Oxford Journals—Copyediting Style Guide

Journal: Integrative and Comparative Biology (ICB)Customer: Oxford JournalsFollows: CSE Manual 7th Edition

If in doubt, please refer to the Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary and the CSE Manual 7th Edition.

FRONT MATTER (running heads and first page)Left running head (lrh), first page

StyleSICB logo should be in the upper left. It should be black and white in print and in color for online.

First page pagination slug

Style

Journal name, article page extent, and doi number should be in the upper right.

Example:

Integrative and Comparative Biology, pp. x<en dash>xdoi: 10.1093/icb/icx000

Left running head (lrh) in the article

Style

Right aligned initialized forenames and middle names followed by surname.

et al. in italics

Examples:

One author: S. VogelTwo authors: K. Nishikawa and K. G. OtaThree or more authors: C. D. Wilga et al.

Right running head (rrh) in the article

StyleLeft aligned, short article title, sentence caps, roman, no period

Example:Cranial design and feeding in lizards

Opening page

Style Symposium details (except if book review). These should appear below the author affiliations.

Example:

From the symposium “name” presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Month x<en dash>x, 200x at city, state. [use full state name]

Manuscript category/subject section variations

StyleThe journal mostly publishes symposium articles and book reviews. On occasion, it publishes Grand Challenges articles, Editorials, and Comments (new for 2010)..

Grand Challenges

The head “GRAND CHALLENGES” is in a sans serif font, all caps, and is left aligned at the top of the page with a line rule beneath. The article uses a 3-column format. There is no symposium line on the title page. The left and right running heads say “Grand Challenges” in sans serif font.

Style for different article types

Editorial

The head ‘Editorial’ is left aligned.

The editor’s name should appear left aligned and in italics at the end of the article. There should be a line of space before it to separate it from the text.

For example:

Harold Heatwole, Editor ICBNancy Cochran, Assistant Editor ICBJohn Pearse, President, SICBCathy Kennedy, Oxford Journals

Book review The following information is necessary and should appear in the following order:Title, Author/Editor, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, number of pages, ISBN (Use either ISBN 10 or ISBN 13, not both) (hardcover or paperback), price

The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology. Kristina A. Curry Rogers and Jeffery A. Wilson, editors.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2005. 349 pp. ISBN 0-520-22623-3 (hardcover), $230.

If ISBNs for both hardcover and paperback are provided, please give as “ISBN 0-520-22623-3 (hardcover) and 0-520-226323-4 (paperback).”

Book Review should end with following details (with at least one line of space between the text and the ending signature).

Harold HeatwoleDepartment of Zoology, North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617E-mail: harold_heatwole@ncsu.edu

Advance Access publication May 2, 2007doi:10.1093/icb/icm012

Article type Style

Title case, Roman

Examples:EditorialBook Review

Article Title Style

Capitalize all significant words in the title (i.e., title case). Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and some conjunctions. Do not capitalize articles, coordinate conjunctions, or prepositions unless they appear at the beginning of title or are part of a phrasal verb.

See CSE 9.3.1.1

Capitalization after colon or em dash

Capitalize (regardless of part of speech)

See CSE 9.3.1.1Capitalization after hyphen

Capitalize both components of a 2-word hyphenated term if the term is a temporary compound or coordinate term.

Example: Well-Adjusted

Nitrogen-Fixing

Do not capitalize the second and subsequent components of a term that would normally be hyphenated, except for proper nouns or adjectives.

Example:Helter-skelterPre-eclampsia

Capitalization (prepositions)

Lowercase (unless they appear at the beginning of the title or are part of a phrasal verb.)

See CSE 9.3.1.1Capitalization (others) Proper nouns should be capitalized.

Abbreviations

Acceptable in titles if the abbreviation is widely-known and found in Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

Example:DNA

Numbers

Use numerals rather than words to express whole and decimal numbers. If a number begins a sentence, title, or heading, spell out the number or, if possible, reword so that the number appears elsewhere in the sentence.

In general, spell out zero and one. Two and above should be numerals.

See CSE 12.1.2.1Genus species Spell out and italicize

Years1998–2000

See CSE 12.1.4.2Author Placement Placed below the article title

Style Forename spelled out or initialized, middle name initialized, followed by surname. Initials are spaced out with periods.

Example:

Timothy E. HighamTimothy E. W. Higham

Name Follow author on presentation of name.Degrees and Titles Not allowed

SuffixAllowed. Should follow the name without a comma.

See CSE 8.1

Separators Comma, add “and” (but no comma) before last author name

LayoutPeter Wainwright,1,* Andrew M. Carroll,† David C. Collar,‡ Steven W. Day,‡ Timothy E. Higham† and Roi A. Holzman†

Affiliation formatting

Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Concord Field Station, Harvard University, Bedford, MA 01730, USA

*Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; †The College, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637, USA; ‡Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium; §Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, & Duke University Lemur Center, Durham NC 27710, USA; ¶Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 80 Waterman Street, Box G-B204, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; ||Lab. Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium; **Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA

See CSE 14.3Affiliation designators Symbols, superscripted

Designator separator Comma and semi-colonDesignator order *, †, ‡, §, ¶, ||, #, **, ††, ‡‡, §§...Corresponding Author

Designated by superscripted numeral “1”. Note that there is usually only one corresponding author so only

one superscripted numeral should appear in the author list.

