qjwjom nog gkvjmo klldqwv/
Ld{q ikiakqv dl WOWUv bkngkqvhju wkniWjidwhz Gnbz" Gnojkb ]kjvakqm" Gn|jg @kkbjom nog Ninogn @dfdo}kqk
gkkubz jo|db|kg jo k|kqz vwnmk dl whk uqdckfw/ Fqzvwnb Hnqido nog Nbk`n Fnbvdznv nbvd nov}kqkg ~{kvwjdov nog vhnqkg
|nb{nabk jovjmhwv nbdom whk }nz/
]k nqk mqnwkl{b ldq whk fdowqja{wjdov dl d{q Wkfhojfnb Ng|jvdqz Unokb3 Cnok Hnoon}nz" Kqjf Hno{vhk`" Fdqz @dkgkb"
V{vnoon Bdka nog Cnikv ]zf`dll/ Whkjq fnogjg lkkganf` do d{q ikwhdgdbdmz nog ogjomv hkbukg u{vh d{q whjo`jom nogvhnuk whk onb qkudqw/ Jo nggjwjdo" }k }jvh wd whno` Ckvvjfn Bk|jo ldq hkq jo|nb{nabk jou{w/
Vukfjnb whno`v wd whk Ajbb , Ikbjogn Mnwkv Ld{ognwjdo" Fnqokmjk Fdqudqnwjdo dl Ok} Zdq`" Fhnqbkv nog Hkbko
Vfh}na Ld{ognwjdo" Bn{qn nog Cdho Nqodbg Ld{ognwjdo" Cdzfk Ld{ognwjdo" Odzfk Ld{ognwjdo" nog whk ]nbwdo Lnijbz
Ld{ognwjdo" }hdvk v{uudqw ldq d{q dqmnojsnwjdo in`kv whjv }dq` udvvjabk/
Ljonbbz" }k nqk gkkubz jogkawkg wd whk vwnll dl whk vfhddb gjvwqjfwv whnw wdd` unqw jo d{q vw{gz" nog wd whk whd{vnogv dl
wknfhkqv nog uqjofjunbv }hd nov}kqkg d{q ~{kvwjdov nog hkbukg {v {ogkqvwnog whkjq kxukqjkofkv/
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Vnqnh> }nv n v{ffkvvl{b u{abjf vfhddb wknfhkq }jwh idqk
whno whqkk gkfngkv dl kxukqjkofk jo hkq bnqmk Vd{whkqo
fjwz/ Vhk hng fdik wd Ckllkqvdo do n ijvvjdo3 wd vhnqk
hkq fdovjgkqnabk v`jbbv }jwh vwnll nog vw{gkowv nw n vfhddb
vwq{mmbjom }jwh unjol{bbz bd} nfhjk|kikow/
Gkvujwk whk fhnbbkomkv hkq bd})jofdik vw{gkowv lnfkg"
Vnqnh hkbukg whki in`k kxwqndqgjonqz nfngkijf vwqjgkv
fdiunqkg }jwh dwhkq wknfhkqv jo hkq vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw/
Nbidvw nbb dl hkq w}d gdsko ld{qwh)mqngk vw{gkowv vud`k
Vunojvh nw hdik" nog whkjq Kombjvh v`jbbv }kqk vhn`z/ A{w
}hko whkz wdd` qk~{jqkg inwh nog qkngjom wkvwv jo Kombjvhwhnw vuqjom" nbb a{w dok unvvkg whk inwh kxni" nog nbb a{w
ld{q unvvkg qkngjom/
C{vw nv jiudqwnow" vw{gkowv kocdzkg vukogjom wjik jo hkq
fbnvvqddi/ Qn{fd{v >5)zknq)dbgv }hd }d{bgow vwnz jo
whkjq vknwv jo Vkuwkiakq }kqk qkbnxkg nog qkngjom wdmkwhkq
do whk vwdqz q{m az Od|kiakq/ Whkz wqknwkg dok nodwhkq
}jwh `jogokvv" nog bdd`kg wd Vnqnh nv n wq{vwkg nbbz nog
fdognowk/ Jo w{qo" vhk lkbw fdiijwwkg wd hkq vw{gkowv nog
uqd{g dl whkjq nffdiubjvhikowv/ Vhk gjgow }now wd ujf`
{u nog id|k/
Zkw whkqk vhk }nv nw whk kog dl whk zknq" qkbdfnwjom wd
n u{abjf vfhddb nfqdvv wd}o/ Whkqk }nv bjwwbk udjow jo
vwjf`jom nqd{og Ckllkqvdo" vhk m{qkg" vjofk vfhddb bkngkqv
mn|k hkq bjwwbk qkfdmojwjdo" lnjbkg wd wn`k ng|nownmk dl
hkq jovwq{fwjdonb kxukqwjvk nog vwzijkg whk vdqw dl wkni)
a{jbgjom nog fdbbnadqnwjdo whnw hng hkbukg hkq addvw
ukqldqinofk nidom vw{gkowv nog lkbbd} wknfhkqv nw dwhkq
vfhddbv ldq gkfngkv/
Vnqnh ingk whk hknqwaqkn`jom gkfjvjdo wd bkn|k nlwkq vhk
akmno wd lkkb whnw vhk }nv dobz v{uudqwjom n lnjbjom vzvwki/
J mkw vwqdom qkv{bwv }jwh vw{gkowv fdovjvwkowbz" zknq nlwkq
zknq nlwkq zknq" vhk vnjg/ Whkvk `jgv hn|k bknqokg vd
i{fh nog fdik vd lnq/ Whkz|k qknbbz vwkuukg {u wd whkubnwk/ A{w jl whkz md anf` wd n ang wknfhkq" }hnw mddg
gjg J gd4
Vhk lkbw Ckllkqvdov jogjllkqkofk wd hkq wnbkow nog
fdowqja{wjdov wd whk |kqz kog/ ]hko vhk qkvjmokg" whk
uqjofjunb c{vw vjmokg iz unukq}dq`" nog gjgow k|ko vnz n
}dqg" vhk vnjg/ Jw ingk ik lkkb bj`k hk fd{bgow fnqk bkvv"
odw nad{w ik nog odw nad{w whjv vfhddb/
Jl hk }d{bg hn|k vnjg" ]hnwv jw mdjom wd wn`k ldq ik wd
mkw zd{ wd vwnz4 whnwv nbb hk hng wd gd" vhk vnjg/ Idvw
ukdubk" jl whkz hng n qknbbz gzonijf wknfhkq" }d{bgow whkz
vnz" ]hnwv jw mdjom wd wn`k4
JOWQDG[FWJDO3 BDVV DL N MQKNW WKNFHKQJo bnwk Inz dl 15>1" nv vw{gkowv nw Ckllkqvdo Kbkikownqz Vfhddb fbknokg d{w whkjq gkv`v nog
fkbkaqnwkg whk vwnqw dl v{iikq" dok dl whkjq ln|dqjwk wknfhkqv }nv unf`jom {u hkq whjomv nog
bkn|jom" wdd/ Dobz" {obj`k whki" vhk }d{bgow ak anf` jo whk lnbb/
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Whk Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk wknfhkqv vd v{ffkvvl{b whnw whkz nqk oknqbz jiudvvjabk wd qkubnfk/
LJM[QK > r ]HD NQK WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV4
D[WVWNOGJOM WKNFHKQV MKWWJOM MQKNW QKV[BWV JO VFHDDBV ONWJDO]JGK
JQQKUBNFKNABKV
Wdu 15+ dl wknfhkqv jovw{gjkg gjvwqjfwv" nv mn{mkg
az gjvwqjfw gnwn
VW[GKOW JIUNFW
Mkokqnwk ; wd < idqk idowhv dlvw{gkow bknqojom knfh zknq whno
n uddq ukqldqikq
VFDUK
7 {qano gjvwqjfwv"}jwh 1">55 vfhddbv" :5"555
wknfhkqv" >/7 ijbbjdo vw{gkowv
Bd})ukqldqijomwknfhkq
Hjmh)ukqldqijomwknfhkq
> zknq 1 zknqv
]HD NQK WHK JQQKUBNFKNABKV4Vnqnh jvow nbdok jo hkq v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddi dq hkq
kxukqjkofk nw hkq vfhddb/ Vhk jv unqw dl n mqd{u }k fnbb whk
Jqqkubnfknabkvwknfhkqv }hd nqk vd v{ffkvvl{b whkz nqk
oknqbz jiudvvjabk wd qkubnfk" a{w }hd wdd dlwko |nojvh lqdi
vfhddbv nv whk qkv{bw dl okmbkfw nog jonwwkowjdo/
1
Wd jgkowjlz nog akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whk kxukqjkofk dl whkvk
wknfhkqv" }k vwnqwkg az vw{gzjom :5"555 wknfhkqv nfqdvv
ld{q bnqmk" mkdmqnuhjfnbbz gj|kqvk {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv/
]k nbvd kxnijokg vw{gkow nfngkijf mqd}wh gnwn dq
|nb{k)nggkg qkv{bwv ldq nuuqdxjinwkbz 15"555 dl whdvk
wknfhkqv/ ]hjbk whkvk iknv{qkv fnoodw uqd|jgk n fdiubkwk
ujfw{qk dl n wknfhkqv ukqldqinofk dq najbjwz do whkjq
d}onog vhd{bgow ak whk dobz iknv{qk {vkg jo qknb)
}dqbg wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdovwhkz nqk whk idvw uqnfwjfnb
}nz wd jgkowjlz wqkogv jo n vw{gz dl whjv vfnbk" nog qkvknqfhhnv gkidovwqnwkg whnw whkz vhd} n qkbnwjdovhju wd dwhkq
ukqldqinofk iknv{qkv" v{fh nv fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov/6
]k {vkg whk gnwn wd jgkowjlz wknfhkqv }hd ukqldqikg
kxfkuwjdonbbz }kbb (az hkbujom vw{gkowv in`k i{fh idqk
nfngkijf uqdmqkvv whno kxukfwkg*" nog wd vkk hd} whkjq
kxukqjkofkv nog dujojdov nad{w whkjq }dq` gjllkqkg lqdi
dwhkq wknfhkqvunqwjf{bnqbz wknfhkqv }hdvk ukqldqinofk
}nv kxfkuwjdonbbz uddq/
Vd }hd nqk whk Jqqkubnfknabkv4 Whkz nqk" az noz iknv{qk"
d{q |kqz akvw wknfhkqv/ Nfqdvv whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg"
nad{w 15 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv lkbb jowd whk fnwkmdqz/ Do
n|kqnmk" knfh zknq whkz hkbu vw{gkowv bknqo w}d wd whqkk
nggjwjdonb idowhv }dqwh dl inwh nog qkngjom fdiunqkg}jwh whk n|kqnmk wknfhkq" nog |k wd vjx idowhv idqk
fdiunqkg wd bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/7 Akwwkq wkvw vfdqkv
nqk c{vw whk akmjoojom3 Vw{gkowv }hdvk wknfhkqv hkbu whki
in`k whkvk `jogv dl mnjov nqk idqk bj`kbz wd md wd fdbbkmk
nog knqo hjmhkq vnbnqjkv nv ng{bwv" nog whkz nqk bkvv bj`kbz wd
akfdik wkkonmk unqkowv/;
Wknfhkqv dl whjv fnbjakq odw dobz mkw d{wvwnogjom nfngkijf
qkv{bwv" a{w nbvd uqd|jgk n idqk komnmjom bknqojom
kxukqjkofk ldq vw{gkowv/ Ldq kxniubk" }hko ubnfkg jo whk
fbnvvqddi dl no Jqqkubnfknabk vkfdognqz inwh wknfhkq"vw{gkowv nqk i{fh idqk bj`kbz wd vnz whnw whkjq wknfhkq
fnqkv" gdkv odw bkw whki mj|k {u }hko whjomv mkw gjlf{bw
nog in`kv bknqojom kocdznabk (Ljm{qk 6*/+0 Gjvwqjfw Ahjmh ukqldqikqv3 15+0 Gjvwqjfw F hjmh ukqldqikqv3 15+0 Gjvwqjfw G hjmh ukqldqikqv3 >8+0 Vw{gkow jiunfw kvwjinwkv fnbf{bnwkg ldbbd}jom whkikwhdgdbdmz dl Hnhokb nog Cnf`vdo (15>1*/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn lqdi VZ 155:)>5 nog VZ 15>5)>>/
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LJM[QK 6 r VKFDOGNQZ)BK\KB VW[GKOWV QKVUDOGJOM IDVWBZ WQ[K DQ WDWNBBZ WQ[K
Vw{gkowv dl Bd})Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv Vw{gkowv dl Hjmh)Ukqldqijom Wknfhkqv
;>+
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WHK FHNBBKOMK3 OKMBJMKOW QKWKOWJDOWhk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jv odw vjiubz whk lnjb{qk wd qkwnjo kod{mh wknfhkqv0 jw jv whk lnjb{qk
wd qkwnjo whk qjmhw wknfhkqv/
]hko no Jqqkubnfknabk bkn|kv n bd})ukqldqijom vfhddb" jw
fno wn`k >> hjqkv wd og dok wknfhkq dl fdiunqnabk ~{nbjwz
(Ljm{qk 7*/ Zkw vfhddbv wkog wd wqknw whkjq akvw wknfhkqvnv whd{mh whkz nqk kxukognabk/ Inoz Jqqkubnfknabkv }k
v{q|kzkgoknqbz hnbl jo vdik gjvwqjfwvjogjfnwkg whnw
whkjq vfhddbv ingk bjwwbk wd od klldqw wd qkwnjo whki/>5
C{vw bj`k Vnqnh" no nvwd{ogjom w}d)whjqgv wdbg {v whnw whkjq
uqjofjunb hngow k|ko kofd{qnmkg whki wd vwnz (Ljm{qk ;*/
Wdu wknfhkqv vkki wd ak vhdqwfhnomkg nw k|kqz w{qo/
Udbjfjkv nw whk vwnwk nog bdfnb bk|kb dlwko fn{vk whki wd knqo
bkvv whno whkjq bknvw kllkfwj|k fdbbknm{kv nog lnjb wd uqdwkfw
whki jo whk k|kow dl bnzdllv/ Whkz kog{qk gjvwqjfwv nog
vfhddbv whnw lnjb wd |nb{k whkjq wnbkowv nog gd odw uqd|jgk
