tn 1 02 c coastal engineering

8/3/2019 TN 1 02 C Coastal Engineering

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Coastal

EngineeringIfyouareplanningforayear,sow

rice;ifyouareplanningfora

FallSemester

20Se t10to21Jan11

,planningforalifetime,educate

people

Lecture

3CE 408

1TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE

NUST)

ChineseProverb


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Sequence

Portsand

Harbour Structures

Otherharbour works.

,

Coastalprotectionstructures

Revetments

TransportationEngineering

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BREAKWATERS .

dynamic wave action lies in the inertia of moving particles. When a non

breaking wave hits against a structure, the reflected wave reinforces the next

effect is mostly hydrostatic and little dynamic (impulsive). (rubble mound,

sheet pile, stone asphalt, Dolos, concrete cassions, floating structures )

waves. They act as protective barriers to enclose harbours and to keep

harbour water undisturbed for safe anchorage and loading/ unloading in

comparatively calm water.

Generally1.2to1.25times

theheightofexpected


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waves.


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DesignConsiderationsforBreakwater

thewaves

and

dissipate

most

of

energy

by

rise

of

its

water

column.

Reflectedwavesarenotdirectedtowardsothermarine

structures.

s ou w s an

dynamicforcesofwavesandwindsonsubmergedand

ex osed ortionsres ectivel .

selfweight.

hydrostaticpressures.

Itshouldhavetheresultantofselfweightandnetwaveforce

withinthe

middle

third

of

the

base. 5


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ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters


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ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters

Abreakwaterstructureisdesigned

toabsorbtheenergyofthewaves

that

hit

it.

This

is

done

either

by

usingmass(e.g.withcaissons)or

. .

withrockorconcretearmour

units).

W enoncomingwaves itt ese

breakwaters,theirerosivepoweris

concentratedonthesestructures

somedistance

away

from

the

coast.Inthisway,thereisanarea

breakwaters.


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Breakwater

,

bulkheads,reducetheintensityof

waveactionininshorewatersand

therebyreducecoastalerosion.

Theyare

constructed

some

distanceawa fromthecoast or

builtwithoneendlinkedtothe

coast.

The

breakwaters

may

be

,

threehundredfeetoffshorein

relativelyshallowwater,designed

toprotect

agently

sloping

beach.

eitherfixedorfloatin


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Types

RubbleMoundBreakwater

Preferredwhenstoneis

,

bedmaterialissoftand

waterdepth

is

more

(50

to60ft).Theserequire

comparativelymore

materialandconsiderable

maintenance.

Stonesofexposedside

are ggercompare o

calmside. TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE

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Types

Theseare

of

types

as

concrete

blocks

(weighing

up

to200tons)gravitywalls,rockfilledsheetpile

cells,rockfilledtimbercribs,concreteorsteel

sheet

pile

walls. u e opro ec e wa ersan no re a e or

heavyseas.

Shouldnotbeconstructedwhereerosionof

seabedis

excessive.

Uneven

material

may

be

removedbydredgingbeforeplacingfoundation.


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DifferentKinds

of

Dolos

Concrete&ReinforcedConcrete(armour uni


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Types

Solidsuper

structure

on

amound

founded

at

low

waterlevel.Thisalsoprovidesplatformfor

handlingofcargo.Theseafaceisprotectedwith

heavyconcreteblocks.

e uces emassru erequ remen .


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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters

Hopper barge

Deckbargesareemployedwhenthe

moundrises

up

sufficientlysothat

hopperbargescannot

beutilized.Theseare

broughtto

site;

side

compartmentsonone

sideareflooded.This


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,

whichdislodgesthe

material.


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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters

Stagingis

erected

by

driving

piles,

which

are

connected,

by

longitudinal

runners,truts andbraces.Thisformsanumberofparalleltrackson

whichrailsareplacedortippingwagons.Thisshouldbewellabovesea

level.

Lowlevel S stem

Workisdonegraduallystartingfromthecoastline.Thecompleted

portionisusedforthetransferringofmaterial.Thisalsoconsolidates

.


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RevetmentOtherharborstructures

Theseareshorelinestructures

constructedparallel

to

the

shoreline.Theyareslopedinsuchawayastomimicthenaturalslopeofshorelineprofileanddissipatewaveenergyasthewaveisdirecteduptheslope.A

revetmentis

built

to

protect

a

scarp,em an men ,oro ershorelinefeatureagainsterosion.