Corresponding Author Placement Placed as footnote below symposium details in the

middle of page one.

Style

Only e-mail address is used. Do not provide postal address or Tel/Fax numbers.

Example:1E-mail: bdumont@bio.umass.edu

More than 1 corresponding author

Allowed (but rare).1E-mail: bdumont@bio.umass.edu2E-mail: biewener@fas.harvard.edu

E-mail

Provided.

Example:1E-mail: bdumont@bio.umass.edu

Equal contribution authors

If the first two authors request a statement regarding equal contribution, place the statement between the author names and the affiliations (see ict025 and icu018 for reference).

Example: The first two authors contributed equally to this work.

Author Affiliation Style

Affiliations should not be combined.Each affiliation should be affiliated to a city and country.Affiliation designators (symbols) appear before the affiliation in superscript

Example

*Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA; †Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA

Placement Below the author line.

Elements required Department/School, University, City, State, postal code, and country

Postal address Should be provided. Query if missing.State name (USA) Use two-letter abbreviationsCountry name USA, UK (do not use Scotland, England, Wales)

Separators Semicolon, no “and” before last affiliationDesignator Symbols in superscriptMultiple affiliations Run on, no “and” before last affiliation

Present address

Not commonly used. If author provides, should be inserted and should follow the same style as other affiliations. Insert a superscript number if necessary to correspond with the correct author.

Dates (received/revised/accepted/advance access)

Placement

Received/revised/accepted dates not used.

Advance Access publication date placed as footer below above the copyright line located at the bottom of the page.

Style and example Advanced Access publication May 2, 2007

Accession numbers Style

Should appear in article, not on first page. Should always be formatted as "GenBank accession number," never abbreviated.

Dedication Style Should appear in the “Acknowledgments” section.Abstract Heading Abstract should be titled “Synopsis.”

Style Synopsis Text is run on, one paragraph only.Abbreviations Use if they occur more than once in the Abstract.

Genus species Spell out and italicize genus name on first occurrence; abbreviate and italicize thereafter.

Numerals

Use numerals rather than words to express whole and decimal numbers. If a number begins a sentence, title, or heading, spell out the number or, if possible, reword so that the number appears elsewhere in the sentence.

In general, spell out zero and one except when they are part of a series or are closely or intermittently linked with other numbers. Two and above should be numerals.

See CSE 12 12.1.2.1Reference citation in abstract Should not be cited

Citing online abstract in a manuscript

Author name (s). Year. Title of abstract [abstract]. Where abstract appeared or was presented. Year and

date it appeared/was presented; place of appearance/presentation. Society location: Society name. Abstract number.

Example:Camacho J, Heyde A, Bhullar B-AS, Haelewaters D, Simmons NB, Abzhanov A. 2016. The evolution and development of diverse and adaptive skull shapes in New World leaf-nosed bats [abstract]. In: The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 2016 annual meeting; 2016 Jan. 3–7; Portland. McLean (VA): The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. 80–1.

Copyright line Standard license

©The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Government license Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 2013.

Open access standard license format

© The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

Miscellaneous copyright format (for errata, list of reviewers, etc.)

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology 2010 2013.

Note that there is no copyright symbol used.Keywords Style Not usedFOOTNOTESStyle Order NA

Affiliation See above under Author and Author affiliationCorresponding author See above under Author and Author affiliation

Acknowledgement Should not be a footnote.Other footnotes In-text footnotes Should not be used.

HEADINGSStyle Unnumbered headings

Headings1st level Bold, roman, sentence case2nd level Bold, roman, sentence case3rd level Roman, sentence case4th levelNumbered headings No allowed

GENERAL STYLE

Spelling US Use American spelling. Follow Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary.

Editing level required Light edit

Light edit.

Editor instructs typesetter to leave hyphenation as he has left it.

Grammar Special notes (add to list as per journal)

Use ‘that’ in restrictive clause and ‘which’ in nonrestrictive clause

Hyphenation Prefixes that do not require hyphenation Refer Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary

Prefixes that require hyphenation Refer Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary

Do not hyphenate Refer Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary

Dashes En dash

Use as follows: to link two words or terms representing items of

equal rank, to connect names in eponymous terms attributed

to two people, as a coordinate connector within a term that

includes hyphenated elements, to link numbers representing a range of values, to represent chemical bonds, and as a minus symbol if a minus symbol is not

available.

See CSE 5.3.5.3Em dash Use as follows:

to set off elements within a sentence that express a parenthetic break in the line of meaning,

to set off introductory elements in a sentence that explains their significance,

to indicate the source of a quotation or editorial statement, or

to set off a parenthetic statement in the text within parentheses and square brackets. (This use should be avoided, however).

See CSE 5.3.5.1Commas General See CSE 5.3.3

Oxford/Serial commas Used

Date style January 20, 2007Parenthetical reference citation (e.g. Smith and Jones 2005)

Johnson 2002Johnson and Gallant 2002Cronin et al. 2003

Thousand separator

For numbers consisting of 2 to 4 digits, run the numerals together. For numbers of more than 4 digits, use comma to set off groups of 3 digits (example: 10,000)

See CSE 12.1.3.1Introductory comma Only to avoid confusion.