whki }jwh v{uudqwj|k vfhddb f{bw{qkv/
Nv }k }jbb vhd}" whjv ukq|nvj|k okmbkfw dl whk onwjdov akvw
wknfhkqv jv n gjvmqnfk whnw gkqnjbv vfhddb jiuqd|kikow
klldqwv nog qdav ijbbjdov dl vw{gkowv dl n udwkowjnbbz bjlk)
fhnomjom kg{fnwjdo/ ]k kvwjinwk whnw jo dok zknq nbdok"
nuuqdxjinwkbz >5"555 Jqqkubnfknabkv jo whk onwjdov ;5
bnqmkvw vfhddb gjvwqjfwv bklw whkjq gjvwqjfwv" dq bklw wknfhjom
kowjqkbz/>> Uqjofjunbv hn|k whk ud}kq wd fdo|jofk inoz dl
whkvk wknfhkqv wd vwnz bdomkq" a{w whkz dlwko gdow k|ko wqz/
C{vw nv whk vfhddbv }k vw{gjkg ingk bjwwbk klldqw wd qkwnjo
whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv" whkz ingk nbidvw od klldqw wd {qmk
bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd bkn|k nog nfw{nbbz kofd{qnmkginoz wd vwnzk|ko whdvk }hd" nlwkq zknqv dl kxukqjkofk"
nqk vwjbb odw ukqldqijom nv }kbb nv whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq
wknfhkq/>1 Nv n qkv{bw" }k kvwjinwk whnw oknqbz > jo k|kqz
>5 fbnvvqddiv jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg jv bkg az no
kxukqjkofkg a{w bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq/>6
Whk okmbkfw dl Jqqkubnfknabkv nog wdbkqnofk ldq uddq
ukqldqinofk nqk w}d vziuwdiv dl no k|ko bnqmkq uqdabki
dok whnw {ogkqijokv whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo jwvkbl3 n oknq)
wdwnb jogjllkqkofk wd }hjfh wknfhkqv vwnz nog }hjfh dokv
bkn|k" od inwwkq hd} }kbb dq uddqbz whkz ukqldqi/ Vfhddbv
qkwnjo whkjq akvw nog bknvw)kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nw vwqj`jombz
vjijbnq qnwkv (Ljm{qk jo < udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv
}jbb ak dl vjijbnq ~{nbjwz
BD])UKQLDQIJOM VFHDDB
]hko n wdu wknfhkq bkn|kv
dobz > jo >> udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv}jbb ak dl vjijbnq ~{nbjwz
Kvwjinwkv anvkg do wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg dq mqd}wh gnwn0 Bd} ukqldqijom vfhddbv jofb{gk vfhddbv jo whk bd}kvw ~{jowjbk dl uqdfjkofz az vfhddbk|kb0 Ukqfkownmk dl hjmh)ukqldqijom udwkowjnb qkubnfkikowv jo nbb vfhddbvGjvwqjfw N3 >1+0 Gjvwqjfw A3 >=+0 Gjvwqjfw F3 >;+0 Gjvwqjfw G3 >;+0 Bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbvGjvwqjfw N3 >1+ 0 Gjvwqjfw A3 >5+0 Gjvwqjfw F3 6+0 Gjvwqjfw G3 :+/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw gnwn lqdi VZ 1558)5: nog VZ 155:)>5/
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WHK VDB[WJDO3 VINQW QKWKOWJDOWhk vdb{wjdo jv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo" odw wd abjogbz jofqknvk jw/
Whk wzujfnb uqkvfqjuwjdo ldq wknfhkq qkwkowjdo uqdabkiv
jo|db|kv jiuqd|jom }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog qnjvjom
vnbnqjkv/ Nv }k }jbb vhd}" adwh nqk unqw dl whk vdb{wjdo
wd whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jo d{q vfhddbv/ A{w gdjomwhkvk whjomv nog odwhjom idqk }d{bg addvw qkwkowjdo dl
whk }kn`kvw nog vwqdomkvw wknfhkqv nbj`k" kxnfkqanwjom
uqdabkiv udvkg az whk bnf` dl ukqldqinofk vwnognqgv jo
wdgnzv wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/
Whk vdb{wjdo jv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo" odw wd abjogbz
jofqknvk jw/ Vfhddbv i{vw qkwnjo idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv }hjbk
vji{bwnokd{vbz qnjvjom kxukfwnwjdov ldq wknfhkqv nog
qkwnjojom lk}kq dl whdvk }hd fdovjvwkowbz ukqldqi uddqbz/
Whjv vinqwkq nuuqdnfh wd wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fd{bg jiuqd|k
whk ~{nbjwz dl wknfhjom nw nbidvw noz vfhddb qjmhw n}nz" nogjw hnv whk udwkowjnb wd addvw vw{gkow bknqojom v{avwnowjnbbz/>7
]k akbjk|k jw qkuqkvkowv whk akvw }nznog udvvjabz whk
dobz }nzldq bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv onwjdo}jgk wd aqkn`
whkjq fzfbkv dl lnjb{qk" nog ldq whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo wd
nfhjk|k whk kbjwk vwnw{v jw gkvkq|kv/
Bnikowjom whk bd} uqkvwjmk dl whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo
}jwhd{w nggqkvvjom whk bd} vwnognqgv whnw ukqukw{nwk jw
}jbb odw vdb|k whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv" odq }jbb ldf{vjom do
mqknwkq nffd{ownajbjwz ldq wknfhkqv }jwhd{w qkmnqg ldq whkkxfkuwjdonbbz fhnbbkomjom fjqf{ivwnofkv jo }hjfh whkz
}dq`/ Whkvk nuuqdnfhkv hn|k akko qkuknwkg nog gkanwkg
ldq gkfngkv" kog{qjom qjmhw nbdom }jwh whk uqdabki/
]k akbjk|k whk wjik hnv fdik ldq n idqk vkqjd{v vwqnwkmz/
Wknfhkqv nog kg{fnwjdo bkngkqv nw nbb bk|kbv okkg wd
kiaqnfk whk idqk gjlf{bw" idqk fdiubkx }dq` dl
gkinogjom qkvukfw nogqjmdq3 akwwkq }dq`jom fdogjwjdov
ldq wknfhkqv nbdom }jwh whk hjmhkq ukqldqinofk vwnognqgv
}dqwhz dl whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/
Whk nbwkqonwj|k jv wd fdowjo{k vwnogjom az nv Vnqnh
nog whd{vnogv dl Jqqkubnfknabkv bj`k hkq bkn|k whk
vfhddbv whnw okkg whki idvw" k|ko nv inoz idqk bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv qkinjo" gjiijom whk bjlk fhnofkv dl
vw{gkowv onwjdo}jgk nog kqdgjom whk qku{wnwjdo dl whk
wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/
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D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOM
DL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQN l{bb {ogkqvwnogjom dl wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qk~{jqkv idqk whno n vjombko{iakq/ ]k okkg wd nv` }hkwhkq vfhddbv nqk `kkujom idqk dl whkjq akvwwknfhkqv whno whkjq }dqvw/
IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\K
Q
5=5=
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
12/52
58
D[Q IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOM
DL WKNFHKQ W[QOD\KQWknfhkq w{qod|kq jv dok dl whk idvw gjvf{vvkg nog bknvw {ogkqvwddg wdujfv jo
kg{fnwjdo/ Wdd dlwko" u{abjf gkanwk nad{w jw jv vwnqwbjombz vjiubjvwjf nog davf{qkv
whk wq{k jvv{k/ Whk uqdabki akmjov }jwh whk }nz wknfhkq qkwkowjdo jv qkudqwkg
nbidvw nb}nzv nv n vjombk o{iakq" whk hjmhkq whk akwwkq/ Hd}k|kq" no d|kqnbb
qkwkowjdo qnwk az jwvkbl wkbbv {v bjwwbk" akfn{vk jw vnzv odwhjom nad{w }hjfh wknfhkqv
nqk bkn|jom nog }hjfh dokv nqk vwnzjom/
Fdovjgkq dok dl whk idvw jo{kowjnb qkudqwv nad{w wknfhkq qkwkowjdo3Od Gqkni
Gkojkg(1556* lqdi whk Onwjdonb Fdiijvvjdo do Wknfhjom nog Nikqjfnv L{w{qk
(OFWNL*/>; Jwv n{whdqv udjowkg wd hjmh wknfhkq w{qod|kq nv n uqjinqz fn{vk
dl uddq vfhddb ukqldqinofk" odwjom whnw hnbl dl nbb ok} wknfhkqv bkn|k whk
uqdlkvvjdo az whkjq lwh zknq/ Whk qkudqw fnbbkg ldq no nbb)d{w klldqw wd qkg{fk ok}
wknfhkq nwwqjwjdo az ;5 ukqfkow jo whqkk zknqv/
Od Gqkni Gkojkgingk n |nb{nabk fdowqja{wjdo wd whk kbg az gqn}jom nwwkowjdo
wd whk o{iakq dl knqbz)fnqkkq wknfhkqv }hd bkn|k whk uqdlkvvjdo/ A{w jw nbvd ingk
whk nvv{iuwjdo whnw noz jofqknvk jo wknfhkq qkwkowjdo }d{bg ak uqdg{fwj|k" od
inwwkq hd} }kbb whk wknfhkqv akjom qkwnjokg nfw{nbbz ukqldqikg/ Nffdqgjom wd
whjv bdmjf" vfhddbv vhd{bg }dq` hnqg wd `kku jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv jo whk onik dl
inxjijsjom whk d|kqnbb qkwkowjdo qnwk/
Whjv vjombk)ijogkg ldf{v do qnjvjom d|kqnbb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qnwkv qkmnqgbkvv dl
ukqldqinofk jv nv vwqdom wdgnz nv jw }nv n gkfngk nmdnog c{vw nv jofdqqkfw/
V{fh n vjiubjvwjf |jk} dl qkwkowjdo qkjoldqfkv whk }jgmkw kllkfw" whk }jgkvuqkng
nog n}kg nvv{iuwjdo whnw dok wknfhkq jv nad{w nv mddg nv noz dwhkq/>< Jw
gjvwdqwv whk bkvvdov dl qkvknqfh nog gkkv fdiido vkovk/
K|kqzdok nmqkkv whnw whk bdvv dl no jofqkgjabk wknfhkq jv gkubdqnabk/ A{w }hnw jl no
jokllkfwj|k wknfhkq bkn|kv whk fbnvvqddi nog jv qkubnfkg az vdikdok idqk wnbkowkg4
D{q qkvknqfh vhd}v whnw vfhddbv hn|k n whqkk jo ld{q fhnofk dl qkubnfjom n bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkq }jwh n ok} hjqk }hd }jbb ak idqk kllkfwj|k qjmhw n}nznog
}hd jv bj`kbz wd jiuqd|k d|kq wjik" akokwwjom h{ogqkgv dq k|ko whd{vnogv dl
vw{gkowv d|kq whk fd{qvk dl hjv dq hkq fnqkkq/>= Whjv jv wq{k k|ko jo v{ackfwv bj`k
vfjkofk" }hjfh fno ak gjlf{bw wd vwnll (Ljm{qk =*/ Jo whkvk fnvkv" vkbkfwj|k wknfhkq
nwwqjwjdo }d{bg bj`kbz zjkbg n udvjwj|k qkv{bw ldq vw{gkowv/
Jwv wq{k whnw kxfkvvj|k w{qod|kq fno gjvq{uw noz }dq`ubnfk" nog n qkfkow vw{gz
vhd}kg whnw |kqz bd} wknfhkq qkwkowjdo qnwkv fno okmnwj|kbz nllkfw vw{gkow
nfhjk|kikow/>8 A{w wd jiuqd|k vfhddbvkvukfjnbbz vwq{mmbjom vfhddbvkg{fnwjdo
bkngkqv okkg wd nv` n idqk fdiubjfnwkg ~{kvwjdo whno vjiubz }hkwhkq wknfhkq
qkwkowjdo qnwkv nqk hjmh/ Whkz okkg wd nv` }hkwhkq vfhddbv nqk `kkujom idqk dl
whkjq akvw wknfhkqv whno whkjq }dqvw/
Whk bdvv dl no
jofqkgjabk wknfhkq
jv gkubdqnabk/ A{w
}hnw jl no jokllkfwj|k
wknfhkq bkn|kv nog jv