Themajorcomponentsofarevetmentarethearmorlayer,

ter,

an

toe

gure . Arevetmentislikeacommonsea

wallinthatitisdesignedtomaintainthelocationandshapeo as ore ne. nstea o stan ngverticallylikeaseawall,however,

arevetment

"coats"

the

shoreline

withprotectivematerial.16


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Revetment

Revetmentdesignvariesbasedonthe

waveclimate(ortypeofwaves),

shoreline eolo and materials

availableforconstruction.Theprimary

goalistobuildastructurethatisstrong

enoughtoabsorbordeflecttheenergy

ofwavesatagivensite.

Mainconsiderations

in

the

design

phase:

Size,strengthandweightofthearmor

stone

Theangleatwhichthewaveshitthe

.

Theroughnessoftherevetmentwall

Theheightoftherevetment

" "


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Otherharborstructures

Platformsor

constructions

meant

for

loading

andunloadingofcargoandpassengers.

.

determinedbythetypeofshipstobe

accommodated.

Pier

Wharf

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Awharf,orquay (pronounced

'key')

is

a

structure

on

the

shoreofaharborwhereships

maydocktoloadandunload

.

structureincludes

one

or

moreberths(mooring

ocat ons ,an maya so

includepiers,warehouses,or

otherfacilities

necessary

for

handlingtheships.

Awharfcommonlycomprises

,

pilings.Commercialportsmay

havewarehousesthatserveas

interimstorageareas


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A pier is a raised structure,

including bridge and buildingsupports and walkways over

water, typically supported by

.

lighter structure of a pier allowstides and currents to flow almost

un n ere , w ereas t e more

solid foundations of a quay or

the closelyspaced piles of a

wharf can act as a breakwater,

and are consequently more

.

size and complexity from a

simple lightweight wooden

structure to ma or structures

extended over a mile out to sea.TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEENUST) 20


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T f Wharv


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JettyorPier

Jettiesareshorenormalstone

structuresuse

or

tra n ng

navigationalchannelsand

stabilizinginlets.

They

prevent

intrusion

of

long

shoresedimenttransport

Theycausehigherflowvelocities

thatscourthechannelto a

depthrequired

for

safe

navigation.

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Trestle.Thesearelighterstructuresextendingoutfromshore,not

designedtotakeshipsdockingandmooringforces. Trestleisa

,

composedofanumberofshortspanssupportedbysuchframes.

Inthecontextoftrestlebridges,eachsupportingframeis

generallyreferredtoasabents.

Mole.A

fill

usually

rock

extending

out

from

shore,

leading

to

pier

Catwalks. Structuresprovidingaccesstoandbetweendolphins.

Trestle


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Dolphins. These are marine structuresfor mooring of vessels. These are

wharves to shorten the length of thesestructures. Dolphins are used for tying

between ships moored along bothsides of dolphins. Dolphins are alsoused to display regulatory informationlike speed limits etc, other informationlike advertising or directions and

navigation information like a

lighted aids to navigation.

Breasting Dolphins. Designed to.

Mooring Dolphins. Provided to holdship against wind blowing away

.

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D l h i n

The structures t icall consist of a number of iles driven

into the seabed or riverbed and connected together above

the water level to provide a platform or fixing point. The piles

,

concrete beams, blocks or tubes. Smaller dolphins can have

the piles drawn together with wire rope, but larger dolphinswould typically be fixed using a reinforced concrete capping or

a structural steel frame.


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DockFenders

provided on a pier face for shipsto come in contact. Fendersabsorb impact and protect themrom amage. en ers a so

protect ship paint from beingdamaged because of relativemotion between shi s and dockcaused by wind and waves.

Fenders can be classified as

horizontal Wood Members,er ca oo em ers anRubbing Strips.

A marine dock bumper comes in

materials to complement alldock arrangements, includingfoam cushion, post bumper, and

,


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T f Gr in

Anglesor

inclined

Sing e

GroinSystem

Notchedorzigzag

T,LorYshaped


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GroinSystem


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AnyQuestionPlease????


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tn 1 02 c coastal engineering

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