Capitalization After colon

Capitalize the first word after a colon if it begins a direct quotation or if the words that follow the colon form a complete sentence or independent clause. Lowercase otherwise.

See CSE 9.2.2Variables Follow author and make consistentExperiment, Day, etc. CapitalizeOthers At the start of a sentence, capitalize a letter following a

Greek symbol, e.g. -Galactosidase.

Use small caps for D- and L- compounds, e.g. D-

penicillamine.

Italicization EmphasisNo italics for emphasis purpose (Do not use quotes instead, because quotation marks don’t imply emphasis effectively)

Variables and Statistical terms Italicize as appropriate and make consistent.

Multi-letter variables Roman

Others

Restriction enzymes: the first three letters are italicized and the numbers are roman numerals closed up to the letters, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII

P (upper case, italics) for probability

t-test, U-test (t should be in italics, U should be roman)

Taq or Pfu DNA polymerase, In vitro/in vivo/in utero/in situ/in vacuo, In toto, Ab initio, Ad hoc, Sensu

n (lower case, italics) for numberLanguage Word list NA

Preferred words NAQuotation marks Style Use double quotation marks

Punctuation Should be within the double quotation marksQuotations/Extracts in text

Style Pull out as separate paragraph if more than 5 lines of text. Indent on left-hand side and reduce font size.

Latin terms Style

Italics usually. But do not italicize Latin terms that have become accepted in English and that can be used in scientific text without translation.

See Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary to determine if a term has become accepted in English.

AbbreviationsAcceptable if commonly used.

See Chicago Manual of Style for a list.Parentheses In general, see CSE 5.3.6.

Parenthesis within parenthesis is not allowed.

Replace second parenthesis with square bracket.

(( )) changed to ([ ]), unless the square bracket indicates concentration.

Brackets

Use to demarcate text or letters added to quoted text, to demarcate an editorial comment, and to enclose a parenthetic statement within a parenthetic statement enclosed by parentheses.

See CSE 5.3.7

Slash

Use for: the mathematical operation of division, expressions of rates or concentrations, to separate symbols for mutant genes on

homologous chromosomes, to separate clones in human chromosome

nomenclature, to separate symbols for homologous genes or

alleles, as a character in URLs, as end tags in SGML, HTML, or XML, or to indicate alternatives (such as “and/or” or

“he/she”).

But otherwise, rephrase for clarity.

See CSE 5.4.3

Genus species Style

Spell out genus name on first occurrence and use abbreviation thereafter. Always italicize genus and species name.

See CSE 22.2.3.2 and 22.2.3.4Beginning of a sentence Spell out and italicize Genus name

Common name Once the scientific name and its vernacular equivalent have been presented, the vernacular name may be used, especially if it is widely recognized.

See CSE 22.2.3.10

Abbreviations Genus name abbreviated and italicized on second occurrence

Lists Display

In-text(1), (2), and (3).

Note use of ‘and’ and serial comma.Sequences Table/main text

Run-on

Geography USA Use USA in addresses. US (adjectival), United States (noun)

UK Use UK (not Scotland, England, etc.)

US States Use two letter abbreviation. (See CSE Table 14.1 for a list of these.)

CoordinatesBahamas (2328N; 7542W)

See CSE 14.2.1Time and dates Date January 25, 2007

Period 1999–2003Time Follow author but make it consistent.

SOURCES OF MATERIALSStyle (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO)Supplier name Query for supplier name.Supplier location Query for supplier location.

OthersGive complete address of any particular supplier only on first occurrence. In subsequent occurrences, provide only name of supplier.

ABBREVIATIONSAbbreviation First use Define abbreviation upon first occurrence.

Title Not allowed in title.In Headings Acceptable if already defined in the article.At the beginning of sentence Acceptable if already defined in the article.

In Figures Acceptable but define at first instance.

In TablesAcceptable if space needs to be conserved. But they should be defined in footnotes. In most occurrences, please spell out.

Underscoring Remove underscoring where it illustrates acronyms, throughout the article.

Latin abbreviations

i.e. and e.g. should be in roman, confined to parentheses or notes and followed by a comma

Example: (e.g., milk, bread, and water)

Scientific abbreviations

Follow author but query author for full name and spell out at first instance

Chemical compounds Follow author

Concentrations Use SI unitsPlurals Allowed

State names Two-letter abbreviation. (See CSE Table 14.1 for a list of these.)

Country names USA, UK (noun), US, UK (adj)Organization Names Follow author

Author names (author of paper)

Query author for full names if names such as “C.S. Smith” appear in the author list. If that is ultimately how the author wishes their name to appear, then the style is for the initials to appear closed up with dots.

Example:

A.G.C. SmithNames (other than the authors) Initials and surname

Journal specific abbreviations

Query Query author for abbreviations that have not been defined.

TECHNICAL STYLENumber style In general, see CSE section 12.1

Numbers less than 10 Spell out

Numbers greater than 9 Retain as numerals.

Mixed series Retain as numerals.