qkubnfkg az vdikdok
idqk wnbkowkg4
I
JV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\KQ
58
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IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\K
Q
5:
LJM[QK = r BJ@KBJHDDG DL JIUQD\JOM JOVWQ[FWJDO AZ QKUBNFJOM N BD])UKQLDQIJOM
VFJKOFK WKNFHKQ JO GJVWQJFW F
]hko jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv bkn|k" whkz nqk bj`kbz wd ak qkubnfkg az hjmhkqukqldqijom wknfhkqvk|ko jo gjlf{bw)wd)vwnll v{ackfwv/
OK] WKNFHKQV
=6+ FHNOFK
dl mkwwjom nakwwkq vfjkofk wknfhkq
WKNFHKQ WQNOVLKQV
5/
Hnqg)wd)vwnll v{ackfw wqkog fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/
5:
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
14/52
I
JV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\KQ
W]D GDIJONOW LNBBNFJKV NAD[W
WKNFHKQ UKQLDQINOFKW}d gkkubz qddwkg lnbbnfjkv nad{w wknfhkq ukqldqinofk hkbu kxubnjo }hz whk
ijv{ogkqvwnogjom dl wknfhkq qkwkowjdo ukqvjvwv/
Ljqvw jv whk fdo|jfwjdo whnw idvw bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }jbb jiuqd|k wd no nffkuwnabk
bk|kb jo whk l{w{qk/ Jl vwq{mmbjom wknfhkqv fno mkokqnbbz ak kxukfwkg wd jiuqd|k" whkqk jv bkvv
qknvdo wd wqknw whki gjllkqkowbz whno Jqqkubnfknabkv }hko jw fdikv wd qkwkowjdo/ Uqjofjunbv
fd{bg vjiubz ldf{v do qkwnjojom nog gk|kbdujom nbb wknfhkqv/
Vkfdog jv whk nvv{iuwjdo whnw ok} wknfhkqv }jbb nbidvw nb}nzv ak bkvv kllkfwj|k whno
kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv/ Jl uqjofjunbv akbjk|k whnw n ok} wknfhkq jv {obj`kbz wd nfhjk|k akwwkq
d{wfdikv whno n vwq{mmbjom a{w vknvdokg wknfhkq" whkz }jbb {ogkqvwnognabz ak hkvjwnow wd
jo|kvw wjik nog kokqmz jo qkubnfjom dok }jwh whk dwhkq/
Adwh nvv{iuwjdov kofd{qnmk n vjiubjvwjf nog hnogv)dll nuuqdnfh wd wknfhkq qkwkowjdo/ A{w
adwh nvv{iuwjdov nqk }qdom/
D{q nonbzvjv vhd}v whnw" {oldqw{onwkbz" vwq{mmbjom wknfhkqv qnqkbz jiuqd|kk|ko }hko
uqjofjunbv uqjdqjwjsk gk|kbduikow/ Idqk whno =5 ukqfkow dl whk uqjofjunbv }k v{q|kzkgwdbg {v whnw wknfhkq gk|kbduikow }nv dok dl whkjq wdu uqjdqjwjkvqd{mhbz w}jfk whk
o{iakq whnw bjvwkg qkwkowjdo nv n wdu uqjdqjwz/>: Zkw k|ko whqkk zknqv bnwkq" whk n|kqnmk
kxukqjkofkg bd} ukqldqikq jo d{q vw{gz qkinjokg bkvv kllkfwj|k whno whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq
wknfhkq (Ljm{qk 8*/15
Fdowqnqz wd whk fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi whnw whjv bnf` dl v{ffkvv fn{vkv uddqbz ukqldqijom
wknfhkqv wd vkbl)vkbkfw d{w" lk} bkn|k do whkjq d}o/ Nad{w =; ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv
qkinjo nw whk vnik vfhddb lqdi dok zknq wd whk okxw/1> Hnbl vnz whkz ubno wd qkinjo n
wknfhkq ldq nw bknvw nodwhkq gkfngk/11
Jo idvw fnvkv" k|ko n aqnog)ok} wknfhkq }jbb ak vwqdomkq/ Whqkk d{w dl ld{q wjikv" ok}
wknfhkqv ukqldqi akwwkq jo whkjq ljqvw zknq whno whk bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv whkz qkubnfk"nog whkz nqk idqk bj`kbz wd jiuqd|k d|kq wjik/16 K|ko no n|kqnmk ok} wknfhkq jv bj`kbz wd ak
n vwku {u/
Odok dl whjv iknov nanogdojom gk|kbduikow nv n vwqnwkmz/ Jo lnfw" whk ok} kiuhnvjv
do vwqdomkq wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv hdbgv mqknw uqdijvk ldq jiuqd|jom wknfhkq
gk|kbduikow nv }kbb" akfn{vk hkbujom wknfhkqv jiuqd|k jv dok dl whk injo mdnbv dl noz
k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki/ A{w vfhddbv fd{bg jiuqd|k whk ~{nbjwz dl kg{fnwjdo whkz dllkq whkjq
vw{gkowv qjmhw n}nz (nog jo whk bdom wkqi" wdd* whqd{mh vinqwkq qkwkowjdo" k|ko nv whkz }dq`
wd jiuqd|k wknfhkq gk|kbduikow/
Whk wq{wh nad{w whkvk w}d }jgkvuqkng ijvfdofkuwjdov qnjvkv no jiudqwnow ~{kvwjdo3 ]hko
n wknfhkq jv odw ukqldqijom nv }kbb nv n aqnog)ok} wknfhkq nog vhd}v od vjmov dl jiuqd|jom"}hnw vhd{bg hnuuko okxw4 Qkubnfjom n wknfhkq }hd vwq{mmbkv wd hkbu vw{gkowv bknqo fno
ak no {ofdildqwnabk gkfjvjdo" a{w whk nbwkqonwj|k jv lnq qjv`jkq/ Gdjom odwhjom whk fhdjfk
idvw uqjofjunbv in`k{v{nbbz m{nqnowkkv whnw n bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq }jbb wknfh gdskov
dq k|ko h{ogqkgv idqk fhjbgqko" nog ok|kq jiuqd|k/
Fdowqnqz wd whk
fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi"
uddqbz ukqldqijom
wknfhkqv qnqkbz
vkbl)vkbkfw d{w/
>5
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
15/52
IJV[OGKQVWNOGJOMW[QOD\K
Q
Bd} ukqldqikqv qnqkbz jiuqd|k vjmojfnowbz/K|ko whqkk zknqv bnwkq" idvw ukqldqi }dqvk whno whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq wknfhkq/
LJM[QK 8 r UKQLDQINOFK FDIUNQJVDO DL OK] WKNFHKQV NOG KXUKQJKOFKG BD] UKQLDQIKQV
D\KQ WHQKK ZKNQV
Kxukqjkofkg Bd} Ukqldqikqv1558)5: wd 15>5)>>
Kxukqjkofkg Bd} Ukqldqikqv
Ok} Wknfhkqv1558)5: wd 15>5)>>
WknfhkqIkgjno\nb{k)NggkgUkqfkowjbkQno`
5
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15
75
65
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5)>>
1558)5:
15>5)>>
Ok} Wknfhkqv
Ikgjno ukqfkowjbk qno`v az udu{bnwjdo vfdqkv0 Udu{bnwjdov gkokg jo VZ 155=)58/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw F gnwn lqdi VZ 155=)58 whqd{mh VZ 15>5)>>/Wqkogv fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/
>>
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
16/52
K
XUBDQJOM
KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNB
WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVIdvw vfhddbv wn`k no nuuqdnfh wd wknfhkq qkwkowjdo whnw okmbkfwv
Jqqkubnfknabkv nog nbbd}v {ov{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv wd vwnz jogkojwkbz/Uqjofjunbv hn|k wddbv wd qkwnjo whkjq akvw wknfhkqv nog fd{ovkb d{w whkjqbd}kvw ukqldqikqv" a{w whkz qnqkbz {vk whki/
>1
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
17/52
KXUBDQJOM WHK QKNB
WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVWhk onwjdov {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nqk bdvjom whkjq idvw nog bknvw v{ffkvvl{b
wknfhkqv nw vwqj`jombz vjijbnq qnwkv/ Jo whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" < wd >= ukqfkow
dl Jqqkubnfknabkv bklw whkjq gjvwqjfw nw whk kog dl knfh vfhddb zknq" fdiunqkg
}jwh < wd 1> ukqfkow dl bd} ukqldqikqv/17 Jovwkng dl jiuqd|jom whk ~{nbjwz
dl jovwq{fwjdo whkz dllkq whkjq vw{gkowv az jofqknvjom whk uqdudqwjdo dl mqknw
wknfhkqv nog gkfqknvjom whk uqdudqwjdo dl vwq{mmbjom wknfhkqv" d{q vfhddbv nqk
q{oojom jo ubnfk/ Whjv jv whk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv/
Anvkg do whkvk wqkogv" }k kvwjinwk whnw nuuqdxjinwkbz >5"555 Jqqkubnfknabkv
bkn|k whk ;5 bnqmkvw vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nfqdvv whk fd{owqz knfh zknq/ Inoz dl whkvk
wknfhkqv nqk c{vw vwnqwjom whkjq fnqkkqv3 Jo dok wzujfnb gjvwqjfw }k vw{gjkg" oknqbz
dok)whjqg dl nbb Jqqkubnfknabkv bklw }jwhjo w}d zknqv" nog nbidvw hnbl bklw }jwhjo
|k zknqv (Ljm{qk :*/
Nw whk vnik wjik" fbdvk wd >55"555 bd} ukqldqikqv vwnz" hkbujom wd fqknwk n
vjw{nwjdo }hkqk 75 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv }jwh idqk whno vk|ko zknqv dl kxukqjkofk
}kqk odw k|ko nv kllkfwj|k nv no n|kqnmk aqnog)ok} wknfhkq/1; Ijbbjdov dl
vw{gkowv bknqo lqdi bkvv kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nv n qkv{bw" nog vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv
akfdik bdf`kg jo n fzfbk dl lnjb{qk whnw uqk|kowv whki lqdi k|kq hn|jom kod{mh
kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv wd hkbu whkjq vw{gkowv v{ffkkg/
Jwv odw jok|jwnabk/ D{q ogjomv v{mmkvw whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv {v{nbbz bkn|k ldq
qknvdov whnw whkjq vfhddb fd{bg hn|k fdowqdbbkg/ Bkvv whno 65 ukqfkow dl whdvk
}hd ubnookg wd bkn|k jo whk okxw whqkk zknqv vnjg whkz }kqk gdjom vd uqjinqjbz
ldq ukqvdonb qknvdov/1< Idqk whno hnbl vnjg whkz ubnookg kjwhkq wd fdowjo{k
wknfhjom nw n oknqaz vfhddb dq fdowjo{k }dq`jom jo @)>1 kg{fnwjdo/1= Nog idqk
whno =; ukqfkow vnjg whkz }d{bg hn|k vwnzkg nw whkjq vfhddb jl whkjq injo jvv{k ldq
bkn|jom }kqk nggqkvvkg/18
Whjv vjw{nwjdo }d{bg ak {olnwhdinabk jo nbidvw noz dwhkq uqdlkvvjdo }hkqk
jogj|jg{nb ukqldqinofk inwwkqv/ Jinmjok jl vwnq ~{nqwkqanf`v qd{wjokbz bklw uqd)
lddwanbb wkniv nog whdvk wkniv ingk od klldqw wd fdo|jofk whki wd vwnz" dobz wd
anf`bb whkjq ubnfkv }jwh bkvv fnunabk ubnzkqv" bkngjom wd uqdbdomkg bdvjom vwqkn`v/
Lnov }d{bg ak koqnmkg" nog whk fdnfh nog mkokqnb inonmkq }d{bg nbidvw
fkqwnjobz ak vhd}o whk gddq/ Zkw n vjijbnq vfkok ubnzv d{w k|kqz zknq jo vfhddbv
nfqdvv whk fd{owqz" }hkqk whk vwn`kv ldq vw{gkowv nog whkjq lnijbjkv nqk i{fhhjmhkq whno udjowv do n vfdqkadnqg/
Vfhddbv fbknqbz fnoodw kxukfw wd qkwnjo nbb dl whkjq akvw wknfhkqv nog odok
dl whkjq bd}kvw ukqldqikqv/ A{w whkz vhd{bg ak nabk wd `kku n i{fh hjmhkq