Common fractions

Write as words.

Example: one-third

See CSE 12.1.2.3

Consecutive numerical expression

When 2 numbers are adjacent, spell out one of the numbers and leave the other as a numeral. In general, retain any number that occurs with a unit of measurement.

See CSE 12.1.2.1

Thousand separatorComma is used if the number is 10,000 or more.

See CSE 12.1.3.1

Large numbers

For large numbers that are not expressed with high precision, the text form may be a combination of numerals and words, particularly if the numbers do not represent experimental quantities.

Example:

3 million people$13.9 million

See CSE 12.1.5

DecimalsAdd leading zero

See CSE 12.1.3.2

Ordinals Style

Spell out single-digit ordinals (those corresponding to numbers 1 to 9) used as adjectives or adverbs. Express larger ordinals (those from 10 and up) as numerals.

Example: firstninth10th98th

See CSE 12.1.2.2Roman Allowed in Book Reviews.

numerals

Fold words

Avoid using these. Use only if they do not create ambiguity in the sentence.

Examples:Three-fold10-fold (one to nine and >10).

See CSE 12.3.3

Units of measure SI Units

Use only SI Units.

kg, g, h min s, day, week, month, year, L (for liter).

See CSE section 12.2Non-SI Units Not allowed.Time Follow author but make consistent.Temperature C (no space between number and unit)Percentage % (no space between number and unit)Volume Vol.Weight WtRepetition of units Do not repeat units.Range 30–100%, 25–30 minuse of slashes, product dots etc. Follow author and make consistent

Centrifuge Gravitational units (1000 g)Magnification 1000Hyphenation Hyphenate units adjectivally

Greek character Should be roman

Statistical style Probability P (caps and italic)

Statistical variables ItalicsStandard deviation Spell out in text, but abbreviate (SD) in tablesTests Student’s t-testAbbreviations Follow author.Variance Follow author.

Math style SpacingMath should appear within the text.

See CSE 12.4

Superscript and subscript

Exponents containing more than one level become unwieldy within text lines. If possible, convert exponentials so they can appear in the text. If not possible, show equations, etc. as display. See CSE 12.4.1

Equations

When possible, display within text. If not possible, show equations as display.

See CSE 12.4.1 and 12.4.2

Coordinates

Present with latitudes first, followed by a comma and then longitude. Remember to use the prime symbol (not a single quotation mark) for minutes and the double prime symbol (not a double quotation mark) for seconds.

Example:Lat 43°15'09"N, long 116°40'18"E

See CSE 14.2.1

Ratio

Close up the two numbers around the colon.

Example:10:20

See CSE 12.3.4Journal-specific style points

Citation of sections section (lowercase “s” in “section”)

Equations Equation (1)

TABLES AND FIGURESTables In general, see CSE section 30.1.

Label

Bold, initial cap, and then lower case, not bold text. No period at the end of the title.

Example:

Table 1 Ranking of mode parameters…Caption/Title Run in with table title. See above for example.

Legend Allowed. Text should appear below the table.

Footnotes

Allowed. Use them to explain special aspects of the column headings, row headings or the data composing a field. Can also be used to embellish a table title. If legend appears, run in after legend text.

See CSE 30.1.1.5

Designator symbolSuperscripted letters (a, b, c...)

See CSE 30.1.1.5Probability symbol Asterisk.Designator separator Comma

Footnote order Source, Note, and then superscript notes.Example - Note:

Column heads Initial cap lower case, boldStub/first column Initial cap lower caseOther columns Initial cap lower caseColumn alignment Left alignmentDashes Em dashesAbbreviations Allowed In Caption Do not define if already spelled out in text In Body Do not define if already spelled out in textTable citation in text Table 1, Tables 2 and 3

References in tables AllowedFigure Label Initial cap, lower case, bold

Caption

Bold text, “Fig. 1”, followed by text Do not follow with a period or colon. Remaining caption text as Roman.

Example:

Fig. 1 Skeletal parts

(A) (B), etc in a list in a figure caption can be in bold. Abbreviation No need to define if already spelled out in text.Citation in text If reference to a figure begins a sentence, spell out the

word “Figure.” Otherwise, abbreviate the word.

Example:

Fig. 1, Figs. 1 and 2

See CSE 30.2.1

Other items to be treated as figures

Maps, some graphs, and digital art.

In general, see CSE 30.2.

Photographs

Make sure the photo caption contains copyright permissions details if they are required.

See CSE 30.2.7BACK MATTER

Order of backmatter

1. Acknowledgments2. Funding3. Online Supplementary Data (if used)4. References5. Appendix

Acknowledgments Style Spelled without an ‘e’ as Acknowledgments.Supplementary Data Use Used

Style and Example Supplementary Data available at ICB online.

Conflict of Interest Statement Not used NA

Funding Use Include funding sources disclosed by authors. Spell out funding sources; do not use abbreviated sources (i.e., NIH should be National Institutes of Health). Include grant numbers if provided.

Funding and Acknowledgments should be as two separate sections. If in an article, they are given in one para, separate the funding and acknowledgements if there is clear indication and raise an author query in that regard. If not clear, leave as is and query the author to give as separate sections.

The following rules should be followed:

The sentence should begin: ‘This work was

supported by …’ The full official funding agency name should be

given, i.e. ‘National Institutes of Health’, not ‘NIH’ (full RIN-approved list of UK funding agencies) Grant numbers should be given in brackets as follows: ‘[grant number xxxx]’

Multiple grant numbers should be separated by a comma as follows: ‘[grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]’

Agencies should be separated by a semi-colon (plus ‘and’ before the last funding agency)

Where individuals need to be specified for certain sources of funding the following text should be added after the relevant agency or grant number 'to [author initials]'.

An example is given here: ‘This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [AA123456 to C.S., BB765432 to M.H.]; and the Alcohol & Education Research Council [hfygr667789].’

Open access funding statement Use

To be included at the end of the “Funding” section. Statement needs to be completed by the authors.

“Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was/were provided by…”

Appendix Style

The word appendix should be treated as first level head. Appendices are numbered with Arabic numbers, i.e. Appendix 1, 2, 3, etc.

See CSE 27.7.3.1

Heading level 1 If any heading comes in the appendix, please treat it as second-level heading.

Placement Appendix, if any, is placed at the end of the article.Theorem, etc N/AEquation numbering

Numbered

Table numbering Numbered

Example:

Table 1 Infectious disease in China: incidence by

socioeconomic class

Figure labels

Numbered

Example:

Fig. 5 Association between air temperature and survival of Tanner crabs released as illegal bycatch in the Bering Sea bottom trawl fishery

REFERENCES

In-text reference

Order chronologically (earliest to latest) and separate by semicolon

Example: (Smith et al. 1999; Jones and Freeman 2001; Smith 2002a, 2002b)Example with page number: (Smith 2001, 15)

For in-text references to articles in the same issue use standard name and date citation.

Example: Winston (2016) or (Young et al. 2016)

Heading Style As first level head

Order General

Alphabetical order.First – Single author,Second – double author,Third – three and more authors.

Several works of same first author Purely alphabetical order on the second author.

Single author Liem KF. 1980.

Single author, same year

Liem KF. 1980a.Liem KF. 1980b.

Multiple author works

Carroll AM, Wainwright PC, Huskey SH, Collar DC, Turingan RG. 2004.

Several works of two authors or more authors in same order, same year

Follow alphabetical order of authors for several works of two authors. If the first two authors are the same, then follow chronological order.

For three and more authors, follow the alphabetical order of all the authors.

Author designated as Anonymous Not allowed.

Author Name style

Author name with closed up initials. Name and initials are seperated by space.

Example: Alexander RM. 1969.

Initials Closed up initials. Period (or full stop) at the end of the author list only.

Suffix

Allowed.

Example: Garland T Jr, Bennett AF, Rezende EL. 2005.

et alAllowed. List all author names up to 10. If there are more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by et al. (CSE 29.3.6.1.1)

SeparatorsAuthors CommaSurname and initials Space

Initials and suffix SpaceTwo authors CommaMore than three authors Comma. No ‘and’ before the last author

Group author Allowed.No author Not allowed.Punctuation at end of element Full point (period).

Editor Editor as author

(ed.) or (eds.) at the end of the authors name.

Example: Smith A, (ed.).Smith A, Adams B, (eds.).

Name style Follow author’s name style.Separators Comma

Publication date General Style

Year follows author names.

Example:Berkely E. 2007.

Punctuation at end Full stop (period).

of element

Meetings; monthly magazines, newsletters, and newspapers

Example:

Newspaper: Weiss R. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating primates will be harder than other mammals. Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Apr 11;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).

Thesis: 2003 Apr 11.

Follow the same style for Meetings, Monthly Magazines, Newsletters, Dailies and Weeklies.

In press

Query the author for forthcoming publication date and title of journal.

Example: Smith A. Forthcoming 2013. Coping with stress. J Exp Biol 1:1-15.

If author states that manuscript has not been accepted, follow unpublished material instructions.

CSE 29.3.7.14No date available Query author

Title of Article (journal and book) or Chapter

General style

Initial cap, roman, end with full stop (period).

Example:Topics in functional and ecological vertebrate morphology: introduction.

Capitalization Initial cap (and caps for proper nouns only). Do not capitalize after colon unless proper noun

Italicization Allowed if gene name, etc. Reverse italics N/AQuotes Not allowed.Punctuation at end of element Full stop (period).

Specific types of reference styleJournal (includes Style Significant caps, roman.

all periodicals) Example: Am J Phys Ant

Abbreviation Abbreviations without full stop.Issue number Not allowed

Page range

Minimal range

Example:110 to 115 should appear as 110–15

Example

Carroll AM, Wainwright PC, Huskey SH, Collar DC, Turingan RG. 2004. Morphology predicts suction feeding performance in centrarchid fishes. J Exp Biol 207:3873–81.

Book (includes all other nonperiodicals)

Title style Roman

Capitalization Initial caps only (and caps for proper nouns only).Italicization No. (Only for genus species name)Reverse italics N/AQuotes Not allowed.

Edition

Ordinal form.

Example: Smith A. Fishes of the world. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): John Wiley. p. 125-44.

Page range

Minimal range.