ukqfkownmk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv whno bd} ukqldqikqv/ Zkw whjv jv odw hnuukojom jo
idvw vfhddbv wdgnz/ ]hz odw4
Idqk whno =; ukqfkow
dl Jqqkubnfknabkv
vnjg whkz }d{bg hn|k
vwnzkg nw whkjq f{qqkow
vfhddb jl whkjq injo
jvv{k ldq bkn|jom }kqk
nggqkvvkg/
KXUBDQJO
M
>6
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
18/52
LJM[QK : r HJMH)UKQLDQIJOM WKNFHKQ NWWQJWJDO NOG F[I[BNWJ\K QKWKOWJDO JO GJVWQJFW G"
JO LJQVW LJ\K ZKNQV DL FNQKKQ
Zknq 5 Zknq > Zknq 1 Zknq 6 Zknq 7 Zknq;
>5+=5+
:+55+
Jqqkubnfknabkv Qkinjojom Jqqkubnfknabkv Bkn|jom" Ukq Zknq
]k bdvk
wdd inoz
Jqqkubnfknabkv"
kvukfjnbbz knqbz
jo whkjq fnqkkqv/
WHK FN[VKVWhkvk gkvwq{fwj|k qkwkowjdo unwwkqov dff{q injobz akfn{vk
bkngkqv nw nbb bk|kbv bkw whki hnuuko/ Uqjofjunbv gdow wqz
unqwjf{bnqbz hnqg wd `kku whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv" odq gd
whkz in`k n vukfjnb klldqw wd fd{ovkb d{w dq gjvijvv bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkqvk|ko whd{mh whdvk wknfhkqv qnqkbz
jiuqd|k/ Jovwkng" whkz vkki fdowkow wd `kku }hjfhk|kq
wknfhkqv nqk }jbbjom wd vwnz nog bdvk }hjfhk|kq wknfhkqv
gkfjgk wd bkn|k" qkmnqgbkvv dl v`jbb/
Nog }hz vhd{bg whkz nfw noz gjllkqkowbz4 Gjvwqjfw
ngijojvwqnwdqv mkokqnbbz gd odw uqjdqjwjsk dq hdbg uqjofjunbv
nffd{ownabk ldq vinqwkq qkwkowjdo gkfjvjdov/ Nog nv hnv
akko }kbb gdf{ikowkg az WOWU nog dwhkqv" no nqqnz dl
udbjfjkvlqdi fdiukovnwjdo vzvwkiv whnw unz whk bknvw
kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv idqk whno whk idvw kllkfwj|k" wd bnzdll
q{bkv whnw in`k jw jbbkmnb wd `kku Jqqkubnfknabkv g{qjom
wd{mh kfdodijf wjikvvwnog qkngz wd {ogkqijok klldqwv
wd a{jbg vwqdomkq jovwq{fwjdonb wkniv/
Jo vhdqw" whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv jv l{kbkg az no {ovud`ko
fdovkov{v whnw vfhddbv nqk odw dabjmnwkg wd ak vwqnwkmjf
nad{w whk wknfhkqv whkz `kku/ Whk uqjinqz qkwkowjdo
vwqnwkmz jo idvw vfhddbv jv odw hn|jom n vwqnwkmz nw nbb/
Do whk ldbbd}jom unmkv" }k gjvf{vv whk uqjinqz fn{vkv nog
fdovk~{kofkv dl whk fqjvjv/
Vjombk)zknq gjvwqjfw nwwqjwjdo kvwjinwkv anvkg do zknqv dl vkojdqjwz0 f{i{bnwj|k gjvwqjfw nwwqjwjdo kvwjinwkv fnbf{bnwkg ldbbd}jom whk ikwhdgdbdmzdl Jomkqvdbb (1556*/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw G gnwn lqdi VZ 155:)>5 whqd{mh VZ 15>5)>>/ F{i{bnwj|k nwwqjwjdo wqkog fdoqikg nfqdvv gjvwqjfwv/
K
XUBDQJOM
>7
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
19/52
FN[VK >3Uqjofjunbv in`k lnq wdd bjwwbk klldqw wd qkwnjo Jqqkubnfknabkvdq qkid|k bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/
Fdo|kowjdonb }jvgdi vnzv whnw idvw wknfhkq nwwqjwjdo jv akzdog whk fdowqdb dl
vfhddbv" kvukfjnbbz whdvk jo uddq fdii{ojwjkv/ Whk nvv{iuwjdo jv whnw wknfhkqv
bkn|k akfn{vk dl incdq bjlk k|kowvvwnqwjom n lnijbz" ldq kxniubkdq g{k wd
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LJM[QK >> r BD])FDVW QKWKOWJDO VWQNWKMJKV LDQ JQQKUBNFKNABKV
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whk mnuv jo whkjq vfhddbv f{bw{qk nog }dq`jom fdogjwjdov/
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n vhnqkg fdiijwikow lqdi vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
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fno ak bnjg dll k|ko nv whkjq bd}kq)ukqldqijom fdbbknm{kv qkinjo/
^{nbjwz)abjog q{bkv bkng wd idqk bnzdllv d|kqnbb" kqdgk jovwq{fwjdonb
~{nbjwz nog h{qw vfhddbv jo hjmh)okkg fdii{ojwjkv whk idvw" zkw
whkz ukqvjvw jo idvw vwnwkv nog gjvwqjfwv nfqdvv whk fd{owqz/ Inoz
vwnwkv hn|k fdgjkg ~{nbjwz)abjog q{bkv jo bkmjvbnwjdo" nfw{nbbz
in`jom jw jbbkmnb ldq vfhddbv wd kku knqbz)fnqkkq Jqqkubnfknabkv
g{qjom wd{mh kfdodijf wjikv/ Whkqkv od fbknqkq kxniubk dl n
udbjfz whnw wqknwv Jqqkubnfknabkv nv kxukognabk/
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FDOVK^[KOFKVOkmbjmkow qkwkowjdo hnv jiikgjnwk nog gk|nvwnwjom kllkfwv do jogj|jg{nb vw{gkowv
}hd nqk gkuqj|kg dl udwkowjnbbz bjlk)fhnomjom wknfhkqv/ Jw nbvd h{qwv kowjqk
vfhddbvkvukfjnbbz bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv" }hjfh hn|k bjwwbk hduk dl jiuqd|jom
{owjb whkz vwnqw in`jom vinqwkq qkwkowjdo gkfjvjdov/ Gkfngkv dl qkvknqfh hn|k
uqd|ko whnw od vfhddb lnfwdq hnv n mqknwkq jiunfw do vw{gkow nfhjk|kikow whnowhk kllkfwj|kokvv dl whk wknfhkq nw whk lqdow dl knfh fbnvvqddi/3
Vfhddb W{qonqd{og Jv Oknqbz Jiudvvjabk/F{qqkow qkwkowjdo unwwkqov bdf` d{q bd}kvw)nfhjk|jom vfhddbv jowd n fzfbk dl
lnjb{qk" akfn{vk whkz hn|k uqdudqwjdonbbz lk}kq Jqqkubnfknabkv nog idqk bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd akmjo }jwh/ Jo whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" vfhddbv }jwh
whk bd}kvw vw{gkow uqdfjkofz qnwkv hng hnbl nv inoz Jqqkubnfknabkv nog dok nog
n hnbl wjikv whk vhnqk dl bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv nv hjmh)uqdfjkofz vfhddbv/5 bd})nfhjk|jom vfhddbv jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg/
Dobz >1 ukqfkow dl whkvk vfhddbv wknfhkqv }kqk Jqqkubnfknabkv" }hjbk >: ukqfkow
}kqk bd} ukqldqikqv/5 vfhddbv }d{bg fdbbkfwj|kbz okkg
wd fd{ovkb d{w dok)whjqg dl whkjq bd} ukqldqikqv nog `kku oknqbz nbb whkjq
Jqqkubnfknabkv k|kqz zknq" ldq ld{q zknqv jo n qd}/ A{w qjmhw od}" whk vfhddbv
`kku nbb whkjq wknfhkqv nw qd{mhbz whk vnik qnwkv (bdvjom nad{w >7 ukqfkow dl nbb
wknfhkqv noo{nbbz*/ Whk ~{nbjwz dl jovwq{fwjdo }jbb qkinjo }kbb akbd} n|kqnmk
{obkvv uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv ldf{v do `kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv nog
lk}kq bd} ukqldqikqv (Ljm{qk >;*/
U{w vjiubz" idvw vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv }dow k|kq hn|k nv inoz hjmh)ukqldqijom
wknfhkqv nv dwhkq vfhddbvnog nqk {obj`kbz wd jiuqd|k vjmojfnowbz}jwhd{w
in`jom vinqw qkwkowjdo n wdu uqjdqjwz/ Okmbjmkow qkwkowjdo fqknwkv ukqinokow
jok~{jwz/
Idvw vwq{mmbjom
vfhddbv }dow k|kq
hn|k nv inoz hjmh)
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv
nv dwhkq vfhddbv
}jwhd{w in`jom
vinqw qkwkowjdo n
wdu uqjdqjwz/
K
XUBDQJOM
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LJM[QK >; r VJI[BNWKG WKNFHKQ QKWKOWJDO UNWWKQOV JO >5 BD])UKQLDQIJOM VFHDDBV" KNFH ]JWH 15 WKNFHKQV
FNVK VW[GZ3 N F[BW[QK DL HJMH UKQLDQINOFK KXUKFWNWJDOVLk} vfhddbv f{qqkowbz uqnfwjfk vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo" a{w }k
ld{og vk|kqnb whnw vhd} jw jv udvvjabk/ Ldq kxniubk" whk incdqjwz dl
vfhddbv jo dok hjmh)ukqldqijom fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo
}k vw{gjkg nfhjk|kg vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo unwwkqov/
Zkw whjv ldf{v do hjmh vwnognqgv gjg odw in`k wknfhkqv {ohnuuz/
Jo lnfw" nbidvw :5 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv nw whkvk vfhddbv vnjg whkz
}kqk vnwjvkg }jwh whkjq }dq` ko|jqdoikow" fdiunqkg wd ;; wd
; bkn|k
6 bkn|k
>6 bkn|k
> bkn|kv
>5 bkn|k
> bkn|kv
= bkn|k
> bkn|kv
= bkn|k
> bkn|kv
ZKNQ 1
; bkn|k
7 bkn|k
ZKNQ 6
; bkn|k
7 bkn|k
ZKNQ 7
; bkn|k
7 bkn|k
155 WknfhkqvVwnqw Zknq >
155 WknfhkqvKog Zknq 7
Jofb{gkv Ok} Hjqkv
67
1;
68
17
Bd} Ukqldqikqv
Hjmh Ukqldqikqv
Bd} Ukqldqikqv
Hjmh Ukqldqikqv
>=
67+ Bd} Ukqldqikqv Bkn|k
>7+ Hjmh Ukqldqikqv Bkn|k
O{iakq dl wdwnb wknfhkqv jv 155/ Vwnqwjom fdiudvjwjdo jv 17 hjmh ukqldqikqv" >68 ijg ukqldqikqv" nog 68 bd} ukqldqikqv/ Kogjom fdiudvjwjdo ldq
okmbjmkow qkwkowjdo jv 1; hjmh ukqldqikqv" >7> ijg ukqldqikqv" nog 67 bd} ukqldqikqv/ Kogjom fdiudvjwjdo ldq vinqw qkwkowjdo jv 6< hjmh ukqldqikq v"
>7= ijg ukqldqikqv" nog >= bd} ukqldqikqv/ Nonbzvjv dobz jofb{gkv vfhddbv }jwh n ijoji{i dl = wknfhkqv }jwh |nb{k)nggkg dq mqd}wh gnwn joknfh zknq/ Fdiudvjwjdo gnwn anvkg do no n|kqnmk dl 6 zknqv0 nwwqjwjdo nog ujukbjok gnwn anvkg do no n|kqnmk dl 1 zknqv/ Idgkbv {vjom whk wknfhkq
fdiudvjwjdo nw bd}) nog ijg)uqdfjkofz vfhddbv" gkokg az vfhddb)bk|kb inwh uqdfjkofz ~{jowjbk/ Idgkb gdkv odw nvv{ik noz {fw{nwjdo jo wknfhkq
udu{bnwjdov nw vfhddbv nog nvv{ikv udu{bnwjdo dl wknfhkqv }jwh ukqldqinofk gnwn qkkfwv whk kllkfwj|kokvv dl nbb wk nfhkqv nw whkvk vfhddbv/D|kqnbb nwwqjwjdo nog jofdijom ujukbjok qnwk hkbg vwkngz knfh zknq/ Vd{qfk3 Gjvwqjfw G gnwn lqdi VZ 155=)58 whqd{mh VZ 155:)>5/
Az fhnomjom }hjfh wknfhkqv bkn|k" bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv fno qknfh non|kqnmk wknfhkq fdiudvjwjdo jo n lk} zknqv/
KXUBDQJO
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FDOVK^[KOFK 13Whk Wknfhjom Uqdlkvvjdo Jv Gkmqngkg/
Akzdog whk nfngkijf fdovk~{kofkv" whk hnogv)dll nuuqdnfh wd qkwkowjdo
gkmqngkv whk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo/ Jw vkogv whk gnomkqd{v ikvvnmk whnw mqknw