Example: p. 145–9

Volume number

Vol. X

Example:Smith A. Fishes of the world. Vol. 4. Philadelphia (PA): John Wiley. p. 125-44.

Publisher location and name

Always include State if publisher is in United States. State should appear in parentheses after City name.Examples:Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

New York (NY): Wiley.

If publisher is not in US, no State is needed.Example: London: MacMillan.

Others

Chapter in book

Houk JC, Crago PE, Rymer WZ. 1981. Function of the spindle dynamic response in stiffness regulation – a predictive mechanism provided by non-linear feedback. In: Taylor A, Prochazka A, editors. Muscle receptors and movement. London: MacMillan. p. 299–309.

Conference proceedings

Nelson GM, Quinn RD. 2001. A numerical solution to inverse kinematics for swing control of a cockroach-like robot. Proceedings of Climbing and Walking Robots Conference (CLAWAR’01), Karlsruhe, Germany.

Lecture seriesNelson GM. 2000. Touching greatness: some aspects of star worship in contemporary consumption. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APA, New York.

Unpublished material

Papers in preparation or submitted for publication should not be in the reference list.

Query author whether these references are in press and, if not, to insert the following text at citation point in the article:

(A. W. Smith and H. G. Wells, submitted for publication)

Electronic source (web site/web page)

Example:Duquette D, Wilga CD. 2007. Mechanics of suction generation during feeding in little skates. Proceedings of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–8 in Phoenix, AZ (http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2007/schedule).

Journal article that Author name(s) Year. Title. Journal (doi: #)

is an article from Integrative and Comparative Biology

Johnson JG, Burnett LE, Burnett KG. 2016. Uncovering hemocyanin subunit heterogeneity in penaeid shrimp using RNA-Seq. Integr Comp Biol (doi:10.1093/icb/icw088).

Journal article that has published online but not in an issue

Van Wassenbergh S, Aerts P, Herrel A. 2006. Hydrodynamic modeling of aquatic suction performance and intra-oral pressures: limitation for comparative studies. J R Soc Interface published online (doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0110).

Online journal article in the same issue

For manuscripts in the same issue, use online journal article citation in reference section. In text use standard name and date (Smith, 2016).

ThesisKoehl MAR. 1976. Mechanical design in sea anemones [dissertation]. [Durham (NC)]: Duke University.

Proceedings Same as conference proceedings

Report

Smith DW, Stahler DR, Guernsey DS. 2006. Yellowstone Wolf Project: Annual Report, 2005. Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park (WY): National Park Service. p. 1–18.

STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS

1,25(OH)2D3: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

25(OH)D3: 25-hydroxyvitamin D3

1m: 1-microglobulin

2M: 2-macroglobulin

2PI: 2-plasmin inhibitor

AC: Alternating current

ACA: Anti-centromere antibody

aCL: Anti-cardiolipin antibody

ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme

acLE: Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

ACh: Acetylcholine

ACPA: Anti-citrullinated protein antibody

ACR: American College of Rheumatology

AECA: Anti-endothelial cell antibody

AF: Arthritis Foundation

AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIMS: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

AMA: Anti-mitochondrial antibody

ANA: Anti-nuclear antibody

ANCA: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

aPL: Anti-phospholipid antibody

APL: IgA anti-phospholipid antibody

aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time

APS: Anti-phospholipid syndrome

aPS-PT: Anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin antibody

aPT: Anti-prothrombin antibody

aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time

ARA: American Rheumatism Association

ARAMIS: Arthritis, Rheumatism and Aging Medical Information System

ARDS: Adult respiratory distress syndrome

ARF: Acute rheumatic fever

ARF: Acute renal failure

AS: Ankylosing spondylitis

ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid

ASI: Addiction Severity Index

ASMA: Anti-smooth muscle antibody

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase

ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

ATPase: Adenosine triphosphatase

A-V: Arteriovenous

AVP: Arginine vasopressin

AZA: Azathioprine

BASDAI: BathAnkylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index

BASFI: BathAnkylosing Spondylitis Functional Index

BAS-G: BathAnkylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score

BASMI: BathAnkylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index

BASRI: BathAnkylosing Radiology Index

BILAG: British Isles Lupus Assessment Group

BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

BMA: British Medical Association

BMC: Bone mineral content

BMD: Bone mineral density

BMI: Body mass index

BMP: Bone morphogenic protein

BMJ: British Medical Journal

BP: Blood pressure

BPM: Beats per minute

BRS: Brain reward system

BSA: Bovine serum albumin

BVAS: BirminghamVasculitis activity score

CAA: Crystalline amino acids

cANCA: Cytoplasmic ANCA

CCP: Cyclic citrullinated peptide

cdcLE: Chronic diffuse cutaneous lupus erythematosus

cDNA: Complementary DNA

CI: Confidence interval

CIA: Collagen-induced arthritis

CIC: Circulating immune complex

CIE: Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

CMC joint: Carpometacarpal joint

CMV: Cytomegalovirus

CNS: Central nervous system

COMP: Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPDD: Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease

cpm: counts per minute

CPPD: Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

CREST: Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, oesophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly,

telangiectasias

cRNA: Chromosomal RNA

CRP: C-reactive protein

CRT: Cardiac resynchronization therapy

ChSu: Chondroitin sulfate

CKD: Chronic kidney disease

CS: Corticosteroid

CSA: Cyclosporin A

CSSRD: Cooperative Systematic Studies of the Rheumatic Diseases (group)

CT: Computed tomography

CTD: Connective tissue disease

CTG: Cathepsin G

CTS: Carpal tunnel syndrome

CVB: Coxsackievirus B

CVI: Cross validation index

CX: Circumflex artery

CYC: Cyclophosphamide

D-Pen: D-penicillamine

dcSSc: Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis

dDNA: Denatured DNA

DAS: Disease activity score

DHEA: Dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEAS: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate

DIF: Direct immunofluorescence

DIF: Differential item functioning

DIP joint: Distal interphalangeal joint

DISH: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

DLE: Discoid lupus erythematosus

DM: Dermatomyositis

DMARD: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug

DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPA: Dual-photon absorptiometry

DRM: Detergent-resistant membrane

DRVVT: Dilute Russell Viper Venom Time

DSE: Dobutamine stress echocardiography

dsDNA: Double-stranded DNA

DXA: Dual X-ray absorptiometry

EBNA: Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen

EBV: Epstein–Barr virus

ECG: Electrocardiogram

ECLAM: European Consensus Lupus Activity Measure

EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EF: Eosinophilic fasciitis

EF: Ejection fraction

eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate

GFR: Glomerular filtration rate

EIA: Enzyme immunoassay

ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EM: Electron microscopy

EMA: Ecological momentary assessment

EMG: Electromyography

ENA: Extractable nuclear antigen

ENT: Ear, nose, throat

ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

ESSG: European Spondylarthropathy Study Group

ESRD: End-stage renal disease

ET-1: Endothelin 1

FACS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting

FANA: Fluorescent anti-nuclear antibodies

FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate

FM: Fibromyalgia

FMF: Familial Mediterranean fever

FPLC: Fast protein (or fast performance) liquid chromatography

FS: Felty's syndrome

FTA-ABS: Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GAG: Glycosaminoglycan

GBM: Glomerular basement membrane

GCA: Giant cell arteritis

GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GN: Glomerulonephritis

GP: General Practitioner

GPL: IgG phospholipid units

HA: Hyaluronic acid

HAGG: Heat-aggregated IgG

HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire

HAV: Hepatitis A virus

HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen

HBV: Hepatitis B virus

HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine

HCV: Hepatitis C virus

HDL: High density lipoprotein

HDV: Hepatitis delta virus

Hep: Hepatoma cell line

HEp-2: Human epithelial cell line 2

HEV: Hepatitis E virus

HHV: Human herpesvirus

his-tRNA: Histidyl-transfer RNA

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus

HLA: Human leucocyte antigens

hnRNA: Heterogeneous nuclear RNA

hnRNP: Heterogeneous nuclear RNP

HOA: Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

HPLC: High pressure (or high performance) liquid chromatography

HPV: Human papilloma virus

HR: Hazard ratio

HRP: Horseradish peroxidase

HRT: Hormone replacement therapy

HScP: Henoch-Schönleinpurpura

HSP: Heat shock protein

HSV: Herpes simplex virus type 1

HTLV: Human T cell lymphotrophic virus

HV: Hypersensitivity vasculitis

IA: Intra-articular

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease

IBM: Inclusion body myositis

IC: Immune complex

iCa: Ionized calcium

ICP: Intracranial pressure

ID: Immunodiffusion

IEF: Isoelectric focusing

IF: Immunofluorescence

IFN: Interferon

Ig: Immunoglobulin

IgA: immunoglobulin A

IgG: immunoglobulin G

IgM: immunoglobulin M

IHD: Ischaemic heart disease

IIF: Indirect immunofluorescence

IL: Interleukin

ILAR: International League of Associations for Rheumatology

i.m.: intramuscular

IP joint: Interphalangeal joint

IR: Infrared

IRV: Infarct-related vessel

ITP: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

i.v.: intravenous

IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin

JCA: Juvenile chronic arthritis

JDM: Juvenile dermatomyositis

JIA: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

JRA: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

JSLE: Juvenile SLE

KCS: Keratoconjunctivitissicca

KCT: Kaolin clotting time

kDNA: Kinetoplast DNA

La/SSB: La/SSB antigen

LA: Lupus anticoagulant

LACC: Lupus Activity Criteria Count

LAD: Left anterior descending artery

LBBB: Left bundle branch abnormality

lcSSc: Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis

LE cells: Lupus erythematosus cells

LEF: Leflunomide

LET: Linear energy transfer

LDL: Low density lipoprotein

LN: Lupus nephritis

LV: Left ventricular

LVt: LV twist

mAb: Monoclonal antibody

MCP joint: Metacarpophalangeal joint

MCV: Mean corpuscular volume

M-CSF: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MCTD: Mixed connective tissue disease

MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease

MeSH: Medical subject headings

MHC: Major histocompatibility complex

miRNA: microRNA

MIT: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MMF: Mycophenolatemofetil

MMP: Matrix metalloprotease (or matrix metalloproteinase)