wknfhkqv nqk kxukognabk" nog jw gk|nb{kv qknb nfhjk|kikow/ Jo whk gjvwqjfwv }k
vw{gjkg" ldq kxniubk" oknqbz jgkowjfnb ukqfkownmkv dl Jqqkubnfknabkv nog bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wdbg {v whkjq vfhddb hng qkfdmojskg whkjq nffdiubjvhikowv
u{abjfbz/=6 Uqnjvk hnogkg d{w }jwhd{w qkmnqg wd ukqldqinofk bdvkv i{fh dl jwv
iknojom" nog ijmhw k|ko qjom hdbbd} wd wq{bz d{wvwnogjom wknfhkqv/
Whk lnfw whnw jogjvfqjijonwk qkwkowjdo udbjfjkv nbbd} inoz bd} ukqldqikqv wd
qkinjo do whk cda hnv odw mdok {oodwjfkg az nozdok" jofb{gjom wknfhkqv/ Lk}kq
whno hnbl dl whk wknfhkqv }k v{q|kzkg akbjk|kg whnw whkjq vfhddbv hng n bd}
wdbkqnofk ldq jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom/=7
Wknfhjom jv no kxwqkikbz gjlf{bw cda" nog wknfhjom jo n hjmh)okkg vfhddb jv
k|ko wd{mhkq/ Nozdok }hd vjmov {u ldq v{fh gkinogjom }dq` gkvkq|kv kodqid{v
qkvukfw/ A{w d{q nonbzvjv nog gkfngkv dl qkvknqfh hn|k vhd}o whnw mddgjowkowjdov fnoodw v{avwjw{wk ldq mddg ukqldqinofk/ Idvw dl whk bd})ukqldqijom
wknfhkqv }k vw{gjkg qkudqw }dq`jom ~{jwk hnqga{w whkz nqk odw hkbujom whkjq
vw{gkowv bknqo nv i{fh nv whkz okkg wd bknqo/
Wkbbjom vdikdok whnw whkjq akvw jv odw mddg kod{mh jv ok|kq knvz" a{w n }jbbjomokvv
wd gd jw jv whk hnbbinq` dl n wq{k uqdlkvvjdonb/ Wknfhkqv gkvkq|k wd ak |nb{kg ldq
whkjq v`jbb" odw whkjq jowkowjdov/ Wdbkqnwjom uddq ukqldqinofk `kkuv jokllkfwj|k
wknfhkqv jo whk fbnvvqddi jogkojwkbz nog vkogv n gk|nvwnwjom ikvvnmk wd
d{wvwnogjom wknfhkqv/ Idvw jiudqwnowbz" jw h{qwv whk qku{wnwjdo dl whk kowjqk
uqdlkvvjdo" nbbd}jom jw wd ak gkokg az ikgjdfqjwz qnwhkq whno kxfkbbkofk/
Uddq wknfhkqv nqk
odw fnbbkg d{w do whkjq
bnf` dl uqkunqnwjdo"
}hjfh mqknwbz nllkfwv
k|kqzdok kbvk/
)Jqqkubnfknabk Wknfhkq
K
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WJIK WD KOG N VNG WQNGJWJDO DL OKMBKFWK|kqzdok }hd bkngv dq vkwv udbjfz ldq vfhddbv hnv hkbukg fqknwk whk qknb qkwkowjdo
fqjvjv/ Whk {oldqw{onwk wq{wh jv whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv hn|k hng od fhniujdo
uqdwkfwjom whkjq jowkqkvwv/
Wknfhkqv {ojdov dlwko bkng whk fhnqmk ldq akwwkq }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog unz/
A{w whkz nbvd wkog wd v{uudqw udbjfjkv whnw kofd{qnmk dq qk~{jqk uqjofjunbv
wd `kku wknfhkqv qkmnqgbkvv dl whkjq v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddiukqhnuv
{ogkqvwnognabz" akfn{vk n {ojdov fhnqmk jv wd uqdwkfw whk cdav dl nbbjwv
ikiakqv" odw c{vw whk cdav dl jwv idvw v`jbbkg ikiakqv/ Whk uqjfk dl v{fh
udbjfjkv jv whk gjijojvhikow dl whk uqdlkvvjdo/
Jw wn`kv w}d unqwjkv wd nmqkk wd n fdowqnfw nog inoz |dwkv wd unvv n bn}" vd
v{ukqjowkogkowv" vfhddb adnqgv nog bkmjvbnwdqv vhnqk whk qkvudovjajbjwz }hko whkz
nffkuw nog lnjb wd fhnbbkomk whkvk fd{owkquqdg{fwj|k udbjfjkv/
L{qwhkqidqk" gjvwqjfw bkngkqv dlwko gd bjwwbk wd nggqkvv whk uddq }dq`jom
fdogjwjdov nog inonmkikow uqnfwjfkv whnw gqj|k mqknw wknfhkqv lqdi whk
fbnvvqddi/ Uqjofjunbv nqk odw wqnjokg dq kxukfwkg wd fqknwk vfhddb f{bw{qkv
whnw nwwqnfw whk akvw wknfhkqv" dq wd wn`k k|ko vjiubk vwkuv wd jiuqd|k qkwkowjdo
unwwkqov }jwhjo whk f{qqkow udbjfz ko|jqdoikow/ Nog nv }k|k vkko" whkz qnqkbz
in`k v{fh no klldqw do whkjq d}o/
Wknfhkqv whkivkb|kv aknq whk bknvw qkvudovjajbjwz ldq whjv fqjvjv/ Jw jv odw n mqknw
wknfhkqv qkvudovjajbjwz wd qkinjo nw n vfhddb whnw lnjbv wd |nb{k mqknw wknfhjom/
Odq jv jw whk ln{bw dl noz wknfhkq whnw kg{fnwjdo bkngkqv hn|k vkw whk anq ldq
nffkuwnabk ukqldqinofk lnq wdd bd}" ldq lnq wdd bdom/ Whk v{quqjvk jv whnw vd inoz
vwqdom wknfhkqv hn|k akko }jbbjom wd qkinjo jo vfhddbv whnw nuuknq fdiubkwkbz
jogjllkqkow wd whkjq fdowqja{wjdov" nog whnw whkz hn|k odw gkinogkg fhnomk/
Jw jv wjik wd ngduw n ok} vwqnwkmz do wknfhkq qkwkowjdo/ Akfn{vk bkngkqv nw k|kqz
bk|kb hkbukg fqknwk whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv" whkz nbb hn|k no duudqw{ojwznog n
qkvudovjajbjwzwd hkbu vdb|k jw/
Akfn{vk bkngkqv nw
k|kqz bk|kb hkbukg
fqknwk whk qknb
qkwkowjdo fqjvjv"
whkz nbb hn|k no
duudqw{ojwz
nog n qkvudovjajbjwz
wd hkbu vdb|k jw/
KXUBDQJO
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QKFDIIKOGNWJDOV3
VINQW QKWKOWJDOVdb|jom whk qknb wknfhkq qkwkowjdo fqjvjv qk~{jqkv n ok} nuuqdnfhwhnw qk|db|kv nqd{og vinqw qkwkowjdo3 kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkvnog lk}kq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
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IN@K QKWKOWJDO DL JQQKUBNFKNABKV N WDU UQJDQJWz
Whkz fd{bg hn|k mdwwko ik wd vwnz/ Jl whkz fd{bg hn|k u{w ik jo
fhnqmk dl unqnuqdlkvvjdonb gk|kbduikow" dq mj|ko ik vdik vdqw dl
bkngkqvhju duudqw{ojwz vd J fd{bg lkkb J }nv jiunfwjom iz vfhddb
akzdog iz fbnvvqddi" whnw }d{bg hn|k akko n ajm gknb ldq ik/
)Jqqkubnfknabk WknfhkqN fdiajonwjdo dl akwwkq vwqnwkmjkv" akwwkq bkngkqvhju nog akwwkq udbjfjkv }jbb hkbu
`kku whk akvw wknfhkqv jo whk fbnvvqddi bdomkq/
Vkw fbknq" u{abjf qkwkowjdo wnqmkwv ldq Jqqkubnfknabkv
Gjvwqjfwv i{vw vwki whk wjgk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv }hd bkn|k whkjq vfhddbv" kvukfjnbbz
whdvk }hd bkn|k knqbz jo whkjq fnqkkqv/ Jo mkokqnb" gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg nji wd `kku
idqk whno :5 ukqfkow dl whkjq Jqqkubnfknabkv k|kqz zknq" a{w idqk jiudqwnowbz"
whkz vhd{bg qnjvk whk qkwkowjdo qnwk dl Jqqkubnfknabkv jo whkjq qvw |k
zknqv wd nw bknvw =; ukqfkow (no jofqknvk dl nad{w ;5 ukqfkow*/
Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg u{abjfbz qkudqw qkwkowjdo qkv{bwv az vfhddb" nog uqjofjunbv nog
gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg ak hkbg nffd{ownabk ldq whk qkv{bwv/ Jo unqwjf{bnq" whkz
vhd{bg vkw nmmqkvvj|k mdnbv ldq vinqw qkwkowjdo jo bd})ukqldqijom w{qonqd{og
vfhddbv" wd hkbu whkvk vfhddbv qknfh nw bknvw whk gjvwqjfw n|kqnmk jo wknfhkq
kllkfwj|kokvv }jwhjo whqkk wd ld{q zknqv/
D|kqhn{b uqjofjunb hjqjom" v{uudqw nog k|nb{nwjdo wd ldf{v do
jovwq{fwjdonb bkngkqvhju
Vinqw qkwkowjdo }jbb odw dff{q nw vfnbk {obkvv uqjofjunbv hn|k whk najbjwz wd a{jbg
vwqdom jovwq{fwjdonb wkniv nog whk f{bw{qkv whnw fno hkbu injownjo whki/ Whjv
iknov vkwwjom nog koldqfjom hjmh kxukfwnwjdov ldq wknfhkqvnog kofd{qnmjom
k|kqz Jqqkubnfknabk wd vwnz k|kqz zknq/ Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg in`k whkvk bkngkqvhju v`jbbv
no jowkmqnb unqw dl whk hjqjom" gk|kbduikow nog k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki ldq uqjofjunbv/
Ldq kxniubk" gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg hjqk uqjofjunbv }hd hn|k n vwqdom |jvjdo ldq
jovwq{fwjdo nog fno mkw whkjq wknfhkqv wd a{z jo/ Gk|kbduikow ldq uqjofjunbv
vhd{bg ldf{v do whk vukfjf vwkuv whkz fno wn`k wd qkwnjo idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv
nog fqknwk f{bw{qkv whnw ldvwkq vinqw qkwkowjdo unwwkqov/ Qkwkowjdo dl
Jqqkubnfknabkv nog fd{ovkbjom)d{w dl bd} ukqldqikqv vhd{bg ak n
wdu uqjdqjwz ldq uqjofjunbv nog n vjmojfnow fdiudokow dl n
uqjofjunbv k|nb{nwjdo/
Idojwdq vfhddb }dq`jom fdogjwjdov nog nggqkvv fdofkqov whnw gqj|k
n}nz Jqqkubnfknabkv
Uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg mj|k wknfhkqv lqk~{kow duudqw{ojwjkv wd
vhnqk lkkganf` nad{w }dq`jom fdogjwjdov" nog whkz vhd{bg {vk whk qkv{bwv wd
jiuqd|k wknfhkqv gnz)wd)gnz kxukqjkofkv/ Whjv jv kvukfjnbbz jiudqwnow jo bd})
ukqldqijom vfhddbv }hkqk Jqqkubnfknabkv wkog wd ak bkvv vnwjvkg }jwh whkjq }dq`
ko|jqdoikow" dlwko akfn{vk dl vfhddb vnlkwz uqdabkiv" bd} unqkow komnmkikow
nog jvv{kv }jwh vw{gkow fdog{fw/
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
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Whk kxnfw vdb{wjdov }jbb gkukog do whk vfhddb
dok vfhddb inz okkg nggjwjdonb vkf{qjwz
ukqvdookb"}hjbk nodwhkq ijmhw okkg nggjwjdonb
wqnjojom ldq ngijojvwqnwdqv do uqd|jgjom lkkganf`
wd wknfhkqv/ A{w gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg ak uqkunqkg wd
uqd|jgk nggjwjdonb v{uudqw nog qkvd{qfkv wd hkbu vfhddbv
nggqkvv unqwjf{bnqbz gjlf{bw fhnbbkomkv/
Unz Jqqkubnfknabkv }hnw whkzqk }dqwh" nog fqknwk
fnqkkq unwh}nzv whnw kxwkog whkjq qknfh
Vwnwk nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv vhd{bg uhnvk d{w ~{nbjwz)abjog
unz vwq{fw{qkv jo ln|dq dl idqk kxjabk fdiukovnwjdo
vzvwkiv whnw dllkq mqknwkq knqojomv udwkowjnb ldq hjmh)
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv knqbz jo whkjq fnqkkqv/ Nv n q{bk dl
wh{ia" }k qkfdiikog whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv ak nabk
wd in`k n vjx)m{qk vnbnqz az whk kog dl whkjq
vjxwh zknq dl wknfhjom (dq whk inq`kw k~{j|nbkow jo
bd}kq fdvw)dl)bj|jom nqknv*/ Wd l{og whkvk qnjvkv" vwnwkv noggjvwqjfwv }jbb okkg wd qkg{fk dq uhnvk d{w n{wdinwjf vnbnqz
jofqknvkv ldq lnfwdqv whnw hn|k od uqd|ko fdookfwjdo wd
n wknfhkqv v{ffkvv jo whk fbnvvqddi" v{fh nv nggjwjdonb
fdbbkmk fd{qvk fqkgjwv dq ng|nofkg gkmqkkv/ Whkz }jbb
nbvd okkg wd qkg{fk dq uhnvk d{w n{wdinwjf jofqknvkv ldq
vkojdqjwz/ Whkvk wqnovjwjdov }jbb ak gjlf{bw" a{w gjvwqjfwv
fnoodw nlldqg wd n}nqg qnjvkv ldq jokllkfwj|kokvv nog vwjbb
unz wdu wknfhkqv whk vnbnqjkv whkz gkvkq|k/
Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg nbvd fqknwk n |nqjkwz dl fnqkkq unwhv
whnw hkbu Jqqkubnfknabkv kxunog whkjq jo{kofk jo whkjq
vfhddbv/ Whqd{mhd{w whkjq fnqkkqv" wdu wknfhkqv vhd{bg
hn|k duudqw{ojwjkv wd qknfh idqk vw{gkowvldq kxniubk"
az wn`jom do nggjwjdonb vw{gkowv dq fbnvvkv jo kxfhnomk ldq
n qnjvk/ Whkz vhd{bg nbvd hn|k duudqw{ojwjkv wd v{uudqw
whkjq fdbbknm{kv az wn`jom do vfhddb)anvkg jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju udvjwjdov/=:
Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk fbknqbz jowkqkvwkg jo whkvk `jogv dl
fnqkkq ng|nofkikow duudqw{ojwjkv" }hjfh vwjbb nbbd} whki
wd vukog n vjmojfnow nid{ow dl wjik jo whk fbnvvqddi/
Ldq kxniubk" d{q nonbzvjv v{mmkvwv whnw oknqbz =5 ukqfkow
dl Jqqkubnfknabkv }d{bg wn`k do no nggjwjdonb |k
vw{gkowv jo kxfhnomk ldq n '=";55 qnjvk/85 Fnqkkq
duudqw{ojwjkv fd{bg ak kvukfjnbbz ud}kql{b qkfq{jwikow
nog qkwkowjdo wddbv ldq bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv0 jo dok
gjvwqjfw" whk ukqfkownmk dl wknfhkqv }hd }d{bgfhddvk wd }dq` jo n bd})ukqldqijom vfhddb gd{abkg
}hko whk vfhddb dllkqkg wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv/8>
Uqdwkfw Jqqkubnfknabkv g{qjom bnzdllv
Vwnwkv nog gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg qkubnfk ~{nbjwz)abjog bnzdllv }jwh
q{bkv whnw fdovjgkq ukqldqinofk idqk whno vkojdqjwz" vd
whnw Jqqkubnfknabkv nqk uqdwkfwkg g{qjom bnzdllv/81
WHK JIUDQWNOFK DL IKNOJOML[B K\NB[NWJDO VZVWKIVVinqw qkwkowjdo hjomkv do whk najbjwz dl vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv
wd nff{qnwkbz jgkowjlz Jqqkubnfknabkv nog bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/
Vwnwkv nog vfhddb gjvwqjfwv okkg wd qkubnfk d{wgnwkg wknfhkq
k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv whnw qnwk oknqbz nbb wknfhkqv vnwjvlnfwdqz
nog mj|k whki bjwwbk {vkl{b lkkganf` do whkjq ukqldqinofk/
Qkvknqfh hnv vhd}o whnw fdiajojom |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }jwh whk
qkv{bwv dl fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov nog vw{gkow v{q|kzv uqd|jgkv
n idqk fdiubkwk nog nff{qnwk ujfw{qk dl n wknfhkqv v{ffkvv/86
Nbwhd{mh {vjom |nb{k)nggkg gnwn }nv whk idvw uqnfwjfnb }nz
wd fdog{fw whk qkvknqfh ldq whjv qkudqw" }k vwqdombz akbjk|k
whnw wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov jo whk qknb }dqbg vhd{bg {vk n i{bwjubk
iknv{qkv nuuqdnfh/87
Hd}k|kq" vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv gdow okkg wd }njw ldq akwwkq
k|nb{nwjdov wd vwnqw ldf{vjom do vinqw qkwkowjdo/ ]hjbk }dq`jom wd
a{jbg ok} k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv" whkz fno {vk kxjvwjom joldqinwjdo wd
akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whkjq wknfhkqv ukqldqinofk/
Ldq kxniubk" whk Hd{vwdo Jogkukogkow Vfhddb Gjvwqjfw gk|kbdukg
n vwnll qk|jk} uqdfkvv }hjbk jw }dq`kg wd a{jbg n fdiuqkhkovj|k
ok} k|nb{nwjdo vzvwki/ Nv unqw dl whk uqdfkvv" uqjofjunbv mn|k
knfh wknfhkq no joldqinb ukqldqinofk qnwjom anvkg do whk
qkv{bwv dl vwnognqgjskg wkvwv" fbnvvqddi davkq|nwjdov nog nbb
dwhkq n|njbnabk ukqldqinofk joldqinwjdo/8; Qkvknqfh vhd}v
whnw uqjofjunbv fno in`k whkvk jogv dl c{gmikowv nff{qnwkbz"
kvukfjnbbz }hko jw fdikv wd whk hjmhkvw nog bd}kvw ukqldqikqv/8
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
35/52
VWQKOMWHKO WHK WKNFHJOM UQDLKVVJDO WHQD[MH
HJMHKQ KXUKFWNWJDOV
Jl }k vkw hjmh kxukfwnwjdov whnw k|kqzdok }d{bg ldbbd}" whko J }d{bg
bd|k wd qkinjo nw iz uqkvkow cda/
)Jqqkubnfknabk Wknfhkq
Qkwnjojom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv nbdok }jbb odw vdb|k whk qknb qkwkowjdo fqjvjv
dq whk uqdabki dl fhqdojfnbbz bd} vw{gkow nfhjk|kikow/ Vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw
bkngkqv i{vw nbvd nggqkvv whk dwhkq vjgk dl whk qkwkowjdo fqjvjv3 whk jogjllkqkofk
wd ukqldqinofk whnw hnv nbbd}kg vd inoz jokllkfwj|k wknfhkqv wd qkinjo jo whk
fbnvvqddi ldq zknqv dq k|ko gkfngkv" }kn`kojom whk kowjqk wknfhjom uqdlkvvjdo jo
whk uqdfkvv/ Qk|kqvjom whjv wqkog qk~{jqkv n fdiijwikow az uqjofjunbv wd in`k
{ofdildqwnabk gkfjvjdov nog n fdiijwikow az gjvwqjfw bkngkqv nog udbjfzin`kqv
wd v{uudqw whdvk gkfjvjdov/
Vkw n ok} vwnognqg ldq kllkfwj|kokvv nog gjvijvv dq fd{ovkb d{w
wknfhkqv }hd fdovjvwkowbz ukqldqi akbd} jw
D{q nonbzvjv vhd}v whnw vfhddbv qd{wjokbz qkwnjo kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv }hd nqk
bkvv kllkfwj|k whno k|ko od|jfk wknfhkqv/ Jw jv wjik wd nji hjmhkq/
Wknfhkqv }hd fnoodw wknfh nv }kbb nv whk n|kqnmk qvw)zknq wknfhkq
vhd{bg ak fdovjgkqkg jokllkfwj|k{obkvv whkz nqk qvw)zknq wknfhkqv/
Whdvk }hd lnjb wd jiuqd|k qnujgbz}jwhjo dok zknqvhd{bg odw
qkinjo jo whk fbnvvqddi" nog uqjofjunbv vhd{bg ak hkbg nffd{ownabk
ldq in`jom v{qk whkz gdow/
]hjbk whjv vwnognqg inz vkki niajwjd{v" nozwhjom bkvv }d{bg nbbd} bd})
ukqldqijom wknfhkqv wd qkinjo jogkojwkbz/ ]k akbjk|k jw jv jiudvvjabk wd c{vwjlz
whnw d{wfdik mj|ko whk gjqk fdovk~{kofkv ldq vfhddbv nog vw{gkowv/
Gjvwqjfwv nog vfhddbv fno vwnqw az koldqfjom hjmhkq vwnognqgv ldq knqbz)fnqkkq
wknfhkqv3 az hjqjom idqk vkbkfwj|kbz nog n}nqgjom wko{qk (nog whk kvvkowjnbbz
jqqk|dfnabk kiubdzikow uqdwkfwjdo whnw fdikv }jwh jw* dobz wd wknfhkqv }hd hn|k
hkbukg whkjq vw{gkowv bknqo zknq jo nog zknq d{w/
A{w uqjofjunbv i{vw nbvd hn|k whk fd{qnmknog whk v{uudqw lqdi gjvwqjfw
bkngkqvwd nuubz qjmdqd{v kxukfwnwjdov wd jokllkfwj|k kxukqjkofkg wknfhkqv" k|ko
jl jw wn`kv bdomkq wd qkid|k whki/ ]k uqdckfw whnw whk wzujfnb {qano gjvwqjfw fd{bg
qkid|k idvw dl jwv kxukqjkofkg a{w bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }jwhjo |k zknqv az
uqnfwjfjom vinqw qkwkowjdo/8=
Jwv }dqwh odwjom nmnjo whnw uqjofjunbv nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv i{vw in`k whkvk
gjlf{bw nog bdom)gklkqqkg gkfjvjdov }hjbk vwjbb wqknwjom bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv
qkvukfwl{bbz/ Whk |nvw incdqjwz dl whkvk wknfhkqv nqk gdjom n hnqg cda wd whk
akvw dl whkjq najbjwjkv0 whkz nqk vjiubz {onabk wd ikkw whk hjmh kxukfwnwjdov whnw
vhd{bg hn|k akko jo ubnfk bdom nmd/
Wknfhkqv }hd fnoodw
wknfh nv }kbb nv n
qvw)zknq wknfhkq
vhd{bg ak fdovjgkqkg
jokllkfwj|k{obkvv
whkz nqk qvw)zknq
wknfhkqv/
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
6>
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
36/52
Nv {ofdildqwnabk nv jw ijmhw ak wd gjvijvv dq fd{ovkb
d{w n bnqmk o{iakq dl kxukqjkofkg bd} ukqldqikqv" jwv
vdikwhjom whnw gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg dobz hn|k wd gd dofk do
n bnqmk vfnbk jl fd{ubkg }jwh idqk qjmdqd{v vwnognqgv ldq
hjqjom nog wko{qk/ Nlwkq whnw" n fdowjo{kg ldf{v do vinqw
qkwkowjdo vhd{bg uqk|kow bnqmk o{iakqv dl jokllkfwj|k
wknfhkqv lqdi akfdijom fnqkkq wknfhkqv jo whk qvw ubnfk/
In`k jw knvjkq wd fd{ovkb d{w bd} ukqldqikqv az
fqknwjom nbwkqonwj|kv wd ldqinb gjvijvvnb
Jo fdiunojkv nog dqmnojsnwjdov nfqdvv whk fd{owqz"
kiubdzkkv }hd vwq{mmbk jo whkjq cdav nqk wzujfnbbz
mj|ko vk|kqnb n|ko{kv wd bkn|k }jwhd{w dlfjnbbz akjom
qkg/ Uqjofjunbv vhd{bgow nb}nzv hn|k wd qkvdqw wd
a{qgkovdik ldqinb gjvijvvnb uqdfkvvkv0 nv }k hn|k vhd}o"
qkfkj|jom fnogjg lkkganf` fno ak kod{mh wd fdo|jofk
bd} ukqldqikqv wd bkn|k |db{ownqjbz/ Gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg
fqknwk idqk duwjdov wd hkbu uqjofjunbv fd{ovkb d{w bd}
ukqldqikqv/ Kxniubkv ijmhw jofb{gk3
Wqnjojom nog v{uudqw lqdi gjvwqjfw vwnll do hd} wd hn|k
hdokvw fdo|kqvnwjdov }jwh wknfhkqv nad{w whkjq uddq
ukqldqinofk nog kofd{qnmk whki wd qkvjmo |db{ownqjbz/
D{wubnfkikow nvvjvwnofkldq bd})ukqldqijom ok}
wknfhkqv vd whkz fno viddwhbz wqnovjwjdo wd nodwhkq qdbk
dq k|ko nodwhkq bjok dl }dq`/
B{iu v{i a{z)d{wv nog qkwjqkikow jofkowj|kv ldq
kxukqjkofkg bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv/
Vnbnqz lqkkskv ldq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv }hd gkfbjoka{zd{wv nog qkwjqkikow jofkowj|kv/
Qknvvjmoikow dl uddq ukqldqikqv n}nz lqdi qkm{bnq
fbnvvqddi nvvjmoikowv wd v{avwjw{wk uddbv/