MMR: Measles, mumps and rubella

MPL: IgM phospholipid units

MPO: Myeloperoxidase

mRF: Monoclonal rheumatoid factor

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging

mRNA: Messenger RNA

MSU: Monosodium urate monohydrate

MSU: Midstream urine

MTD: Maximum tolerated dose

mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA

MTP joint: Metatarsophalangeal joint

MTV: Mammary tumour virus

MTX: Methotrexate

NAD(H): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP(H): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

nDNA: Native DNA

NHS: Normal human serum

NHS: National Health Service

NIAMS: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

NIH: National Institutes of Health

NK: Natural killer

NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance

NOS: Not otherwise specified

NPSLE: Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

NS: Not specified / not specific

NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

OA: Osteoarthritis

OC: Osteocalcin

OCP: Oral contraceptive pill

OMERACT: Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials

OR: Odds ratio

PAGE: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PAN: Polyarteritisnodosa

pANCA: Perinuclear ANCA

PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff

PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PBS: Phosphate buffered saline

PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention

PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction

PCT: Primary Care Trust

PD: Paget's disease

PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor

PET: Positron emission tomography

PG: Prostaglandin

PIP joint: Proximal interphalangeal joint

PKC: Protein kinase C

PM: Polymyositis

PM/DM: Polymyositis/dermatomyositis

PMN: Polymorphonuclear leucocyte

PMR: Polymyalgia rheumatica

p.o.: per orum

PR3: Proteinase 3

PRINTO: Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization

PsA: Psoriatic arthritis

PT: Prothrombin time

PTCA: Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PTH: Parathyroid hormone

PTT: Partial thromboplastin time

PUVA: Psoralen ultraviolet A

QCT: Quantitative computed tomography

RA: Rheumatoid arthritis

RAM: Random access memory

RANA: Rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen

RANK: Receptor activator of nuclear factor B

RCA: Right coronary artery

RDA: Recommended daily allowance

RDU: Rheumatic disease unit

ReA: Reactive arthritis

RER: Respiratory exchange ratio

RF: Rheumatoid factor

RhD: Rhesus factor

RIA: Radioimmunoassay

RID: Radial immunodiffusion

RNA: Ribonucleicacid

RNP: Ribonucleoprotein

Ro/SSA: Ro/SSA antigen

ROC curves: Receiver operating characteristic curves

ROM: Range of motion

RP: Raynaud’s phenomenon

rRNA: Ribosomal RNA

RNase: Ribonuclease

RNP: Ribonucleoprotein

rpm: Revolutions per minute

RS3PE: Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting oedema

RSD: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (syndrome)

RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus

RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

SAARD(s): Slow-acting anti-rheumatic drug(s)

SAPHO: Synovitis, Acne, Pustolosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis (syndrome)

SAR: Specific absorption rate

s.c.: subcutaneous

Scl-70: Sclero-70

scLE: Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

scRNP: Small cytoplasmic RNP

SCT: Salmon calcitonin

SD: Standard deviation

SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SDS PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SEA: Seronegativeenthesopathy and arthropathy (syndrome)

S.E.M.: Standard error of the mean

SF: Synovial fluid

SFI: Spondylitis Functional Index

SHBG: Sex hormone binding globulin

SI joint: Sacroiliac joint

SLAM: Systemic Lupus Activity Measure

SLCC: Systemic Lupus Criteria Count

SLE: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index

SLICC: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics

SM: Synovial membrane

snRNP: Small nuclear RNP

SpA: Spondylarthropathy

SPECT: Single-photon-emission computed tomography

sRNA: Soluble RNA

SS: Sjögren's syndrome

SSA: SS A antigen

SSB: SS B antigen

SSc: Systemic sclerosis

ssDNA: Single-stranded DNA

STD: Sexually transmitted disease

STI: Sexually transmitted infection

SSZ: Sulfasalazine

SV40: Simian vacuolating virus 40

TA: Temporal arteritis

TB: Tuberculosis

TBBMD: Total body bone mineral density

TCA: Trichloroacetic acid

TCR: T cell receptor

TEA: Tetraethylammonium

TFT: Thyroid function tests

TGF-Transforming growth factor beta

Th: T helper

TLC: Thin-layer chromatography

TLI: Total lymphoid irradiation

TLR: Target lesson revascularization

TM joint: Temporomandibular joint

TNF-: Tumour necrosis factor alpha

TNF-:Tumor necrosis factor beta

topo I: Topoisomerase I

tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator

Treg: Regulatory T cells

tRNA: Transfer RNA

TSTA: Tumour-specific transplantation antigen

type II CIA: Type II collagen-induced arthritis

UCTD: Undifferentiated connective tissue disease

uPA: Urokinase plasminogen activator

US: Ultrasound

uSpA: Undifferentiated spondylarthropathy

UTI: Urinary tract infection

UV: Ultraviolet

VDRL: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test)

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor

VDRL: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test)

VSD: Ventriculoseptal defect

VT: Ventricular tachycardia

WCC: White cell count

WMA: Wall motion abnormality

WMSI: Wall motion score index

WHO: World Health Organization

WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

XML: Extensible mark-up language

Z-DNA: Left-handed DNA