]hko nbb kbvk lnjbv" whd{mh" jw jv fq{fjnb whnw gjvwqjfw bkngkqv
mj|k uqjofjunbv whk wqnjojom nog bkmnb v{uudqw whkz okkg wd
on|jmnwk whk ldqinb gjvijvvnb uqdfkvv/
Qkid|k whk udbjfz anqqjkqv wd hjmhkq kxukfwnwjdov
Jwv {olnjq wd kxukfw uqjofjunbv wd hn|k hjmh kxukfwnwjdov
ldq whkjq wknfhkqv }hjbk wdbkqnwjom d{wgnwkg udbjfjkv whnw
{ogkqijok whdvk kxukfwnwjdov/ Vwnwk nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv
vhd{bg qkldqi whk w}d ajmmkvw udbjfz qdngabdf`v wd
hjmhkq kxukfwnwjdov3
Vwnlom qkvwqjfwjdov3 Nbb gjvwqjfwv vhd{bg ngduw i{w{nb
fdovkow vwnlom udbjfjkv whnw mj|k uqjofjunbv whk onb
vnz jo hjqjom gkfjvjdov nog uqk|kow wknfhkqv lqdi akjom
ldqfkg jowd cdav whnw whkz gd odw }now/ Whjv kov{qkv
whnw }hko uqjofjunbv u{w jo whk klldqw wd fd{ovkb d{w n
bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkq" whkz }jbb ak nabk wd hjqk n ok}
wknfhkq }hd hnv whk udwkowjnb wd ak idqk kllkfwj|k qnwhkq
whno qdbbjom whk gjfk }jwh n wknfhkq ldqfk)ubnfkg az
h{ino qkvd{qfkv/
Gjvijvvnb q{bkv3 Vfhddbv okkg lnjq a{w klfjkow gjvijvvnb
udbjfjkv whnw konabk whki wd qkid|k bd} ukqldqikqv
}jwhd{w lnfjom whk uqdvukfw dl no jogkojwk" ~{nvj)
c{gjfjnb uqdfkvv dl hknqjomv nog nuuknbv/ Wknfhkqv
vhd{bg ak nabk wd fdowkvw whkjq gjvijvvnb" a{w whk
hknqjom wjikbjok vhd{bg ak bjijwkg wd dok gnz/ G{qjom
whk hknqjom" nqajwqnwdqv vhd{bg ak bjijwkg wd gkfjgjom
}hkwhkq whk gjvijvvnb uqdfkvv }nv ldbbd}kg nog whk
c{gmikowv dl vfhddb ngijojvwqnwdqv }kqk ingk jo mddg
lnjwh" qnwhkq whno v{avwjw{wjom whkjq c{gmikow dl wknfhkq
fdiukwkofk ldq whnw dl vfhddb nog gjvwqjfw bkngkqv/
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
61
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7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
37/52
KOGJOM WHK QKNB QKWKOWJDO FQJVJVN LJ\K)ZKNQ QDNGINU
LDQ V[UKQJOWKOGKOWV
ZKNQ >
Jiubkikow vwnll qk|jk} uqdfkvv nog gkvjmo$ujbdw akwwkq wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov
Fbnqjlz kxukfwnwjdov ldq fbnvvqddi ukqldqinofk (k/m/" whnw nbb wknfhkqv i{vw ukqldqi nw bknvw nv }kbb nvwhk n|kqnmk ljqvw)zknq wknfhkq*
Hkbu uqjofjunbv in`k idqk qjmdqd{v wko{qk gkfjvjdov
Fqknwk vzvwki wd wqnf` wknfhkq qkwkowjdo az ukqldqinofk
Wqnjo uqjofjunbv do bd})fdvw qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv ldq wdu wknfhkqv
Qkwqnjo nog" jl okfkvvnqz" qkubnfk uqjofjunbv inonmkqv wd ldf{v do fdnfhjom nog jiuqd|k jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju nog vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo
V{q|kz wknfhkqv nw bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv wd nvvkvv mnuv jo jovwq{fwjdonb f{bw{qk nog }dq`jom fdogjwjdov
Jiubkikow ok} ldqinb wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv whnw uqd|jgk nff{qnwk nvvkvvikowv qddwkg jo vw{gkowd{wfdikv (jl odok f{qqkowbz kxjvw*
Jiubkikow idqk qjmdqd{v hjqjom fqjwkqjn ldq ok} wknfhkqv" jofb{gjom gkidovwqnwkg fbnvvqddi v`jbbv
Qk|jvk uqjofjunb vkbkfwjdo" gk|kbduikow nog k|nb{nwjdo fqjwkqjn nog uqdfkvvkv wd ldf{v do jovwq{fwjdonbbkngkqvhju nog vinqw wknfhkq qkwkowjdo
Vkw gjvwqjfw) nog vfhddb)bk|kb wnqmkwv ldq jofqknvjom qkwkowjdo dl wdu)ukqldqijom wknfhkqv nog qkg{fjomqkwkowjdo dl bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv" nog kov{qk whnw whdvk wnqmkwv }jbb hkbu w{qonqd{og vfhddbv qknfh whkvnik wknfhkq fdiudvjwjdo nv n|kqnmk vfhddbv }jwhjo whqkk zknqv
Fdowjo{k idojwdqjom wknfhkq qkwkowjdo wnqmkwv nw adwh gjvwqjfw nog vfhddb bk|kbv nog uqd|jgk domdjom v{uudqwwd uqjofjunbv" }jwh n ldf{v do bd})ukqldqijom vfhddbv
Gkvjmo" okmdwjnwk (}hkqk nuubjfnabk* nog jiubkikow ok} wknfhkq fdiukovnwjdo vzvwki nog fnqkkq unwh}nzv
Okmdwjnwk (}hkqk nuubjfnabk* nog jiubkikow qkldqiv wd vwnlljom" bnzdll nog gjvijvvnb q{bkv
ZKNQ 1
ZKNQV 6);
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
66
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
38/52
VINQW QKWKOWJDO NV WHK AKVW W[QONQD[OG VWQNWKMz LDQ VWQ[MMBJOM VFHDDBVLdf{vjom do vinqw qkwkowjdo fno hkbu vfhddbv ~{jf`bz
nog gqninwjfnbbz jiuqd|k whk ~{nbjwz dl wknfhjom whkz
uqd|jgk wd whkjq vw{gkowv" }hjfh jv whk `kz wd addvwjom
vw{gkow bknqojom/ Jw inz qkuqkvkow n vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv
akvw fhnofk wd jiuqd|k0 jogkkg" }k hn|k vhd}o whnw
bd})nfhjk|jom vfhddbv hn|k bjwwbk hduk dl qknfhjom k|ko
n|kqnmk ukqldqinofk }jwhd{w `kkujom idqk Jqqkubnfknabkv
nog lk}kq bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv d|kq whk fd{qvk dl
vk|kqnb zknqv/
Zkw lk} vfhddbv hn|k nfw{nbbz wqjkg whjv uqdijvjom vwqnwkmz
ldq jiuqd|kikow/ Nfqdvv whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv }k vw{gjkg" dobz
nad{w 65 ukqfkow dl vfhddbv hng nfhjk|kg vinqw qkwkowjdo
qnwkv ldq n vjombk zknq" nog dobz nad{w >5 ukqfkow hng
v{vwnjokg whkvk qnwkv ldq whqkk zknqv jo n qd}/ 88
]k akbjk|k whnw lkgkqnb nog vwnwk udbjfzin`kqv vhd{bg
in`k vinqw qkwkowjdo whk uqjinqz w{qonqd{og vwqnwkmz
ldq vwq{mmbjom vfhddbv/ N dok)wjik d|kqhn{b dl whk
wknfhjom vwnll nw whkvk vfhddbvdok dl whk incdq
lkgkqnb w{qonqd{og vwqnwkmjkv wdgnzjv odw kod{mh
wd kov{qk bdom)wkqi jiuqd|kikow/ Vwq{mmbjom vfhddb
okkg n v{vwnjokg ldf{v do vinqw qkwkowjdo wd mkw akwwkq
qkv{bwv ldq whkjq vw{gkowv/
[vjom qkwkowjdo nv whk uqjinqz wddb ldq vfhddb
jiuqd|kikow fd{bg gkbj|kq v{avwnowjnb qkv{bwv nw n bd}
fdvw }jwhjo c{vw n lk} zknqv/
QKFDIIK
OGNWJDOV
67
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
39/52
WKFHOJFNB NUUKOGJXWhk wkfhojfnb nuukogjx uqd|jgkv nggjwjdonb gkwnjbv do whk vfduk
dl whjv qkudqw nog whk ukqldqinofk iknv{qkv {vkg wd jgkowjlz
hjmh) nog bd})ukqldqijom wknfhkqv" nv }kbb nv gkwnjbv qkmnqgjomfdocdjow ikwhdgdbdmz/
WKFHOJFN
BNUUKOGJX
6;6;
-
7/31/2019 TNTP Irreplaceables Study July 30, 2012
40/52
VFDUK DL WHK QKUDQWWhjv qkudqw kxubdqkv whk kxukqjkofkv dl whk onwjdov idvw v{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv/ Whk qkv{bwv nqk anvkg do gnwn fdbbkfwkg lqdi
ld{q {qano vfhddb gjvwqjfwv nog dok fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo (FID*/ Whkvk kg{fnwjdonb n{whdqjwjkv kiubdz
idqk whno :5"555 wknfhkqv jo idqk whno 1">55 vfhddbv jo noz mj|ko zknq/ Whk ld{q gjvwqjfwv uqd|jgkg WOWU }jwh gjvwqjfw)
vukfjf wknfhkq ukqldqinofk gnwn0 whk fhnqwkq inonmkikow dqmnojsnwjdo uqd|jgkg jowkqonb k|nb{nwjdo gnwn do wknfhkq
ukqldqinofk/ WOWU {vkg whkvk gnwn wd jgkowjlz nuuqdxjinwkbz whk wdu nog adwwdi 15 ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv anvkg do
|nb{k)nggkg nonbzvjv dq mqd}wh gnwn/
GNWN VD[QFKVAdwh ~{nowjwnwj|k nog ~{nbjwnwj|k ikwhdgv }kqk {vkg jo whk qkudqw/ Whk w}d uqjinqz vd{qfkv dl gnwn }kqk wknfhkq
ukqldqinofk gnwn uqd|jgkg az whk gjvwqjfwv nog fdogkowjnb wknfhkq nog vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kzv ngijojvwkqkg az WOWU
jo whk 15>5)>> dq 15>>)>1 vfhddb zknqv/ Ukqldqinofk gnwn }kqk bjo`kg wd jogj|jg{nb wknfhkq v{q|kz qkvudovkv jo dqgkq
wd akwwkq {ogkqvwnog whk ukqvukfwj|k dl whk idvw v{ffkvvl{b wknfhkqv jo knfh gjvwqjfw/ Jo idvw fnvkv" gjvwqjfw ukqldqinofk
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GJVWQJFW NGjvwqjfw N uqd|jgkg n |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk anvkg do n i{bwjbk|kb" ijxkg)kllkfw bjoknq qkmqkvvjdo/ \nb{k)nggkg iknv{qkv
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n fdiudvjwk dl whk bnwkvw whqkk zknqv dl |nb{k)nggkg vfdqkv/ Jo nggjwjdo wd whk |nb{k)nggkg kvwjinwk" whk gjvwqjfw uqd|jgkg
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GJVWQJFW AGjvwqjfw A {vkv n mqd}wh idgkb nog uqd|jgkg {v }jwh vw{gkow mqd}wh vfdqkv ldq inwh" qkngjom nog }qjwjom jo mqngkv
7 whqd{mh >5/ ]k fnbf{bnwkg wknfhkq)bk|kb mqd}wh ukqfkowjbkv ldq knfh v{ackfw az wn`jom nbb vw{gkow mqd}wh ukqfkowjbkv
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hjmh)ukqldqijom" nog 17 ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/
[ogkq whk nad|k ukqldqinofk iknv{qk" 15 ukqfkow dl Gjvwqjfw A wknfhkqv }jwh mqd}wh gnwn }kqk fbnvvjkg nv
hjmh)ukqldqijom" nog 1> ukqfkow nv bd})ukqldqijom/
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udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk nog od |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk akbd} whk udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk/
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udu{bnwjdo ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk nog od bd}kq ad{og fdogkofk jowkq|nb mqknwkq whno whk udu{bnwjdo
ikno |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk/
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GJVWQJFW FGjvwqjfw F uqd|jgkg n vjombk)zknq |nb{k)nggkg vfdqk fnbf{bnwkg ldq knfh wknfhkq }jwhjo wkvwkg mqngkv nog v{ackfwv/ \nb{k)
nggkg iknv{qkv }kqk n|njbnabk ldq whdvk wknfhjom bnom{nmk" inwh" nog qkngjom jo mqngkv 6 whqd{mh 8" nog ldq whdvk
wknfhjom vfjkofk nog hjvwdqz jo mqngkv 7 whqd{mh 8/
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Jw jv fnbf{bnwkg az v{awqnfwjom whk gjvwqjfwv n|kqnmk mnjo lqdi whk wknfhkqv n|kqnmk mnjo nog gj|jgjom whnw vfdqk az whk
wknfhkqv vwnognqg kqqdq/ Ldq nuuqnjvnb u{qudvkv" whk gjvwqjfw qkvkq|kv whk hjmhkvw nog bd}kvw k|nb{nwjdo vfdqkv ldq wknfhkqv
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> Jogj|jg{nb wknfhkq nog vfhddb onikv hn|k akko fhnomkg/ Nbb n|njbnabk gjvwqjfw gnwn uqd|jgkg jo whk ldbbd}jom odwkv/
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gjvwqja{wjdo joldqinwjdo" VZ 155:)>5 nog 15>5)>>/
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dwhkq fnqkkqv*" V{mmkvwkg whnw J fdovjgkq dwhkq vfhddbv" Mn|k ik n uddq k|nb{nwjdo qnwjom" Nvvjmokg ik bkvv gkvjqnabk qkvudovjajbjwjkv" Wdbg
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bd} ukqldqikqv whkz hn|k whk ldbbd}jom zknq" a{jbgjom idqk kllkfwj|k wknfhjom wkniv d|kq wjik/ Fdqqkbnwjdov akw}kko fhnomk jo vfhddb)bk|kb
fdofkowqnwjdo dl hjmh ukqldqikqv nog udvjwj|k gjllkqkofk akw}kko nwwqjwjdo dl bd} ukqldqikqv nog whnw dl hjmh ukqldqikqv vjmojfnow jo nbb gjvwqjfwv
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>8Qdolkbgw" I/" Bdka" V/" , ]zf`dll" C/ (15>1*/Hd} wknfhkq w{qod|kq hnqiv vw{gkow nfhjk |kikow(]dq`jom Unukq =5*/ ]nvhjomwdo" GF3 Onwjdonb Fkowkq
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gk|kbduikow dq Qkwnjojom whk idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nv n wdu |k uqjdqjwz nw whkjq vfhddb/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 gk|kbdujom =+" qkwnjojom 7=+0 G3 gk|kbdujom ==+" qkwnjojom 15+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/
15Ikgjno ukqfkowjbk qno`v az udu{bnwjdo vfdqkv/ Gjvwqjfwv3 A3 Bd})ukqldqijom |kwkqno fdhdqw udu{bnwjdo gkokg jo VZ 1558)5:0 |kwkqno bd}
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wknfhkqv wdu)qno`kg qknvdo ldq bkn|jom nv jgkowjkg jo uqk|jd{v ~{kvwjdo/* Ukqfkow dl hjmh ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom Zkv/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 =Ikno zknq |nb{kv ldq hjmh ukqldqikqv }hd qkudqwkg qkfkj|jom skqd dq dok dl bjvwkg vwqnwkmjkv fdiunqkg wd whdvk }hd qkudqwkg qkfkj|jom w}d dq
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68^3 Bnvw zknq $ Jo whk bnvw zknq" vdikdok lqdi iz vfhddb bkngkqvhju wkni hnv Ukqfkow dl hjmh nog bd} ukqldqikqv vkbkfwjom knfh dl whk
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ukqldqinofk joldqinbbz (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo Gjvwqjfw F*" Qkfdmojskg iz nffdiubjvhikowv u{abjfnbbz" Joldqikg ik whnw J ni hjmh
ukqldqijom" Jgkowjkg duudqw{ojwjkv dq unwhv ldq wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv" U{w ik jo fhnqmk dl vdikwhjom jiudqwnow (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo
Gjvwqjfw F*" Uqd|jgkg ik }jwh nffkvv wd nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv ldq iz fbnvvqddi (odw n|njbnabk duwjdo jo Gjvwqjfw F*/ Gjllkqkofkv ldq Joldqikg ik
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jo fhnqmk 1+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 6>+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 1;+"Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 1;+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 6+" Fqjwjfnb
lkkganf` 11+0 F3 hjmh ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 78+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 6:+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom +"
Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 17+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >=+0 bd} ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 75+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv
67+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 67+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 75+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv 16+0 G3 hjmh ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k
lkkganf` 6>+" Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv 1>+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 18+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom 75+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl
gk|kbduikow" 1;+" Nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv 67+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >6+" Fqjwjfnb lkkganf` 18+0 bd} ukqldqikqv Udvjwj|k lkkganf` 1;+"
Qkfdmojskg nffdiubjvhikowv >8+" U{w ik jo fhnqmk 1;+" Joldqikg ni hjmh ukqldqijom >=+" Jgkowjlz nqknv dl gk|kbduikow" 1=+"
Nggjwjdonb qkvd{qfkv 1:+" Wknfhkq bkngkq qdbkv >+0 F3 hjmh >=+" bd} 16+0 G3 hjmh >6+" bd} >6+" fdog{fw >:+" vnlkwz 76+" bdfnwjdo ;;+0 G3 hjmhkvw unqkow ;5+"
fdog{fw 1+" fdog{fw >=+" vnlkwz 6:+" bdfnwjdo ;>+/ Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/
77^3 ^{nbjwz dl wknfhkqv nw vfhddb" ^{nbjwz dl vfhddb bkngkqvhju/ Ukqfkow dl wknfhkqv nw hjmhkvw uqdfjkofz vfhddbv fdiunqkg wd whdvk nw bd}kvw
vkbkfwjom vnwjvkg dq |kqz vnwjvkg/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 hjmhkvw wknfhkqv 8;+" bkngkqvhju " bd}kvw 1+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/
7=Gjvwqjfw ~{nbjwnwj|k qkvknqfh/ Nbvd qk|jk}kg vfhddb bkngkqvhju vwnognqgv u{abjvhkg az Jowkqvwnwk Vfhddb Bkngkqv Bjfkov{qk Fdovdqwj{i (JVBBF*"
Ijg)Fdowjokow Qkvknqfh ldq Kg{fnwjdo nog Bknqojom (IfQKB* nog \nogkqajbw Nvvkvvikow dl Bkngkqvhju jo Kg{fnwjdo (\NB)KG*/
78^3 Gjvwqjfw udbjfjkv v{uudqw iz najbjwz wd qkwnjo iz idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv/ Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/
Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 65+0 F3 68+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/
7:^3 J hn|k whk okfkvvnqz kxjajbjwz$n{wdodiz wd kov{qk iz idvw kllkfwj|k wknfhkqv nqk qkwnjokg/ Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq
vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 1
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;5Bk|jo" C/" , ^{joo" I/ (1556*/Ijvvkg duudqw{ojwjkv 3 Hd} }k `kku h jmh)~{nbjwz wknfhkqv d{w dl {qano fbnvvqddiv/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/ Bk|jo" C/"
I{bhkqo" C/" , Vfh{of`" C/ (155;*/ [ojowkogkg fdovk~{kofkv3 Whk fnvk ldq qkldqijom whk vwnlom q{bkv jo {qano wknfhkqv {ojdo fdowqnfwv/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/
]kjvakqm kw nb/ (155:*/ WOWU (15>>*/ Whk fnvk nmnjovw ~{nbjwz)abjog bnzdllv3 ]hz bnzdll udbjfjkv whnw jmodqk wknfhkq ~{nbjwz okkg wd kog od}/
Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/
;>Gjvwqjfw F hnv qkid|kg vk|kqnb udbjfz anqqjkqv" a{w bd} ukqldqikqv qkfkj|k n vjijbnq o{iakq dl qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv nv hjmh ukqldqikqv/ Ukqfkow dl
hjmh nog bd} ukqldqikqv qkfkj|jom o{iakq dl qkwkowjdo vwqnwkmjkv jo Gjvwqjfw F/ Skqd vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh 1+" w}d vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >:+" bd} >:+0 whqkk vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >=+" bd} >6+0 ld{q vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh >6+" bd}3 8+0 |k vwqnwkmjkv3 hjmh
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=>^3 Hd} bdom gd zd{ whjo` jw vhd{bg wn`k ldq n qvw)zknq wknfhkq }hd jv jokllkfwj|k wd akfdik kllkfwj|k4 $ ldq n |kwkqno wknfhkq }hd jv jokllkfwj|k
wd akfdik kllkfwj|k4 Ukqfkow dl vfhddb bkngkqv vkbkfwjom 1 vfhddb zknqv" 1/; vfhddb zknqv" 6 vfhddb zknqv dq idqk whno 6 vfhddb zknqv/
Gjvwqjfwv3 G3 qvw zknq =5+" |kwkqno 76+0 K3 qvw zknq 7+" |kwkqno 5+/ Vd{qfk3 Vfhddb bkngkq v{q|kz gnwn/
=1^3 D|kqnbb" iz vfhddb jv n mddg ubnfk wd wknfh nog bknqo/ Ukqfkow dl nbb wknfhkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 ;;+0 A3
+" bd} >8+/ Vd{qfk3 Wknfhkq v{q|kz gnwn/
=7^3 Whkqk jv n bd} wdbkqnofk ldq jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom nw iz vfhddb (N" F* $ Jokllkfwj|k wknfhjom jv odw wdbkqnwkg nw iz vfhddb (A" G*/ Ukqfkow dl nbbwknfhkqv vkbkfwjom nmqkk dq vwqdombz nmqkk/ Gjvwqjfwv3 N3 7=+0 A3 68+0 F3 71*/IKW Ingk vjiubk3 A{jbgjom qkvknqfh)anvkg wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdov/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/
87Ldq idqk nad{w d{q qkfdiikognwjdov do gkvjmojom k|nb{nwjdo vzvwkiv" vkk3 WOWU (15>5*/ Wknfhkq k|nb{nwjdo 1/5/ Ok} Zdq`" OZ3 WOWU/